2

Drilling
ENGINEERING
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2.1 Introduction
Oil well drilling is one of the most important branches of petroleum industry. Drilling is
widely used in exploration for oil and natural gas in the early stage of a search for oil. When a
seismograph surveying method is used to discover geological structure favorable for oil and gas
accumulation, it is necessary to drill shallow to make explorations.

There are many indirect methods (geophysical & geochemical) for prospecting of oil
and natural gas, but such methods indicate that certain possibilities exist for oil or gas
accumulation. These methods cannot prove presence of oil in favorable area. They give no
possibility for estimation of deposit that is supposed to be discovered.

After discovering oil of gas, it is necessary to extract them from the deep underground
to make them available for further processing and consumption. As oil is usually accumulated
rather deep strata the most economical method of extracting it is to drill bore holes that can
serve as conduits for oil from the oil trap to the surface.

Wells are drilled for not only extracting oil but also for the purpose of injecting water,
gas, steam…etc. into the oil-bearing strata to maintain formation pressure, to apply secondary
recovery methods …etc. Drilling boreholes is used not only in the petroleum industry. Wells
are drilled for many other purposes like water supply, ores, coals exploration…etc. However,
oil and gas well drilling is the most advanced out of all the drilling industries because it deals
with the deepest wells and the most save underground conditions. The “Colonel Drake well”
drilled Titusville, Pennsylvania in the united states of total depth 70ft (21m) by Colonel Edwin
L. Drake in 1859, is considered by many to be the first commercial well drilled and completed.

Through 1956, the cumulative world crude oil production was 95 billion bbl, of which
55 billion had been produced in the USA. In the late 1990, the USA is still the world’s largest
oil consumer both terms of sheer volume (18.2 MMbbl/ /d). The USA is also the largest
petroleum importer (9.5 million bbl/d representing over 50% of consumption). Worldwide
production is about 62 million bbl/d.

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The bulk of petroleum reserves is clearly outside the industrialized world of north
2.2.2.5
America Production casing–combined- 57 billion bbl vs. 1.1 trillion bbl. worldwide. The
and western Europe
majorityIsolates
of petroleum is found
production zonesinand
the contains
Middle East, where 600
formations billioninbbl.
pressures the are produced,
event 260
of a tubing
leak. Itof
billion may alsoare
which befrom
exposed toArabia
Saudi injection pressure from fracture jobs down casing, gas lift, or
alone.
the injection inhibitor oil.

2.2.2.5.1 A Liner
Is a casing string that does not extend back to the wellhead, extending from the bottom
of a well to a point 100 feet-or more the lower end of the intermediate string. Liners are used to
reduce cost, improve hydraulic performance during deep drilling, and allow the use of larger
tubing above the liner top. A liner is an abbreviated string of casing., and it is run in the well on
drill pipe and suspended from the upper string by means of a hanger device-called,
appropriately, a liner hanger. They are nearly always cemented in place. A liner usually serves
as the production string.

ADVANTAGES OF A LINER
 Total costs of the production string are reduced, and running and cementing times are
reduced.
 The length of reduced diameter is reduced which allows completing the well with
optimum sizes of production tubing.

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 Complete wells with less weight landed on wellheads and surface pipe
 A scab liner tie-back provides heavy wall cemented section through salt sections.
 Permits drilling with tapered drill string.
 Permits drilling with tapered drill string.
 To provide a PBR (Polished Bore Receptacle) completion. This type of completion is
recognized to be the best casing to tubing seal system.
 Improved completion flexibility.
 To provide an upper section of casing (tie-back liner) which had seen no drilling?
 For testing in critical areas where open hole testing is not practiced.

The Disadvantages of a Liner

 Possible leak across a liner hanger.
 Difficulty in obtaining a good primary cementation due to the narrow annulus between
the liner and the hole.

2.3 WELL 1
Depth Pore pressure Safe P.P Fracture pressure Safe F.G
0 8.33 8.83 12.71 12.21
386.05 8.33 8.83 12.88 12.38
465.12 8.38 8.88 12.92 12.42
511.63 8.42 8.92 12.96 12.46
651.16 8.75 9.25 13.13 12.63
790.7 8.79 9.29 13.17 12.67
837.21 8.79 9.29 13.21 12.71
930.23 9.08 9.58 13.33 12.83
1000 9.42 9.92 13.38 12.88
1116.28 9.96 10.46 13.5 13
1120.93 8 8.5 13.51 13.01
1139.53 7.92 8.42 13.54 13.04
1279.07 7.79 8.29 13.58 13.08
1395.35 7.71 8.21 13.65 13.15
1581.4 7.6 8.1 13.73 13.23
1920.93 7.6 8.1 13.92 13.42
2000 7.6 8.1 13.95 13.45
3000 7.79 8.29 14.38 13.88
2790.7 7.73 8.23 14.33 13.83
3000 7.79 8.29 14.38 13.88
3069.77 7.83 8.33 14.48 13.98

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3209.3 8 8.5 14.52 14.02
3255.81 8.08 8.58 14.53 14.03
3313.95 8.39 8.89 14.54 14.04
3395.35 8.67 9.17 14.54 14.04
3418.6 9.15 9.65 15.08 14.58
3534.88 9.15 9.65 15.08 14.58
4000 9.15 9.65 15.9 15.4
4279.07 9.15 9.65 16.2 15.7
4320 9.15 9.65 16.3 15.8
4423 9.15 9.65 16.68 16.18

4441.86 9.17 9.67 16.72 16.22

4511.63 9.08 9.58 16.75 16.25
4516.28 8.83 9.33 16.77 16.27
4518.6 8.79 9.29 16.83 16.33
4525.58 8.58 9.08 16.83 16.33
4604.65 8.25 8.75 16.9 16.4
4609.3 8.26 8.76 16.91 16.41
4720.93 7.42 7.92 16.98 16.48
4790.7 7.42 7.92 17 16.5
5000 7.44 7.94 17.08 16.58
5046.51 7.44 7.94 17.25 16.75

According to formation pressure and fracture pressure we cannot determine casing

setting depth so we shall select setting depth based on kick tolerance and the geologic
column.

