Ec 2008

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC

2008
Q.1 - Q.20 carry one mark each.

p11 p12
All the four entries of the 2 # 2 matrix = =p21 p22 G are nonzero, and one of its
Q. 1
et
eigenvalue is zero. Which of the following statements is true?
.n
(A) p11 p12 - p12 p21 = 1
(C) p11 p22 - p12 p21 = 0
(B) p11 p22 - p12 p21 =- 1
(D) p11 p22 + p12 p21 = 0
Sol. 1
ng
The product of Eigen value is equal to the determinant of the matrix. Since one
ri
of the Eigen value is zero, the product of Eigen value is zero, thus determinant
ee
of the matrix is zero.
Thus p11 p22 - p12 p21 = 0
n
Hence (C) is correct answer.
i
Q. 2
ng
The system of linear equations
4 x + 2y = 7
ye 2x + y = 6 has
(A) a unique solution
as
(B) no solution
(C) an infinite number of solutions
.E
(D) exactly two distinct solutions
Sol. 2
w
The given system is
w 4 2 x 7
=2 1G=y G = =6 G
w
We have A == G
4 2
2 1
4 2
and A = =0 Rank of matrix r (A) < 2
2 1
4 2 7
Now C == G Rank of matrix r (C) = 2
2 1 6
Since r (A) ! r (C) there is no solution.
Hence (B) is correct answer.
Q. 3 The equation sin (z) = 10 has
(A) no real or complex solution
(B) exactly two distinct complex solutions
(C) a unique solution
(D) an infinite number of complex solutions
Sol. 3 sin z can have value between - 1 to + 1. Thus no solution.
Hence (A) is correct solution.
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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008
Q. 4 For real values of x , the minimum value of the function

f (x) = exp (x) + exp (- x) is
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0.5 (D) 0
Sol. 4 Hence (A) is correct answer.
We have f (x) = ex + e-x
For x > 0 , ex > 1 and 0 < e-x < 1
For x < 0 ,
et
0 < ex < 1 and e-x > 1
n
Thus f (x) have minimum values at x = 0 and that is e0 + e-0 = 2 .
.
g
Which of the following functions would have only odd powers of x in its Taylor
Q. 5
n
series expansion about the point x = 0 ?
(A) sin (x3)
(C) cos (x3) ri (B) sin (x2)
(D) cos (x2)
Sol. 5
ee
Hence (A) is correct answer.
in 3 5
sin x = x + x + x + ...
3! 5!
ng 2 4
cos x = 1 + x + x + ...
2! 4!
ye
Thus only sin (x3) will have odd power of x .
Q. 6
dx (t)
as
Which of the following is a solution to the differential equation
+ 3x (t) = 0 ?
.E
dt
(A) x (t) = 3e - t (B) x (t) = 2e - 3t
w
(C) x (t) =- 23 t2 (D) x (t) = 3t2
Sol. 6
w
w
We have
or
dx (t)
dt
+ 3x (t) = 0
(D + 3) x (t) = 0
Since m =- 3 , x (t) = Ce - 3t Thus only (B) may be solution.
Q. 7 In the following graph, the number of trees (P) and the number of cut-set (Q)
are
(A) P = 2, Q = 2 (B) P = 2, Q = 6
(C) P = 4, Q = 6 (D) P = 4, Q = 10
Sol. 7 The given graph is

There can be four possible tree of this graph which are as follows:
There can be 6 different possible cut-set.
et
.n
ng
i
Hence (C) is correct option.
r
e
Q. 8 In the following circuit, the switch S is closed at t = 0 . The rate of change of
current di (0+) is given by
dt
ne
gi
en
(A) 0 sy (B) Rs Is
a
(R + Rs) Is
L
.E
(C) (D) 3
L
Sol. 8 Initially i (0-) = 0 therefore due to inductor i (0+) = 0 . Thus all current Is will
w
flow in resistor R and voltage across resistor will be Is Rs . The voltage across
w
inductor will be equal to voltage across Rs as no current flow through R.
Thus vL (0+) = Is Rs
di (0+)
but vL (0+) = L
dt
di (0+) v (0+) Is Rs
Thus = L =
dt L L
Hence (B) is correct option.
Q. 9 The input and output of a continuous time system are respectively denoted
by x (t) and y (t). Which of the following descriptions corresponds to a causal
system ?

(A) y (t) = x (t - 2) + x (t + 4) (B) y (t) = (t - 4) x (t + 1)