2.3.1 Kick Tolerance Calculations

0.052∗ρm ( TD −CSD ) +( FG∗CSD∗0.052−Pf ) PV
H= V 2= 1 1
0.052∗ρm−G P2

Required Data:

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G gradient of gas 0.05 to 0.15 psi/ft 0.10
4892.0
TD next hole total depth, ft
0
2200.0
CSD casing setting depth, ft
0
pm maximum mud weight for next hole section, ppg 11.00
2798.2
Pf formation pressure at next TD, psi
2
H height of gas bubble at casing shoe, ft 456 ft
FG fracture gradient at the casing shoe in ppg 12.88
Ca V1 volume of influx
capacity between@pipe
Shoeand hole, bbl./ft 21 bbl.
0.0459
V2 is the circulation
V2 volume kick tolerance in bbl. 11
of influx @BTM 11.01
bbl.
CSG setting depth
6 HOLE
8 SIZE (inch)
10 12 KICK VOLUME
14 (bbl.)16 18
0
6"and smaller 10-25
8.5" 25-50
1000
12¼" 50-100
17.5" 100-150
2000
23" 250
Depth (ft)

3000

4000

5000

6000
Pore pressure Safe P.P(ppg)
Density Fracture Pressure

V2 volume of influx @BTM is within the safe range so our design is safe.
Surface casing set at 2200 ft we can run it deeper but to install surface BOP and secure the well
we run it to 2200 ft and production liner completed the rest of the well.
 Conductor: up to refusal point
 Surface: up to 2200 ft
 Production: 4892ft

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2.4 Casing Program
2.4.1 Conductor Casing
We run (20”) conductor casing up to refusal point by hammering.
5
2.4.2 Surface casing (9 8 ” / 2200’):

2.4.2.1 Collapse Criterion

pc =0.052∗CSD∗ρm @CSD

Pc =zero @ surface

SF =1.1

2.4.2.2 Burst Criterion

pB =Pf −G∗TD @ surface

pB =Pf −G ( TD−CSD )−0.465∗CSD @CSD

SF = 1.15

Depth PB PB *S.F
0 2054.64 2362.836
2200 1251.64 1439.386

Burst & Collapse Vs Depth

k55 burst k55 collapse Collapse

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

0

500

1000

7
1500

2000

2500
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2.4.2.3 Tension Calculations
2.4.2.3.1 Buoyant Weight of Casing (Positive Force)
The buoyant weight is determined as the difference between casing air weight and
buoyancy force.
Buoyancy force = Pe (Ae – Ai)
2.4.2.3.2 Shock Load:
Shock loading in casing operations results when:
 Sudden decelerations are applied.
 Casing is picked off the slips.
 Slips are kicked in while pipe is moving.
 Casing hits a bridge or jumps off an edge downhole.
Shock load (max) = 3500 x Wn
Wn: Nominal weight of casing
2.4.2.3.3 Pressure Testing:
The casing should be tested to the maximum pressure which it sees during drilling and
production operations (together with a suitable rounding margin).

PRESSURE TESTING ISSUES

When deciding on a pressure test value, the resulting force must not be allowed to
exceed:
 80% of the rated burst strength.
 the connection pressure rating.
 75% of the connection tensile rating.

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2.4.2.3.4 Bending Force:
The bending force is given by:
Bending force = 63 Wn * OD *ϴ
Where
Wn = weight of casing lb/ft (positive force)
ϴ= dogleg severity, degrees/100 ft

2.4.2.3.5 Load Cases:

Load Case 1: Running Conditions
This applies to the case when the casing is run in hole and prior to pumping cement:
Total tensile force = buoyant weight + shock load +bending force

Load Case 2: Pressure Testing Conditions

This condition applies when the casing is run to TD, the cement is displaced
behind the casing and mud is used to apply pressure on the top plug. This is usually
the best time to test the casing while the cement is still wet. In the past, some
operators tested casing after the cement was set. This practice created micro
channels between the casing and the cement and allowed pressure communication
between various zones through these open channels.
Total tensile force = buoyant weight + pressure testing force +bending force
Load Case 3: Static Conditions
This condition applies when the casing is in the ground, cemented and the
wellhead installed. The casing is now effectively a pressure vessel fixed at top and
bottom.One can argue that other forces should be considered for this case such as
production forces, injection forces, temperature induced forces etc.
Total tensile force = buoyant weight + bending force + (miscellaneous forces)

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Yield air Dog leg Test
CSD BF OD ID
strength weight severity ϴ pressure

564000 2200 0.8308 36 9.625 1 8.921 1500

Buoyant Shock Pressure

Bending Force
Weight Load Testing

65796.923 21829.5 54000 93795.7126

Running Pressure Testing Static

Conditions Conditions Conditions DF
( 3.109
141626.4231 181422.1357 87626.4231 )safe

Tension Desion
Running Conditions Pressure Testing Conditions Static Conditions J55

0 00 00 00 00 00 00
0 5000 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Summary for Surface Casing

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Grade Pc PB Tension S. F No. of joints

J55 2020>1384 3520>2362 3.1 55

2.4.3 Production casing (7’’/ 4892’)

2.4.3.1 Collapse Criterion:
pc =0.052∗CSD∗ρm @CSD

Pc =zero @ surface

SF =1.1

Depth Pc Pc*S. F
0 0 0
4892 2543.8 2798.2

2.4.3.2 Burst Criterion:

pB 1 =Pf −G∗TD @ surface

pB = pB 1 +0.052∗ρ p∗CSD −0.465∗CSD @CSD

SF =1.15
Depth PB PB *S. F
0 2054.64 2362.8
4892 2578.08 2964.797

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Assuming (gas ) leak from packer so gas will migrate up through completion(11 ppg) fluid
and make additional pressure .

Production CSG design

Collapse Linear (Collapse ) Burst
J55 collapse 20 j55 Burst J55 collapse 23
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2.4.3.3 Tension Calculations

Yield air Dog leg Test

CSD BF OD ID
strength weight severity ϴ pressure
316000 4892 0.8462 20 7 1 6.456 1500

Buoyant Shock Pressure

Bending Force
Weight Load Testing

82787.692 8820 30000 49122.7817

Running Pressure Testing Static

DF
Conditions Conditions Conditions
2.245
121607.6923 140730.474 91607.6923
(safe)

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Production CSG Tension Design

00 Running00Conditions0000 Pressure 00
00Testing Conditions 000 000
0 500 000 5 000 500 300 350
0 Static Conditions1
1 2
J55 20 2

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Summary for Production Casing:

Tension No. of
Grade Pc PB Length
S. F joints
J55 (20) 2270 3740 > 2964 2.245 100 4000
J55 (23) 3270 > 2798 4360 23 920

2.5 Cement Design

2.5.1 Function of Cement:
1. Restriction of fluid movement between permeable zones within the well.
2. Provision of mechanical support for the casing string.
3. Protection of casing against corrosion by sulphate rich formation waters.
4. Support for the well-bore walls to prevent collapse of formations.