(C) y (t) = (t + 4) x (t - 1) (D) y (t) = (t + 5) x (t + 5)
Sol. 9 The output of causal system depends only on present and past states only.
In option (A) y (0) depends on x (- 2) and x (4).
In option (B) y (0) depends on x (1).
In option (C) y (0) depends on x (- 1).
In option (D) y (0) depends on x (5).
et
Thus only in option (C) the value of y (t) at t = 0 depends on x (- 1) past value.
In all other option present value depends on future value.
.n
Hence (C) is correct answer
Q. 10
ng
The impulse response h (t) of a linear time invariant continuous time system is
described by h (t) = exp (at) u (t) + exp (bt) u (- t) where u (- t) denotes the unit
ri
step function, and a and b are real constants. This system is stable if
ee
(A) a is positive and b is positive
(B) a is negative and b is negative
in
(C) a is negative and b is negative
Sol. 10
ng
(D) a is negative and b is positive
Hence (D) is correct answer.
We have
ye h (t) = eat u (t) + e bt u (- t)
as
This system is stable only when bounded input has bounded output For
stability at < 0 for t > 0 that implies a < 0 and bt > 0 for t > 0 that implies
.E
b > 0 . Thus, a is negative and b is positive.
The pole-zero given below correspond to a
w
Q. 11
w
w
(A) Law pass filter (B) High pass filter
(C) Band filter (D) Notch filter
Sol. 11 Percent overshoot depends only on damping ratio, x .
2
Mp = e- xp 1 - x
If Mp is same then x is also same and we get
x = cos q
Thus q = constant
The option (C) only have same angle.
Q. 12 Step responses of a set of three second-order underdamped systems all have
the same percentage overshoot. Which of the following diagrams represents the
poles of the three systems ?

et
.n
Sol. 12
ng
Transfer function for the given pole zero plot is:
ri (s + Z1)( s + Z2)
(s + P1)( s + P2)
ee
From the plot Re (P1 and P2 )>(Z1 and Z2 )
in
So, these are two lead compensator.
Hence both high pass filters and the system is high pass filter.
g
n
e
Which of the following is NOT associated with a p - n junction ?
Q. 13
sy
(A) Junction Capacitance
(C) Depletion Capacitance
(B) Charge Storage Capacitance
(D) Channel Length Modulations
Sol. 13
a
Channel length modulation is not associated with a p - n junction. It is being
.E
associated with MOSFET in which effective channel length decreases, producing
the phenomenon called channel length modulation.
w
Hence option (D) is correct.
Q. 14
w
Which of the following is true?
w
(A) A silicon wafer heavily doped with boron is a p+ substrate
(B) A silicon wafer lightly doped with boron is a p+ substrate
(C) A silicon wafer heavily doped with arsenic is a p+ substrate
(D) A silicon wafer lightly doped with arsenic is a p+ substrate
Sol. 14 Trivalent impurities are used for making p - type semiconductors. So, Silicon
wafer heavily doped with boron is a p+ substrate.
Hence option (A) is correct
Q. 15 For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in the E -plane
is
(A) 360c (B) 180c
(C) 90c (D) 45c

Sol. 15 The beam-width of Hertizian dipole is 180c and its half power beam-width is 90c.
Hence (C) is correct option

Q. 16 For static electric and magnetic fields in an inhomogeneous source-free medium,

which of the following represents the correct form of Maxwell’s equations ?
(A) 4$ E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (B) 4$ E = 0 , 4$ B = 0
(C) 4# E = 0 , 4# B = 0 (D) 4# E = 0 , 4$ B = 0
Sol. 16 Maxwell equations
4- B = 0
4$ E = r/E
et
4# E =- B
.n
4# Ht = D + J
For static electric magnetic fields
ng
4$ B = 0
ri
4$ E = r/E
ee
4# E = 0
S
4# H = J
in
Hence (D) is correct option
Q. 17
ng
In the following limiter circuit, an input voltage Vi = 10 sin 100pt is applied.
e
Assume that the diode drop is 0.7 V when it is forward biased. When it is
y
forward biased. The zener breakdown voltage is 6.8 V
s
The maximum and minimum values of the output voltage respectively are
a
.E
w
w
w
(A) 6.1 V, - 0.7 V
(C) 7.5 V, - 0.7 V
(B) 0.7 V, - 7.5 V
(D) 7.5 V, - 7.5 V
Sol. 17 For the positive half of Vi , the diode D1 is forward bias, D2 is reverse bias and the
zener diode is in breakdown state because Vi > 6.8 .
Thus output voltage is
V0 = 0.7 + 6.8 = 7.5 V
For the negative half of Vi, D2 is forward bias thus
Then V0 =- 0.7 V
Hence (C) is correct option
Q. 18 A silicon wafer has 100 nm of oxide on it and is furnace at a temperature above
1000c C for further oxidation in dry oxygen. The oxidation rate
(A) is independent of current oxide thickness and temperature
(B) is independent of current oxide thickness but depends on temperature
(C) slows down as the oxide grows
(D) is zero as the existing oxide prevents further oxidation
Sol. 18 Oxidation rate is zero because the existing oxide prevent the further oxidation.
Hence option (D) is correct.

Q. 19 The drain current of MOSFET in saturation is given by ID = K (VGS - VT ) 2

where K is a constant.
The magnitude of the transconductance gm is
K (VGS - VT ) 2
(A) (B) 2K (VGS - VT )
VDS
Id K (VGS - VT ) 2
(C) (D)
VGS - VDS VGS
Sol. 19 Hence option (B) is correct.
gm = 2ID = 2 K (VGS - VT ) 2 = 2K (VGS - VT )
2VGS 2VGS
Q. 20
et
Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signalAc cos wc t + 2 cos wm t cos wc t .
n
For demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of Ac
should be
(A) 2
g. (B) 1
(C) 0.5
in (D) 0
Sol. 20
We have er
Hence (A) is correct option
xAM (t) = Ac cos wc + 2 cos wm t cos wc t
ne = AC c1 + 2 cos wm t m cos wc t
gi Ac
For demodulation by envelope demodulator modulation index must be less than
en
or equal to 1.
2 #1
y
Thus
Ac
as Ac $ 2
Hence minimum value of Ac = 2
.E
w
Q.21 to Q.75 carry two marks each
Q. 21
w
The Thevenin equivalent impedance Zth between the nodes P and Q in the
w
following circuit is
(A) 1 (B) 1 + s + 1
s
2
(C) 2 + s + 1 (D) s2 + s + 1
s s + 2s + 1
Sol. 21 Killing all current source and voltage sources we have,

Zth = (1 + s) ( s1 + 1)
(1 + s)( s1 + 1) [ s1 + 1 + 1 + s]
= =
(1 + s) + ( s1 + 1) s + s1 + 1 + 1
or Zth = 1
Alternative :
Here at DC source capacitor act as open circuit and inductor act as short
circuit. Thus we can directly calculate thevenin Impedance as 1 W
t
Hence (A) is correct option.
e
Q. 22
Z (s) = 2 0.2s .n
The driving point impedance of the following network is given by
g
s + 0.1s + 2
n
ri
ee
in
ng
The component values are
(A) L = 5 H, R = 0.5 W, C = 0.1 F (B) L = 0.1 H, R = 0.5 W, C = 5 F
ye
(C) L = 5 H, R = 2 W, C = 0.1 F (D) L = 0.1 H, R = 2 W, C = 5 F
s
Sol. 22 Hence (D) is correct option.
a
s
Z (s) = R 1 sL = 2 C
.E
sC s + s
RC + 1
LC
We have been given
w Z (s) = 2 0.2s
s + 0.1s + 2
w
Comparing with given we get
w C
1 = 0.2 or C = 5 F
1 = 0.1 or R = 2 W
RC
1 = 2 or L = 0.1 H
LC
Q. 23 The circuit shown in the figure is used to charge the capacitor C alternately
from two current sources as indicated. The switches S1 and S2 are mechanically
coupled and connected as follows:
For 2nT # t # (2n + 1) T , (n = 0, 1, 2,..) S1 to P1 and S2 to P2
For (2n + 1) T # t # (2n + 2) T, (n = 0, 1, 2,...) S1 to Q1 and S2 to Q2
Assume that the capacitor has zero initial charge. Given that u (t) is a unit step

function , the voltage vc (t) across the capacitor is given by

3
(A) / (- 1) n tu (t - nT)
n=1
3
(B) u (t) + 2 / (- 1) n u (t - nT)
n=1
3
(C) tu (t) + 2 / (- 1) n u (t - nT) (t - nT)
n=1
(D) / 60.5 - e- (t - 2nT) + 0.5e- (t - 2nT) - T @

3
n=1
Sol. 23 Voltage across capacitor is
t
Vc = 1 # idt
C 0
et
Here C = 1 F and i = 1 A. Therefore
# .n
Vc =
t
dt
ng 0
For 0 < t < T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V

# riVc =
t
dt = t
ee
At t = T, Vc = T Volts
0
n
For T < t < 2T , capacitor will be discharged from T volts as
i
g
t
# Vc = T - dt = 2T - t
n
T
ye
At t = 2T, Vc = 0 volts
For 2T < t < 3T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V
#s
t
a Vc = dt = t - 2T
.E
2T
At t = 3T, Vc = T Volts
w
For 3T < t < 4T , capacitor will be discharged from T Volts
w
t
# Vc = T -
3T
dt = 4T - t
w
At t = 4T, Vc = 0 Volts
For 4T < t < 5T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V
t
Vc = #4Tdt = t - 4T
At t = 5T, Vc = T Volts
Thus the output waveform is
Only option C satisfy this waveform.


Q. 24 The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as shown below
The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the form
et
.n
ng
ri
ee
in
Sol. 24
ng
CDF is the integration of PDF. Plot in option (A) is the integration of plot given
in question.
ye
Q. 25
as
The recursion relation to solve x = e - x using Newton - Raphson method is
(A) xn + 1 = e-x (B) xn + 1 = xn - e-x
.E
n n
-x x 2 - e-x (1 - xn) - 1
(C) xn + 1 = (1 + xn) e -x
n n
(D) xn + 1 = n
w 1+e xn - e-x
n n
Sol. 25 Hence (C) is correct answer.

w
We have x = e-x
or
w f (x) = x - e - x
f'( x) = 1 + e - x
The Newton-Raphson iterative formula is
f (xn)
xn + 1 = xn -
f'( xn)
Now f (xn) = xn - e - x n
f'( xn) = 1 + e - x n
- xn
(1 + xn) e - x
xn + 1 = xn - xn - e- x =
n
Thus
1+e n
1 + e-x n
Q. 26 The residue of the function f (z) = 1 at z = 2 is

(z + 2) (z - 2) 2
2
(A) - 1 (B) - 1
32 16
(C) 1 (D) 1
16 32
Res f (z) z = a = 1 dn - 1 6(z - a) n f (z)@
(n - 1)! dzn - 1 z=a
Here we have n = 2 and a = 2