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2.5.2 Classes and types of cement

The API has classified nine types of cement, depending on depth, and conditions of hole
to be cemented these are as follows;
 Class A
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when special properties are not
required. Available only in ordinary type.
 Class B
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when conditions require moderate to
high sulphate resistance. Available in both moderately and highly sulphate resistance
type.
 Class C
Intended for use from surface to 6000 ft. depth when conditions require high early
strength. Available in moderately and highly sulfate resistance type.
 Class D
Intended for use from 6000 ft. to 10,000 ft. depth, under conditions of moderately high
temperatures and pressures.
 Class E
Intended in use from 10,000 ft. to 14,000 ft. depth under conditions of high
temperatures and pressures. Available in both moderately and highly sulfate
resistance types.
 Class F
Intended for Use from 10,000 ft. to 16,000 depths, under conditions of moderately
high temperatures and pressure. Available in both moderately and high sulfate
resistance types.
 Class G:
Intended for use as basic cement from surface to 8,000 ft. depth, as
manufactured, or can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range
of well depths and temperature.
 Class H:
Intended for use as basic cement from surface to 8,000 ft; depth as manufactured, and
can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and
temperatures.
 Class J:
Intended for use as manufactured, from 12,000 ft. to 16,000 ft. depth under
conditions of extremely high temperature and pressure, or can be used with
accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures.

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2.5.3 Methods of Cementing
2.5.3.1 Single Stage Cementing
Is normally to cement conductor' and surface pipes. A single batch of cement.is
prepared and pumped down the casing. it should be noted that all The internal parts of the
casing tools including the float shoe, wipe plugs, etc. are easily drillable.
2.5.3.2 Multistage Cementing
It is employed in cementing long casing string in order to reduce the total pumping
pressure, reduce the total hydrostatic Pressure on weak formations There preventing Their
fracture, allow of selective cementing of formations and ensure effective Cementing around the
shoe of the previous casing string. In multistage cementing a stage cementer is installed at a
selected position in the casing string, the position of the stage cementer is dictated by the total
length of the cement column and the strength of formations.
2.5.3.3 Liner Cementing
The liner is a short string of casing, which does not reach to the surface. It is hung from
the bottom of the previous casing string by use of a liner hanger. The liner is run on drill pipe
and cemented by pumping the cement slurry through the drill pipe and liner and finally
displacing it behind the liner to Just above the liner hanger.

2.5.4 Casing Accessories

2.5.4.1 Shoes
General rounded the shoes helps guide and run the casing string in the uncased part of
the hole.
2.5.4.2 Landing Collars
The purpose of the land collars is to serve as a seat for cementing plugs. Depending on
the context or according to the technique of the company, a landing collar with a check valve is
chosen when shoe has none. Most landing collars and shoes both have check valve systems.
2.5.4.3 Centralizers
Centering the casing string is one of the parameters that governs the success of the
cement job, there are centering rules for verticals and directional wells.
2.5.4.4 Scratchers
They are designed to break down the mud cake, mechanically and promote a better
bond between the cement and the formation. Scratches are chosen according to the way the
casing string will be moved during cement.
Rotation: rotating scratcher.
Up and down: reciprocating scratcher.
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2.5.4.5 Stop Collars
Are placed along the casing joint to limit the movement of scratchers or centralizers
while the casing is run or reciprocated.
2.5.4.6 Cementing plugs
The plugs are mainly designed to separate the different fluids ( mud, intermediate fluid,
slurry ) physically while they are being pumped through the casing .the plugs keep the fluids
from mixing for as long as possible and lessen contamination risks . there are two types if
plugs:
1. the bottom plug.
2. the top plug.
2.5.4.7 Cementing heads
A cementing head is screwed into the top of the casing and holds the tow cementing
plugs .it allows the drilling mud to circulate, the cement slurry to be pumped in after the bottom
plug has been released and the top plug to be pumped down with more drilling fluids.

2.5.5 Cement Design Calculations

2.5.5.1 Lead calculations
Component Weight (lb.) Absolute Volume (gal/lb.) Volume (gal)
Dry cement 94 0.0382 3.59
Mix water (44%) 41.36 0.1202 4.97
8 % Bentonite 7.52 .0454 0.3414
Mix Water (40 %)
37.6 0.1202 4.519
For Bentonite

Slurry Weight = 94+41.36 +7.52 +37.6 =180.48 Lb.

Slurry Volume = 4.97+3.59 +0.3414+4.519 = 13.42 gals

ft 3
13.42 ( gal )∗5.615 3
bbl ft
Slurry Yield = =1.79( )
bbl sack
1 ( sack )∗42
gal
180.48 lb
Slurry Density = =13.44
13.42 gals

2.5.5.2 Tail calculations

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Component Weight (lb.) Absolute Volume (gal/lb.) Volume (gal)

Dry cement 94 0.0382 3.59

Mix water (44%) 41.36 0.1202 4.97

Slurry Weight = 94+41.36 =135.36 Lb.

Slurry Volume = 4.97+3.59 = 8.56 gals

ft 3
8.56 ( gal )∗5.615
bbl ft 3
Slurry Yield = =1.15( )
bbl sack
1 ( sack )∗42
gal
135.36 lb
Slurry Density = =15.8
8.56 gals

2.5.5.3 Pressure calculaions

P = 0.052*ρ*depth
 Pressure @ casing shoe =
( 0.052∗300∗13.44 )+ ( 0.052∗10∗( 2200−300 ) )=1197.6 psi=10.4 ppg
 Fracture gradient @ shoe =13.5 ppg
 Pressure @TD =Tail (0.052∗518∗15.8 ¿∗Lead ¿ =13.35 ppg
 Fracture gradient @ TD =16.5 ppg

2.5.5.4 Volume Calculations

Grade Capacity Design Length OD

ID (in) Actual Length (ft)
(CSG) (bbl./ft) (ft) (in)
J55 7”
0.03937 920 7 6.366 920 ft
(23)

J55 7” 4000-(Pocket 18)- (cut part

0.04049 4000 7 6.456
(20) =4920-4892) =3954 ft

5
J55 9 9
5
8 0.07731 ------ 8.921
8
(36)

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 Vslurry = Vshoe +Vpocket + V1 + V2
 V1 = volume of annulus between 9 5/8 '' casing & 7" prod. CSG, ft3

 V1¿ ∗
4 (
π 8.9212−72
144 )∗300=50.043 ft 3

 V2 = volume of annulus between 8.5" hole & 7" prod. casing, ft3

 V2¿ ∗
4 (
π 8.52−7 2
144 ) ∗( 4892−18−2200 )∗1.3=440.81 ft 3

 Vshoe = 0.03937*80 *5.615 =17.68 ft 3

π
∗8.5 2
 Vpocket = 4
∗1.3∗18=9.22 ft 3
144
 Total volume
 VTotal = 50.043+ 440.81+17.68+ 9.22=517.753 ft 3

 Volume of Tail = (9.22+17.68+ ∗

4(
π 8.52−7 2
144 )∗300∗1.3=76.35 ft3

 Volume of lead =517.753-76.35=441.39 ft 3

 No. of Sacks of lead
Slurry Vol . 441.39
 = = =246.6 Sacks
Slurry Yield 1.79
 No. of Sacks of Tail
Slurry Vol . 76.35
 = = =66.39 Sacks
Slurry Yield 1.15

2.5.5.5 Water & Displacement Calculations

 Total Water = Mixing Water + Wash spacer
 Mixing water = 9.489*246.6+4.97*66.39 = 2669.94 gals = 63.57 bbl.
 Mixing Rate =2.5 bbl./min
Water Vol. 63.57
 Mixing Time = = =25.42 min
Mixing Rate 2.5
 Displacement Vol =0.04049∗3954+0.03937∗( 920−80 ) =193.168bbl=1084.64 ft 3
 Slurry displacement Rate = 8 ft3/min
 Slurry displacement Time = 1084.64/8 =135.579 min
 Cement job time = Displacement time + Mixing time + Plug release time (15 min)
 =135.579+25.42+15=176 min =2.93 hr.
 Thickening time = Cement job time + Safety time (30 min)
 =176+30=206 min = 3.43 hr.

Summary of Cement Calculations

Shoe track 80 ft

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Time of release plugs 15 min
Pocket 18 FT
Spacer volume 20bbl =1000ft
Mixing rate 25Sack/ Min
Water requirement (Lead, Tail) (9.489,4.97) gal/sack
Displacement rate 8 ft3/min
Yield of slurry (Lead, Tail) (1.79 ,1.15) ft3/sack
Length of Tail 300 ft above 7” shoe
Safety factor 1.3 in open hole

2200 ft

2.6 Drill String Design

2.6.1 INTRODUCTION

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The drill string is the mechanical linkage connecting the drill bit at the bottom of the
hole to the rotary drive system on the surface. The drill string serves the following functions:

 transmits rotation to the drill bit.

 exerts weight on the bit; the compressive force necessary to break the rock.
 guides and controls the trajectory of the bit.
 allows fluid circulation which is required for cooling the bit and for cleaning the
hole.

2.6.2 Components of Drill String

1. Drill pipe.
2. Drill collars.
3. Accessories including:
 Heavy-walled drill pipe (HWDP)
 Stabilizers
 Reamers
 Directional control equipment

2.6.3 Drill Pipe Grade

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2.6.4 Drill Pipe Classification

 New: No wear, has never been used.
 Premium: Uniform wear and a minimum wall thickness of 80% of new pipe.
 Class 2: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 65% with all the wear on one
side so long as the cross-sectional area is the same as the premium class.
 Class 3: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 55% with all the wear on one
side.

2.6.5 Tool Joints

A drill pipe joint is an assembly of three components: drill pipe with plain-ends and a
tool joint at each end. One tool joint act as the pin and the other acts as the box. Drill pipes are
connected by applying a certain calculated torque which depends on the size of the pipe and its
grade. All API tool joints have a minimum yield strength of 120,000 psi regardless of the grade
of the drill pipe they are used on (E, X, G, S). API sets tool joint torsional strength at 80% of
the tube torsional strength: this is the torsional strength ratio of 0.8. The makeup torque is
determined by pin ID or box OD. The makeup torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional
capacity.

2.6.6 Drill Collar Section

Drill collars are the predominant component of the bottom hoe assembly (BHA). Both
slick and spiral drill collars are used. In areas where differential sticking is a possibility spiral
drill collars and spiral heavy-walled drill pipe (HWDP) should be used in order to minimize
contact area with the formation.
The drill collars are the first section of the drill string to be designed. The length and
size of the collars will affect the grade, weight, and dimensions of the drill pipe to be used.
Table illustrates typical sizes of collars to be run in each hole section.

Hole Section Recommended Drill Collar OD (ins)

36 9½ + 8
26 9½ + 8
17½ 9½ + 8
16 9½ + 8
12¼ 8
8½ 6¼
6 4¾

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2.6.7 HEAVY-WALLED DRILLPIPE (HWDP):

The HWDP has the same OD as a standard drill pipe but with much reduced inside
diameter (usually 3") and has an extra tool joint, figure a is a standard HWDP and figure b is a
spiral type. HWDP is used between standard drill pipe and drill collars to provide a smooth
transition between the section moduli of the drill string components. HWDP can be
distinguished from standard drill pipe by an integral wear center wear pad which acts as a
stabilizer thereby increasing the overall stiffness of the drill string. In directional and horizontal
wells, HWDP is used to provide part or all the weight on bit while drilling.

2.6.8 DRILLING JARS:

Jars provide a means of supplying powerful upward or
downward blows to the stuck drill string. A jar is a mandrel which
slides within a sleeve. The free end of the mandrel is shaped in the
form of a hammer to provide a striking action against the face of
the anvil. Depending on the type of tripping mechanism, there are
two basic types of jar: mechanical and hydraulic.
Mechanical jars have a preset load that causes the jar to
trip; hammer striking the anvil. They are thus sensitive to load
being used and not to time. Mechanical jars are pre-set at surface.
Hydraulic jars use a hydraulic fluid to control the firing
of the jar until the driller can apply the appropriate load to the
string to give a high impact.

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2.6.9 Drill String Calculations:
12.5’’ Hole
2.6.9.1 Drill collar & WOB
Required Data
WOB Weight of drill ϴ (inclination WF weight safety
MW (ppg)
(lb.) collar lb angle) factor
11 15000 146.8 0 1.15

Calculated

BF LDC Number of joints length of DC

0.8321 141.22 5 150

12.25"
NAME NO. LENGTH
8"*3" DC 4 120
JAR 1 30
8"*3" DC 1 30
HWDP 18 540

Jar is in comperession and weight required to

activate from 1 joint of DC and 18 joints of
(HWDP)
Jar Area = (12746:15000) lb.

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 DRILLING
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2.6.9.2 Tension Design:
2.6.9.2.1 TENSION DESIGN PROCEDURE
 Determine maximum design load (Pa): Pa = 0.9 x Minimum Yield Strength
 Calculate total load at surface using:

 Margin Of Overpull ( MOP=Pa-p )

 The maximum length of drill pipe that can be used:

2.6.9.2.2 SHOCK LOADING:

The additional tensile force generated by shock loading is given by:

Fs=1500×Wdp lbf

Where

Wdp = weight of drill pipe per unit length, lb./ft

2.6.9.2.3 DESIGN FACTOR:

A design factor of 1.6 should be applied to the
tension loads calculated above if shock loading is not
accounted for. If the shock loading is quantified and
included in the load calculation, a design factor of 1.3 can
be used.