1 d (z - 2) 2 1
(2 - 1)! dz ; (z - 2) 2 (z + 2) 2 Ez = a
Thus Res f (z) z = 2 =
= d ; 1 2E -2
dz (z + 2) z = a ; (z + 2) 3 Ez = a
=
=- 2 =- 1
64 32
0 1
Consider the matrix P = =
- 2 - 3G
Q. 27 . The value of e p is
2e-2 - 3e-1 e-1 - e-2 e-1 + e-1 2e-2 - e-1
(A) > -2 H (B) > H
2e - 2e-1 5e-2 - e-1 2e-1 - 4e2 3e-1 + 2e-2
5e-2 - e-1 3e-1 - e-2 2e-1 - e-2 e-1 - e-2
(C) > -2
2e - 6e-1 4e-2 + 6-1
et H (D) >
- 2e + 2e - e-1 + 2e-2
-1 -2 H
Sol. 27
.n
eP = L- 1 6(sI - A) - 1@
ng s 0
= L- 1 e= G - =
0 1 -1
- 2 - 3Go
ri 0 s
ee = L- 1 e=
s - 1 -1
2 s + 3G
o
in = L- 1 f>
s+3
(s + 1)( s + 2)
1
(s + 1)( s + 2)
Hp
g
-2 s
(s + 1)( s + 2) (s + 1)( s + 2)
n
-1 -2 -1 -2
2e - e e -e
== G
Q. 28
ye - 2e - 1 + 2e - 2 - e - 1 + 2e - 2
In the Taylor series expansion of exp (x) + sin (x) about the point x = p , the
as
coefficient of (x - p) 2 is
(A) exp (p) (B) 0.5 exp (p)
.E
(C) exp (p) + 1 (D) exp (p) - 1
Sol. 28
w
Taylor series is given as
f (x) = f (a) + x - a f'( a) +
(x - a) 2
w 1! 2!
f"( a) + ...
w
For x = p we have
Thus f (x) = f (p) + x - p f'( p) +
(x - p) 2
f"( x)...
1! 2!
Now f (x) = ex + sin x
f'( x) = ex + cos x
f"( x) = ex - sin x
f"( p) = e p - sin p = e p
f"( p)
Thus the coefficient of (x - p) 2 is
2!
Q. 29 Px (x) = M exp _- 2 x i - N exp _- 3 x i is the probability density function for the
real random variable X , over the entire x axis, M and N are both positive real
numbers. The equation relating M and N is
(A) M - 2 N = 1 (B) 2M + 1 N = 1
3 3
(C) M + N = 1 (D) M + N = 3
Sol. 29 Correct Option is ( )

Q. 30 The value of the integral of the function g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10y 4 along the straight
line segment from the point (0, 0) to the point (1, 2) in the x - y plane is
(A) 33 (B) 35
(C) 40 (D) 56
Sol. 30 The equation of straight line from (0, 0) to (1, 2) is y = 2x .
Now g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10y 4
or, g (x, 2x) = 4x3 + 160x 4
Now
1
et 1
#0 g (x, 2x) = #0 (4x3 + 160x4) dx
.n = [x 4 + 32x5] 10 = 33
g
n
Q. 31
ri
A linear, time - invariant, causal continuous time system has a rational transfer
function with simple poles at s =- 2 and s =- 4 and one simple zero at s =- 1
ee
. A unit step u (t) is applied at the input of the system. At steady state, the
output has constant value of 1. The impulse response of this system is
in
(A) [exp (- 2t) + exp (- 4t)] u (t)
ng
(B) [- 4 exp (- 2t) - 12 exp (- 4t) - exp (- t)] u (t)
(C) [- 4 exp (- 2t) + 12 exp (- 4t)] u (t)
e
(D) [- 0.5 exp (- 2t) + 1.5 exp (- 4t)] u (t)
y
Sol. 31
as
G (s) =
K (s + 1)
, and R (s) = 1
.E
(s + 2)( s + 4) s
K (s + 1)
C (s) = G (s) R (s) =
w = K + K
s (s + 2)( s + 4)
- 3K
w 8s 4 (s + 2) 8 (s + 4)
w
Thus c (t) = K :1 + 1 e-2t - 3 e-4tD u (t)
At steady-state, c (3) = 1
8 4 8
Thus K = 1 or K = 8
8
8 (s + 1)
Then, G (s) = = 12 - 4
(s + 2)( s + 4) (s + 4) (s + 2)
h (t) = L-1 G (s) = (- 4e-2t + 12e-4t) u (t)
Q. 32 The signal x (t) is described by
1 for - 1 # t # + 1
x (t) = )
0 otherwise
Two of the angular frequencies at which its Fourier transform becomes zero are
(A) p, 2p (B) 0.5p, 1.5p
(C) 0, p (D) 2p, 2.5p
1 for - 1 # t # + 1
We have x (t) = )
0 otherwise
Fourier transform is