2.6.9.2.4 SLIP CRUSHING:

The maximum allowable tension load must also be designed to prevent slip crushing of
the pipe. In an analysis of the slip crushing phenomena Reinhold and Spini 6 proposed an
equation to calculate the relationship between the hoop stress caused by the action of the slips
and the tensile stress in the pipe resulting from the load of the pipe hanging in the slips. The
equations used are as follows:
TS=TL (SH/ST)

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 DRILLING
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Where
TS =Tension load due to slip crushing
TL =Load line tension
SH/ST=Hoop stress, tension stress ratio From Table
Required data.

Drill pipe
OD ID Length Approximate Weight
5 4.276 1480 21.35
HWDP
OD ID Length Weight
5 3 540 49.3
Drill Collar1

OD ID Length Weight

8 3 180 140.92
Margin of overpull Drag
Total Depth MW (PPG)
(MOP) force
100000 2200 11 10000

Calculated

(BF1) acting on (BF2) acting on the Drill collar weight drill pipe Shock
BTM of DC top of DC2 + HWDP weight load

-54380.73355 35405.98286 47760 31598 68320

Total Dynamic Total Total Designed

Depth Total static load
load Designed load load +(MOP)
AT Surface 60383.24931 138703.2493 180314.2241 160383.2493
AT The end of
28785.24931 107105.2493 148716.2241 128785.2493
DP

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Number of Joints 50
Grade E 75 (New Pipe)

Tension Design For DP 12.25"

Static Load Dynamic load Total Designed Load
0 50000 Static Load +MOP
100000 150000 Grade E 250000
200000 Maximum350000
300000 Allowable 400000
Load 450000
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Maximum length of drill pipe & Maximum MOP @ Current design

Max Length of DP MOP calculated

13223.99967 295652.2507

Slip crushing Design:

SH/ST TS DF Slip Length
1.59 96009.3664 3.708341315 12”

Stiffness Ratio
SR = Section Modulus of lower section tube /Section modulus of upper section tube

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SR = 5.5 for routine drilling

OD (DC) 8
ID (DC) 3
OD (DP) 5
ID (DP) 3
SR 4.6545

From all points of view our Design is safe

8.5” Hole

Drill collar & WOB

Required Data:
MW (ppg) WOB Weight of drill collar lb. ϴ WF weight
(lb.) (inclination safety factor
angle)
10 35000 103.776 0 1.15

Calculated:

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BF LDC Number of joints length of DC

0.847328244 457.7383 16 480

8.5"
NAME NO LENGT
. H
6¾”x2¼” 15 450
DC
JAR 1 30
6¾”x2¼” 2 60
DC
HWDP 21 630
Jar is in
comperession and weight required to activate from 2
joint of DC and 21 joints of (HWDP)
Jar Area =(34407:35000)

Tension Design:

Required data
Drill pipe
OD ID Length Approximate Weight
5 4.276 3752 21.35
HWDP
OD ID Length Weight
5 3 630 49.3
Drill Collar1
OD ID Length Weight

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6.75 2.25 510 103.77
Margin of Total MW Drag force
overpull (MOP) Depth (PPG)
100000 4892 10 15000

Calculated:
(BF1) acting on (BF2) acting on the drill collar weight drill pipe Shock
BTM of DC top of DC1 +HWDP weight load

-80948.43888 43863.82 83981.7 80105.2 68320

Total Dynamic Total Designed Total Designed

Depth Total static load
load load load +(MOP)
AT
127002.2811 210322.2811 273418.9655 227002.2811
Surface
AT The
46897.08112 130217.0811 193313.7655 146897.0811
end of DP

Number of
126
JOINTS
Grade E 75 (New pipe)

Maximum length of drill pipe & Maximum MOP @ current design

Max Length of DP MOP calculated

11674.72577 229033.2189

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Tension Design for DP 8.5"

Static load Dvnamic Load Total Designed Load
Static Load + MOP Grade E Maximum Allowable Load
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Slip crushing

SH/ST TS DF
1.59 201933.627 1.763131309

Stiffness Ratio:

OD (DC) 6.75
ID (DC) 2.25
OD (DP) 5
ID (DP) 3
SR 5.3333

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From all points of view our Design is safe

2.7 DIRECTIONAL PLAN

2.7.1 Directional Terminology

 Measured depth (MD): length of the well along the well path.
 True vertical depth (TVD): vertical distance between Kelly bushing and survey point.
 Course Length: the measured depth distance between two stations
 Inclination: angel of the well bore from vertical
 Azzimuth: is the angle in horizontal plane measured from reference direction such as
(True North)
 Build Up Rate (BUR): The angle from the kickoff point is steadily built up,
degree/100ft.
 Drop off point: the depth where the whole angle begins to drop off.
 Displacement: the horizontal distance between the vertical lines passing through the
target and they well head .
 Kick-off point (KOP): the depth at which the well is first deviated from the vertical
 Tangent section: Section of the well where the path is maintained at a certain
inclination.
 Vertical section: the horizontal projected distance of the well bore on a drawing plane.
 Dog-Leg: measurement of hole curvature expressed in (inclination and azimuth) degree
per 100 ft of measured depth.

2.7.2 APPLICATIONS

2.7.2.1 Multiple wells from offshore structures

The most common application of directional drilling techniques is in offshore

drilling. Many oil and gas deposits are situated well beyond the reach of land
based rigs.

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2.7.2.2 Relief Wells

Directional techniques are used to drill relief wells in order to “kill” blowouts.
Relief wells are deviated to pass as close as possible to the uncontrolled well.

2.7.2.3 Controlling Vertical Wells

Directional techniques are used to “straighten crooked holes”. When deviation
occurs in a well which is supposed to be vertical, various techniques can be
used to bring the well back to vertical.

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 DRILLING
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2.7.2.4 Sidetracking
This is done to bypass a (“fish”) in the original wellbore, to explore the extent
of a producing zone in a certain sector of a field, or to sidetrack a dry hole to a
more promising target.

2.7.2.5 Inaccessible locations

Directional wells are often drilled because of natural or man-made obstacles.
Examples include reservoirs under cities, mountains and, lakes.

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2.7.2.6 Fault Drilling
Directional drilling is also applicable in fault drilling. To avoid this problem,
the well can be drilled on the “up dip” or “down dip” side of the fault and
deflected into the producing formation.

2.7.2.7 Salt dome drilling

Directional drilling programs are sometimes used to overcome the problems of
drilling near salt domes.

2.7.2.8 Shore line drilling

In the case where a reservoir lies offshore but quite close to land, the most
economical way to exploit the reservoir may be to drill directional wells from a land rig on the
coast.

2.7.3 Basic Hole Pattern

2.7.3.1 1st type short kickoff point (build and hold)

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 DRILLING
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Features
1. Shallow kick-off point (KOP)
2. Build-up section (which may have more than one build up rate)
3. Tangent section

Applications:
1. Deep wells with large horizontal displacements
2. Moderately deep wells with moderate horizontal displacement, where intermediate
casing is not required.

2.7.3.2 2nd type medium kickoff point (S – CURVE)

Features:
1. There are several variations:

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 DRILLING
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2. Shallow KOP - Build, hold & drop back to vertical
3. Build-up section - Build, hold, drop & hold (illustrated above)
4. Tangent section - Build, hold & continuous drop through reservoir
5. Drop-off section

Applications:
1. Multiple pay zones
2. Reduces final angle in reservoir
3. Lease or target limitations
4. Well spacing requirements
5. Deep wells with small horizontal displacements

Disadvantages:
1. Increased torque & drag
2. Risk of key seating
3. Logging problems due to inclination

2.7.3.4 3rd type (long kickoff point and build)

Features:

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 DRILLING
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1. Deep KOP
2. Build-up section
3. Short tangent section (optional)
Applications:
1. Appraisal wells to assess the extent of a newly discovered reservoir
2. Repositioning of the bottom part of the hole or re-drilling
3. Salt dome drilling
Disadvantages:
1. Formations are harder so the initial deflection may be more difficult to achieve
2. Harder to achieve desired tool face orientation with downhole motor deflection
assemblies (more reactive torque)
3. Longer trip time for any BHA changes required
4. On multi-well platforms, only a very few wells may be given deep kick-off points
because of the small separation of the slots and the difficulty of keeping wells vertical
in firmer formation. Most wells must be given shallow kick-off points to reduce
congestion below the platform and minimize the risk of collisions.

2.7.4 Deflection Tools

2.7.4.1 Whipstock
Whipstocks are used in directional wells to initiate the direction (Kick off) it
consist of steel wedge with chisel-shaped at its bottom to keep whipstock in place
and prevent its motion once drilling starts. There are many types of whipstocks:
 Removable whipstock (used mainly in open hole and have collar to be retrieved from it)
 Circulating whipstock (if there is cuttings in the hole the whipstock will not be
fixed in place and will move with drilling this type allow circulation and removal of
cutting)
 Permanent whipstock (used in cased hole to skip a problem and complete
the well by side tracking

2.7.4.2 Jetting Deflection:

Is a technique used mainly in soft formations.it depends on the power of drilling
mud to initiate the direction. A normal bit with little modification is used that has
one nozzle much greater than the other nozzles. the drill string remains

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 DRILLING
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stationary while directing the big nozzle in the required direction and starting
the pump at maximum rate.

2.7.4.3 Down Hole Motor with Bent Sub

Down hole motor consist of a bit with some special equipment that use the
power of hydraulic fluid to rotate the bit without rotating the drill string. Bent sub
is a joint about 15 ft placed directly above the motor and consist of normal box
and pin with offset at an angle (1:3) degrees.

2.7.4.4 Rotary Steerable System (RSS)

These systems don’t use a fixed deflecting tool to create the angle but by
means of three pads contained within a non rotating sleeve these systems
can drill build up section tangent section and drop off section in type 2 wells
the three pads move relative to each other and if there is any change in
direction The electronics within the instrument moves the pads and bring the well do the right
direction.

2.7.5 Surveying Calculations:

Input Data
Type of well: Slant
KOP: 2300 FT
Dogleg: 3/100ft
By using compass software, we get:
Azi
MD (ft) Inc (°) TVD (ft) N/S (ft) E/W (ft) V.Sec. (ft) DLeg (°/100ft)
(°)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0
200 0 0 200 0 0 0 0
300 0 0 300 0 0 0 0
400 0 0 400 0 0 0 0
500 0 0 500 0 0 0 0
600 0 0 600 0 0 0 0
700 0 0 700 0 0 0 0
800 0 0 800 0 0 0 0
900 0 0 900 0 0 0 0
1000 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0
1100 0 0 1100 0 0 0 0
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 DRILLING
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1200 0 0 1200 0 0 0 0
1300 0 0 1300 0 0 0 0
1400 0 0 1400 0 0 0 0
1500 0 0 1500 0 0 0 0
1600 0 0 1600 0 0 0 0
1700 0 0 1700 0 0 0 0
1800 0 0 1800 0 0 0 0
1900 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0
2000 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0
2100 0 0 2100 0 0 0 0
2200 0 0 2200 0 0 0 0
2300 0 0 2300 0 0 0 0
2400 3 90 2400 0 2.6 2.6 3
2500 6 90 2499.6 0 10.5 10.5 3
2600 9 90 2598.8 0 23.5 23.5 3
2700 12 90 2697.1 0 41.7 41.7 3
2800 15 90 2794.3 0 65.1 65.1 3
2900 18 90 2890.2 0 93.5 93.5 3
3000 21 90 2984.4 0 126.9 126.9 3
3100 24 90 3076.8 0 165.1 165.1 3
3200 27 90 3167.1 0 208.2 208.2 3
3300 30 90 3254.9 0 255.9 255.9 3
3400 33 90 3340.2 0 308.1 308.1 3
3500 36 90 3422.6 0 364.8 364.8 3
3600 39 90 3501.9 0 425.6 425.6 3

MD (ft) Inc (°) Azi (°) TVD (ft) N/S (ft) E/W (ft) V.Sec. (ft) DLeg (°/100ft)
3700 42 90 3577.9 0 490.6 490.6 3
3800 45 90 3650.5 0 559.4 559.4 3
3900 48 90 3719.3 0 631.9 631.9 3
4000 51 90 3784.2 0 707.9 707.9 3
4100 54 90 3845.1 0 787.3 787.3 3
4200 57 90 3901.7 0 869.7 869.7 3
4300 60 90 3954 0 954.9 954.9 3
4399.4 62.98 90 4001.4 0 1042.2 1042.2 3
4500 62.98 90 4047.1 0 1131.9 1131.9 0
4600 62.98 90 4092.6 0 1221 1221 0