1
#- 33e-jwt x (t) dt = #-1 e-jwt 1dt
= 1 [e-jwt]-11
- jw
= 1 (e-jw - e jw) = 1 (- 2j sin w)
- jw - jw
= 2 sin w
w
This is zero at w = p and w = 2p
Q. 33 A discrete time linear shift - invariant system has an impulse response h [n] with
et
h [0] = 1, h [1] =- 1, h [2] = 2, and zero otherwise The system is given an input
sequence x [n] with x [0] = x [2] = 1, and zero otherwise. The number of nonzero
(A) 5, 2
.n
samples in the output sequence y [n], and the value of y [2] are respectively
(B) 6, 2
(C) 6, 1
ng (D) 5, 3
Sol. 33
ri
Given
ee
h (n) = [1, - 1, 2]
x (n) = [1, 0, 1]
n
y (n) = x (n)* h (n)
i
g
The length of y [n] is = L1 + L2 - 1 = 3 + 3 - 1 = 5
n/ y (n) = x (n) * h (n) =

3
x (k) h (n - k)
/ ye y (2) =
3
x (k) h (2 - k)
k =- 3
a s k =- 3
= x (0) h (2 - 0) + x (1) h (2 - 1) + x (2) h (2 - 2)
.E = h (2) + 0 + h (0) = 1 + 2 = 3
There are 5 non zero sample in output sequence and the value of y [2] is 3.
Q. 34 w
Consider points P and Q in the x - y plane, with P = (1, 0) and Q = (0, 1). The
w#
line integral 2
Q
(xdx + ydy) along the semicircle with the line segment PQ as
w
its diameter
(A) is - 1
P
(B) is 0
(C) is 1
(D) depends on the direction (clockwise or anit-clockwise) of the semicircle
Sol. 34 Hence (B) is correct answer.
Q
I =2 #P (xdx + ydy)
Q Q
=2 #P xdx + 2 #P ydy
0 1
=2 #1 xdx + 2 #0 ydy = 0
Q. 35 Let x (t) be the input and y (t) be the output of a continuous time system.
Match the system properties P1, P2 and P3 with system relations R1, R2, R3,
R4
Properties Relations

P1 : Linear but NOT time - invariant R1 : y (t) = t2 x (t)

P2 : Time - invariant but NOT linear R2 : y (t) = t x (t)
P3 : Linear and time - invariant R3 : y (t) = x (t)
R4 : y (t) = x (t - 5)
(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2)
et
(D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
Mode function are not linear. Thus y (t) = x (t) is not linear but this functions is
n
Sol. 35
g.
time invariant. Option (A) and (B) may be correct.
The y (t) = t x (t) is not linear, thus option (B) is wrong and (a) is correct. We
can see that
in
er
R1: y (t) = t2 x (t) Linear and time variant.
R2: y (t) = t x (t) Non linear and time variant.
ne
R3: y (t) = x (t) Non linear and time invariant
R4: y (t) = x (t - 5) Linear and time invariant
i
g
Q. 36
en
A memory less source emits n symbols each with a probability p. The entropy
of the source as a function of n
sy
(A) increases as log n
(C) increases as n
(B) decreases as log ( n1 )
(D) increases as n log n
Sol. 36
a
The entropy is
.E / H =
m
pi log2 1 bits
w i=1
pi
Since p1 = p2 = ... = pn = 1
w n
w
n
1 log n = log n
/ H =
n
i=1
Q. 37 {x (n)} is a real - valued periodic sequence with a period N . x (n) and X (k)
form N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) pairs. The DFT Y (k) of the
N-1
sequence y (n) = 1 / x (r) x (n + r) is
N r=0
N-1
(A) X (k) 2 (B) 1 / X (r) X (k + r)
N r=0
N-1
(C) 1 / X (r) X (k + r) (D) 0
N r=0
N-1
Given : y (n) = 1 / x (r) x (n + r)
N r=0
It is Auto correlation.
DFT
Hence y (n) = rxx (n) X (k) 2
Q. 38 Group I lists a set of four transfer functions. Group II gives a list of possible
step response y (t). Match the step responses with the corresponding transfer
functions.

et
.n
ng
ri
ee
in
(A) P - 3, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2 (B) P - 3, Q - 2, R - 4, S - 1
ng
(C) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2 (D) P - 3, Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
Sol. 38
P = 2 25
ye
Hence (D) is correct option.
2xwn = 0, x = 0 " Undamped Graph 3
as
s + 25
62
.E
Q= 2xwn = 20, x > 1 " Overdamped Graph 4
s + 20s + 62
2
R=
w 62
s + 12s + 62
2
2xwn = 12, x = 1 " Critically Graph 1
S= w 72 2xwn = 7, x < 1 " underdamped Graph 2

Q. 39 w s2 + 7s + 72
A certain system has transfer function
G (s) = 2 s + 8
s + as - 4
where a is a parameter. Consider the standard negative unity feedback
configuration as shown below
Which of the following statements is true?

(A) The closed loop systems is never stable for any value of a
(B) For some positive value of a, the closed loop system is stable, but not for
all positive values.
(C) For all positive values of a, the closed loop system is stable.
(D) The closed loop system stable for all values of a, both positive and
negative.

Sol. 39 Hence (C) is correct option.

The characteristic equation of closed lop transfer function is
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
1+ 2 s+8 =0
s + as - 4
or s 2 + as - 4 + s + 8 = 0
or s2 + (a + 1) s + 4 = 0
positive value of a.
et
This will be stable if (a + 1) > 0 " a > - 1. Thus system is stable for all
Q. 40
.n
A signal flow graph of a system is given below
ng
ri
ee
in
ng
The set of equalities that corresponds to this signal flow graph is
Jx1N R b - g 0 VJx1N R0 0 V
e
K O S WK O S W u1
(A) d Kx2O = S g a 0 WKx2O + S0 1 We o
sy
dt K O S
x3
L P
S- a b 0 WWKx3O SS1 0 WW
L P
Jx1N RT0 a g XVJx1N TR1 0 XV
u2
a
K O S WK O S W u1
(B) d Kx2O = S0 - a - g WKx2O + S0 1 We o
.E
dt K O S u2
x3 S0 b - b WWKx3O SS0 0 WW
L P TR L P
Jx1N - a b 0 VXJx1N RT1 0 VX
w K O S WK O S W u1
(C) d Kx2O = S- b - g 0 WKx2O + S0 1 We o
wdt K O S
x3 S a g 0 WWKx3O SS0 0 WW
u2
w L P TR
K O S W
L P
Jx1N - a 0 b XVJx1N TR1 0XV
K O S W u1
(D) d Kx2O = S g 0 a WKx2O + S0 1 We o
dt K O S u2
x3 S- b 0 - a WWKx3O SS0 0 WW
L P T XL P T X
Sol. 40 We labeled the given SFG as below :
From this SFG we have

xo1 =- gx1 + bx3 + m1
xo2 = gx1 + ax3
xo3 =- bx1 - ax3 + u2
R V R VR V R V
Sx1 W S- g 0 b WSx1 W S0 1 W u1
Thus Sx2 W = S g 0 a WSx2 W + S0 0 We o
SSx WW SS- b 0 - a WWSSx WW SS1 0 WW u2
3 3
T X T XT X T X

Q. 41 The number of open right half plane of

G (s) = 5 10 is
s + 2s 4 + 3s3 + 6s2 + 5s + 3
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. 41 The characteristic equation is
1 + G (s) = 0
5 4 3 2
or s + 2s + 3s + 6s + 5s + 3 = 0
Substituting s = z1 we have
et
3z5 + 5z 4 + 6z3 + 3z2 + 2z + 1 = 0
The routh table is shown below. As there are tow sign change in first column,
.n
there are two RHS poles.
z5
ng 3 6 2
z 4
ri 5 3 1
z3
e
21 7
5 5
z2
ne 4
3 3
z1
z0
gi - 74
1
en
Q. 42
sy
The magnitude of frequency responses of an underdamped second order system
is 5 at 0 rad/sec and peaks to 10 at 5 2 rad/sec. The transfer function of
a 3
.E
the system is
(A) 2 500 (B) 2 375
s + 10s + 100 s + 5s + 75
w 720 1125
(C)
w s2 + 12s + 144
(D)
s2 + 25s + 225
Sol. 42
w
For underdamped second order system the transfer function is
Kwn2
T (s) =
s2 + 2xwn s + wn2
It peaks at resonant frequency. Therefore
Resonant frequency wr = wn 1 - 2x2
and peak at this frequency
mr = 5
2x 1 - x2
We have wr = 5 2 , and mr = 10 . Only options (A) satisfy these values.
3
wn = 10, x = 1
2
where wr = 10 1 - 2` 1 j = 5 2
4
and mr = 1 5 1 = 10 Hence satisfied
22 1- 4 3

Q. 43 Group I gives two possible choices for the impedance Z in the diagram. The
circuit elements in Z satisfy the conditions R2 C2 > R1 C1. The transfer functions
V0 represents a kind of controller.
Vi
et
n
Match the impedances in Group I with the type of controllers in Group II
g.
in
er
ne
gi
en
(A) Q - 1, R - 2
(C) Q - 2, R - 3
(B) Q - 1, R - 3
(D) Q - 3, R - 2
Sol. 43
sy
The given circuit is a inverting amplifier and transfer function is
a Vo = - Z = - Z (sC1 R1 + 1)
.E
Vi R 1
sC R + 1
R1
1 1
(sC2 R2 + 1)
w
For Q , Z =
sC2
w Vo =-
(sC2 R2 + 1) (sC1 R1 + 1)
# PID Controller
w
Vi sC2 R1
For R, Z = R2
(sC2 R2 + 1)
Vo R2 (sC1 R1 + 1)
=- #
Vi (sC2 R2 + 1) R1
Since R2 C2 > R1 C1, it is lag compensator.
Q. 44 For the circuit shown in the following figure, transistor M1 and M2 are identical
NMOS transistors. Assume the M2 is in saturation and the output is unloaded.
The current Ix is related to Ibias as

(A) Ix = Ibias + Is (B) Ix = Ibias

(C) Ix = Ibias - cVDD - Vout m (D) Ix = Ibias - Is

RE
Sol. 44 By Current mirror,
^ L h2
W
Ix = Ibias
^ L h1
W
Since MOSFETs are identical,