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4700 62.98 90 4138 0 1310.1 1310.1 0
4800 62.98 90 4183.4 0 1399.1 1399.1 0
4900 62.98 90 4228.8 0 1488.2 1488.2 0
5000 62.98 90 4274.3 0 1577.3 1577.3 0
5100 62.98 90 4319.7 0 1666.4 1666.4 0
5200 62.98 90 4365.1 0 1755.5 1755.5 0
5300 62.98 90 4410.5 0 1844.6 1844.6 0
5400 62.98 90 4456 0 1933.7 1933.7 0
5500 62.98 90 4501.4 0 2022.7 2022.7 0
5600 62.98 90 4546.8 0 2111.8 2111.8 0
5700 62.98 90 4592.3 0 2200.9 2200.9 0
5800 62.98 90 4637.7 0 2290 2290 0
5900 62.98 90 4683.1 0 2379.1 2379.1 0
6000 62.98 90 4728.5 0 2468.2 2468.2 0
6100 62.98 90 4774 0 2557.3 2557.3 0
6200 62.98 90 4819.4 0 2646.3 2646.3 0
6300 62.98 90 4864.8 0 2735.4 2735.4 0
6359.8 62.98 90 4892 0 2788.7 2788.7 0

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Depth Pc Pc*S.F
0 0 0
499 272.454 299.6994

FOR WELL2:
3
2.8.1 Surface Casing (499’ 13 8 )

2.8.1.1 Burst & Collapse

Burst & Collapse Vs Depth

Depth PB PB *S.F
0 968.1 1113.315
J55 burst J55 collapse Collapse Burst
499 785.965 903.8598
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
41
400
450
500
550
600
 DRILLING
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2.8.1.2 Tension Check

Yield air Dog leg Test
CSD BF OD ID
strength weight severity ϴ pressure

853000 499 0.8385 54.5 13.375 1 12.615 500

Buoyant Weight Bending Force Shock Load Pressure Testing

22802.38077 45923.0625 81750 62518.58839

Running Conditions Pressure Testing Conditions Static Conditions DF

5.6687
150475.4433 131244.0317 68725.44327
Safe

Tension Check
Running Conditions Pressure Testing Condition
Static Condition J55
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000
0

100

200
Grade Pc PB Tension S.F No. of joints

300 J55 1130 2730 5.66 13

400

500

600

2.8.2 Intermediate Casing

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2.8.2.1 Burst & Collapse

Depth PB PB *S.F
0
Depth 968.1
Pc 1113.315
Pc*S.F
2305
0 126.775
0 145.7913
0
2305 1258.53 1384.383

Intermediate Burst & Collapse

Burst Collapse J55 Collapse J55 Burst
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500
2.8.2.2 Tension Check
Yield air Dog leg Test
CSD BF OD ID
strength weight severity ϴ pressure
564000 2305 0.8385 36 9.625 1 8.921 1000

Buoyant Weight Bending Force Shock Load Pressure Testing

69575.5385 21829.5 54000 62530.47507

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Running Conditions Pressure Testing Conditions Static Conditions DF

3.879
145405.0385 153935.5135 91405.03846
Safe

Running Conditions Pressure Testing Condition

Static Condition J55
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
0

Grade Pc PB Tension S.F No. of joints

500

J55 2020 3520 3.8 58

1000

1500

2000

2500

2.8.3 Production Casing

2.8.3.1 Burst & Collapse

Depth PB PB *S.F

0 2073.84 2384.916
Pc Pc*S.F
4700 2332.34 2682.191
Depth
0 0 0
Collapse
4700 Linear
2566.2 (Collapse ) Burst
2822.82
J55 collapse 20 j55 Burst J55 collapse 23
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

44 3000
3500

4000

4500

5000
 DRILLING
ENGINEERING

2.8.3.2 Tension Check

Yield air O Dog leg Test

CSD BF ID
strength weight D severity ϴ pressure

316000 4700 0.8385 20 7 1 6.456 1500

Buoyant Weight Bending Force Shock Load Pressure Testing

78815.3846 8820 30000 49122.78171

Running Conditions Pressure Testing Conditions Static Conditions DF

2.311
117635.3846 136758.1663 87635.38462
Safe

Grade Pc PB Tension S.F No. of joints Length

J55 (20) 2270 3740 2.3 94 3760

J55 (23) 3270 4360 24 960

2.9 Cement Calculation

2.9.1 Lead calculations
Absolute Volume
Component Weight (lb.) Volume (gal)
(gal/lb.)
Dry cement 94 0.0382 3.59
Mix water (44%) 41.36 0.1202 4.97
8 % Bentonite 7.52 .0454 0.3414
Mix Water (40 %)
37.6 0.1202 4.519
For Bentonite

Slurry Weight = 94+41.36 +7.52 +37.6 =180.48 Lb.

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Slurry Volume = 4.97+3.59 +0.3414+4.519 = 13.42 gals

( ) ft 3
13.42 gal ∗5.615
bbl ft 3
Slurry Yield = =1.79( )
bbl sack
1 ( sack )∗42
gal
180.48 lb
Slurry Density = =13.44
13.42 gals

2.9.2 Tail calculations

Absolute Volume
Component Weight (lb.) Volume (gal)
(gal/lb.)
Dry cement 94 0.0382 3.59
Mix water (44%) 41.36 0.1202 4.97

Slurry Weight = 94+41.36 =135.36 Lb.

Slurry Volume = 4.97+3.59 = 8.56 gals

ft 3
8.56 ( gal )∗5.615 3
bbl ft
Slurry Yield = =1.15( )
bbl sack
1 ( sack )∗42
gal
135.36 lb
Slurry Density = =15.8
8.56 gals

Design Length
Grade Capacity (bbl./ft) OD (in) ID (in)
(ft)
J55 7” (20) 0.04049 3760 7 6.456
J55 7” (23) 0.03937 960 7 6.366
5 5
J55 9 (36) 0.07731 ------ 9 8.921
8 8

Vslurry = Vshoe +Vpocket + V1 + V2

V1 = volume of annulus between 9 5/8 '' casing & 7" prod. CSG, ft3

( )
2 2
π 8 . 921 −7 3
V1¿ ∗ ∗300=50 . 043 ft
4 144
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V2 = volume of annulus between 8.5" hole & 7" prod. casing, ft3

V2¿ ∗
4 (
π 8 .5 2−72
144 )
∗( 4700−18−2305 )∗1 .3=391. 852 ft
3

Vshoe = 0.03937*80 *5.615 =17.68 ft 3

π 2
∗8 . 5
Vpocket = 4
∗1 .3∗18=9 .22 ft 3
144
Total volume
VTotal = 50 . 043+391 .852+17 . 68+9 . 22=468 .795 ft 3