W W
Thus b L l =b L l
2 2
Hence Ix = Ibias
Q. 45
et
The measured trans conductance gm of an NMOS transistor operating in the
linear region is plotted against the gate voltage VG at a constant drain voltage
.n
VD . Which of the following figures represents the expected dependence of gm on
VG ?
ng
ri
ee
in
ng
ye
as
Sol. 45
.E
Hence option (C) is correct.
As
Thus w VD = constant
gm \ (VGS - VT ) Which is straight line.
w
Q. 46
w
Consider the following circuit using an ideal OPAMP. The I-V characteristic of
the diode is described by the relation I = I 0 _eV - 1i where VT = 25 mV, I0 = 1m
t
V
A and V is the voltage across the diode (taken as positive for forward bias). For
an input voltage Vi =- 1 V , the output voltage V0 is
(A) 0 V (B) 0.1 V

(C) 0.7 V (D) 1.1 V
Sol. 46 The circuit is using ideal OPAMP. The non inverting terminal of OPAMP is at
ground, thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground.

Thus current will flow from -ive terminal (0 Volt) to -1 Volt source. Thus the
current I is
et
0 - (- 1)
= 1
n
I =
.
100k 100k
ng
The current through diode is
I = I 0 _eV - 1i
V
i
t
Thus
r
Now VT = 25 mV and I0 = 1 mA
eI = 10-6 8e 25 # 10 - 1B = 1 5
V
e
-3
10
or
in V = 0.06 V
Now
ng V0 = I # 4k + V = 1 # 4k + 0.06 = 0.1 V
100k
e
Q. 47
sy
The OPAMP circuit shown above represents a
a
.E
w
w
w
(A) high pass filter (B) low pass filter
(C) band pass filter (D) band reject filter
Sol. 47 The circuit is using ideal OPAMP. The non inverting terminal of OPAMP is at
ground, thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground.
Thus we can write

vi = -Rv
R1 + sL 2
sR C + 1
2 2
or v 0
=- R2
vi (R1 + sL)( sR2 C2 + 1)

and from this equation it may be easily seen that this is the standard form of
T.F. of low pass filter
H (s) = K
(R1 + sL)( sR2 C2 + 1)
and form this equation it may be easily seen that this is the standard form of
T.F. of low pass filter
H (s) = 2 K
as + bs + b
t
Q. 48 Two identical NMOS transistors M1 and M2 are connected as shown below.
Vbias is chosen so that both transistors are in saturation. The equivalent gm of
e
the pair is defied to be 2Iout at constant Vout
n
g. 2Vi
The equivalent gm of the pair is
in
er
ne
gi
(A) the sum of individual gm ' s of the transistors
n
(B) the product of individual gm ’s of the transistors
e
sy
(C) nearly equal to the gm of M1
g
(D) nearly equal to m of M2
a g0
.E
Sol. 48 The current in both transistor are equal. Thus gm is decide by M1.
w
Q. 49
w
An 8085 executes the following instructions
2710 LXI H, 30A0 H
w 2713 DAD H
2414 PCHL
All address and constants are in Hex. Let PC be the contents of the program
counter and HL be the contents of the HL register pair just after executing
PCHL. Which of the following statements is correct ?
PC = 2715H PC = 30A0H
(A) (B)
HL = 30A0H HL = 2715H
PC = 6140H PC = 6140H
(C) (D)
HL = 6140H HL = 2715H
Sol. 49 2710H LXI H, 30A0H ; Load 16 bit data 30A0 in HL pair

2713H DAD H ; 6140H " HL
2714H PCHL ; Copy the contents 6140H of HL in PC
Thus after execution above instruction contests of PC and HL are same and that
is 6140H

Q. 50 An astable multivibrator circuit using IC 555 timer is shown below. Assume

that the circuit is oscillating steadily.
et
.n
ng
ri
ee
The voltage Vc across the capacitor varies between
(A) 3 V to 5 V
in (B) 3 V to 6 V
g
(C) 3.6 V to 6 V (D) 3.6 V to 5 V
Sol. 50
en
Correct Option is ( )
Silicon is doped with boron to a concentration of 4 # 1017 atoms cm3 . Assume
y
Q. 51
the intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon to be 1.5 # 1010 / cm 3 and the value
as
of kT/q to be 25 mV at 300 K. Compared to undopped silicon, the fermi level
of doped silicon
.E
(A) goes down by 0.31 eV (B) goes up by 0.13 eV
w
(C) goes down by 0.427 eV (D) goes up by 0.427 eV
Sol. 51
w
Hence option (C) is correct.
E2 - E1 = kT ln NA
w ni
NA = 4 # 1017
ni = 1.5 # 1010
17
E2 - E1 = 25 # 10-3 e ln 4 # 10 10 = 0.427 eV
1.5 # 10
Hence fermi level goes down by 0.427 eV as silicon is doped with boron.
Q. 52 The cross section of a JFET is shown in the following figure. Let Vc be - 2
V and let VP be the initial pinch -off voltage. If the width W is doubled (with
other geometrical parameters and doping levels remaining the same), then the
ratio between the mutual trans conductances of the initial and the modified
JFET is