Volume of Tail = (9.22+17.68+

4
∗ (
π 8 .5 2−72
144 )
∗300∗1 . 3=76.35 ft3

Volume of lead =468.795-76.35=392.445 ft 3

No. of Sacks of lead
Slurry Vol . 392. 445
= = =219. 24 Sacks
Slurry Yield 1 .79
No. of Sacks of Tail
Slurry Vol . 76 .35
= = =66 .39 Sacks
Slurry Yield 1. 15
Total Water = Mixing Water + Wash spacer
Mixing water = 9.489*219.24+4.97*66.39 = 2410.35 gals = 57.38 bbl.
Mixing Rate =2.5 bbl./min
Water Vol. 57.38
Mixing Time = = =23 min
Mixing Rate 2.5
Displacement Vol. = CSG Capacity *Actual Length

Grade Actual Length

J55 7” (20) 3760-(Pocket 18)- (cut part =4720-4700) =3722 ft

J55 7” (23) 960 ft

Displacement Vol =0.04049∗3722+ 0.03937∗( 960−80 )=185.34 bbl=1040.73 ft 3
Slurry displacement Rate = 8 ft3/min

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Slurry displacement Time = 1040.73/8 =130.09 min
Cement job time = Displacement time + Mixing time + Plug release time (15 min)
=130.09+23+15=168 min =2.8 hr.
Thickening time = Cement job time + Safety time (30 min)
=168+30=198 min = 3.3 hr.

2005 ft

300

ft 4682

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2.10 Drill string Design

2.10.1 Drill Collar Calculations (8.5” hole )
WF
ϴ
weight
MW (ppg) WOB(lb) Weight of drill collar lb (inclination
safety
angle)
factor
10.5 35000 103.776 0 1.15

length of
BF LDC Number of joints
DC
0.839694656 461.8996 16 480

8.5"
NAME NO. LENGTH
6¾”x2¼” DC 15 450
JAR 1 30
6¾”x2¼” DC 2 60
HWDP 21 630

2.10.2 Drill pipe Calculations

2.10.2.1 tension check
Required data

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 DRILLING
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Drill pipe
OD ID Length Approximate Weight
5 4.276 3560 21.35
HWDP
OD ID Length Weight
5 3 630 49.3
Drill Collar1
OD ID Length Weight
6.75 2.25 510 103.77
Margin of Total MW
Drag force
overpull (MOP) Depth (PPG)
100000 4700 10.5 15000

(BF1) acting on (BF2) acting on the drill collar drill pipe Shock
BTM of DC top of DC1 weight+HWDP weight load
-81659.96441 44038.995 83981.7 76006 68320

Total Designed
Total static load Total Dynamic load Total Designed load
load +(MOP)
122366.7306 205686.7306 267392.7498 222366.7306

Number of
119
JOINTS
Grade E 75 (New pipe )

Max Length of DP MOP calculated

11674.72577 233668.7694
Tension Design for DP 8.5"
Static load Dynamic Load Total Designed Load
Static Load + MOP Grade E Maximum Allowable Load
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000
0

500

1000

1500

50
2000

2500

3000

3500

4000
 DRILLING
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2.10.2.2 SLIP Crushing
TS DF
SH/ST
1.59 201933.627 1.763131309

2.11 Trajectory Calculation

MD Inc (°) Azi (°) TVD N/S E/W V.Sec. DLeg
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (°/100ft)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0
200 0 0 200 0 0 0 0
300 0 0 300 0 0 0 0
400 0 0 400 0 0 0 0
500 0 0 500 0 0 0 0
600 0 0 600 0 0 0 0
700 0 0 700 0 0 0 0
800 0 0 800 0 0 0 0
900 0 0 900 0 0 0 0
1000 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0
1100 0 0 1100 0 0 0 0
1200 0 0 1200 0 0 0 0
1300 0 0 1300 0 0 0 0
1400 0 0 1400 0 0 0 0
1500 0 0 1500 0 0 0 0
1600 0 0 1600 0 0 0 0
1700 0 0 1700 0 0 0 0
1800 0 0 1800 0 0 0 0
1900 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0
2000 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0
2100 0 0 2100 0 0 0 0
2200 0 0 2200 0 0 0 0
2300 0 0 2300 0 0 0 0
2400 3 90 2400 0 2.6 2.6 3
2500 6 90 2499.6 0 10.5 10.5 3
2600 9 90 2598.8 0 23.5 23.5 3
2700 12 90 2697.1 0 41.7 41.7 3
2800 15 90 2794.3 0 65.1 65.1 3
2900 18 90 2890.2 0 93.5 93.5 3
3000 21 90 2984.4 0 126.9 126.9 3
3100 24 90 3076.8 0 165.1 165.1 3
3200 27 90 3167.1 0 208.2 208.2 3

51
 DRILLING
ENGINEERING
3300 30 90 3254.9 0 255.9 255.9 3
3400 33 90 3340.2 0 308.1 308.1 3
3500 36 90 3422.6 0 364.8 364.8 3
3600 39 90 3501.9 0 425.6 425.6 3
3700 42 90 3577.9 0 490.6 490.6 3
3800 45 90 3650.5 0 559.4 559.4 3
3900 48 90 3719.3 0 631.9 631.9 3
4000 51 90 3784.2 0 707.9 707.9 3
4100 54 90 3845.1 0 787.3 787.3 3
4200 57 90 3901.7 0 869.7 869.7 3
4300 60 90 3954 0 954.9 954.9 3
4400 63 90 4001.7 0 1042.8 1042.8 3
4500 66 90 4044.7 0 1133 1133 3
4582.2 68.46 90 4076.5 0 1208.8 1208.8 3
4600 68.46 90 4083.1 0 1225.4 1225.4 0
4700 68.46 90 4119.8 0 1318.4 1318.4 0
4800 68.46 90 4156.5 0 1411.4 1411.4 0
4900 68.46 90 4193.2 0 1504.5 1504.5 0
5000 68.46 90 4229.9 0 1597.5 1597.5 0
5100 68.46 90 4266.6 0 1690.5 1690.5 0
5200 68.46 90 4303.3 0 1783.5 1783.5 0
5300 68.46 90 4340 0 1876.5 1876.5 0
5400 68.46 90 4376.7 0 1969.6 1969.6 0
5500 68.46 90 4413.4 0 2062.6 2062.6 0
5600 68.46 90 4450.2 0 2155.6 2155.6 0
5700 68.46 90 4486.9 0 2248.6 2248.6 0
5800 68.46 90 4523.6 0 2341.6 2341.6 0
5900 68.46 90 4560.3 0 2434.6 2434.6 0
6000 68.46 90 4597 0 2527.7 2527.7 0
6100 68.46 90 4633.7 0 2620.7 2620.7 0
6200 68.46 90 4670.4 0 2713.7 2713.7 0
6280.6 68.46 90 4700 0 2788.7 2788.7 0

52