1 - 2/Vp
(B) 1 e
2 1 - 1/2Vp o
(A) 4
1 - 2/Vp 1 - (2 - Vp )
(C) e o (D)
1 - 1/2Vp 1 - [1 (2 Vp )]
Sol. 52 Hence option (C) is correct
2
Pinch off voltage VP = eW ND
es
Let VP = VP1
Now VP1 = W12 = W2

VP2 W22 (2W) 2
or
e
4VP1 = VP2t
Initial transconductance
.n
g gm = Kn ;1 - Vbi - VGS
Vp E
in 0 - (- 2) 2
For first condition
e
For second condition
r gm1 = Kn =1 -
VP1 G
= Kn ;1 -
VP1 E
ne gm2 = Kn =1 -
0 - (- 2)
VP2 G
= K2 ;1 - 2
4VP1 E
gi gm1
=f
1 - 2/VP1
p
Dividing
Hence
en gm2 1 - 1/ (2VP1)
VP = VP1
Q. 53
sy
Consider the Schmidt trigger circuit shown below
a
A triangular wave which goes from -12 to 12 V is applied to the inverting input
.E
of OPMAP. Assume that the output of the OPAMP swings from +15 V to -15 V.
The voltage at the non-inverting input switches between
w
w
w
(A) - 12V to +12 V (B) -7.5 V to 7.5 V

(C) -5 V to +5 V (D) 0 V and 5 V
Sol. 53 Let the voltage at non inverting terminal be V1, then after applying KCL at non
inverting terminal side we have
15 - V1 + V0 - V1 = V1 - (- 15)
10 10 10
or V1 = V0
3
If V0 swings from -15 to +15 V then V1 swings between -5 V to +5 V.

Q. 54 The logic function implemented by the following circuit at the terminal OUT is
(A) P NOR Q
(C) P OR Q
et (B) P NAND Q
(D) P AND Q
Sol. 54
.n
From the figure shown below it may be easily seen upper MOSFET are shorted
g
and connected to Vdd thus OUT is 1 only when the node S is 0,
n
ri
ee
in
ng
Since the lower MOSFETs are shorted to ground, node S is 0 only when input P
ye
and Q are 1. This is the function of AND gate.
Q. 55
as
Consider the following assertions.
.E
S1 : For Zener effect to occur, a very abrupt junction is required.
S2 : For quantum tunneling to occur, a very narrow energy barrier is required.
w
Which of the following is correct ?
w
(A) Only S2 is true
(B) S1 and S2 are both true but S2 is not a reason for S1
w
(C) S1 and S2 and are both true but S2 is not a reason for S1
(D) Both S1 and S2 are false
Sol. 55 Hence option (A) is correct.
Q. 56 The two numbers represented in signed 2’s complement form are P + 11101101
and Q = 11100110 . If Q is subtracted from P , the value obtained in signed 2’s
complement is
(A) 1000001111 (B) 00000111
(C) 11111001 (D) 111111001
Sol. 56 MSB of both number are 1, thus both are negative number. Now we get
11101101 = (- 19) 10
and 11100110 = (- 26) 10
P - Q = (- 19) - (- 26) = 7
Thus 7 signed two’s complements form is
(7) 10 = 00000111

Q. 57 Which of the following Boolean Expressions correctly represents the relation

between P, Q, R and M1
(A) M1 = (P OR Q) XOR R (B) M1 = (P AND Q) X OR R

(C) M1 = (P NOR Q) X OR R (D) M1 = (P XOR Q) XOR R
Sol. 57
et
The circuit is as shown below
.n
ng
ri
ee
X = PQ
in Y = (P + Q)
So
ng Z = PQ (P + Q)
= (P + Q )( P + Q) = PQ + PQ = P 5 Q
and
ye M1 = Z 5 R = (P 5 Q) 5 R
Q. 58
as
Hence (D) is correct answer
For the circuit shown in the following, I0 - I3 are inputs to the 4:1 multiplexers,
.E
R(MSB) and S are control bits.
The output Z can be represented by
w
w
w
(A) PQ + PQS + QRS

(B) PQ + PQR + PQS
(C) PQR + PQR + PARS + QRS
(D) PQR + PQRS + PQRS + QRS
Z = I0 RS + I1 RS + I2 RS + I3 RS
= (P + Q ) RS + PRS + PQRS + PRS
= PRS + QRS + PRS + PQRS + PRS
The k - Map is as shown below

Z = PQ + PQS + QRS
Q. 59
et
For each of the positive edge-triggered J - K flip flop used in the following
n
figure, the propagation delay is 3 t .
.
ng
ri
ee
in
ng
Which of the following wave forms correctly represents the output at Q1 ?
ye
as
.E
w
w
w
Sol. 59 Since the input to both JK flip-flop is 11, the output will change every time with
clock pulse. The input to clock is
The output Q0 of first FF occurs after time 3 T and it is as shown below
The output Q1 of second FF occurs after time 3 T when it gets input (i.e. after
3 T from t1) and it is as shown below

Q. 60 For the circuit shown in the figure, D has a transition from 0 to 1 after CLK
changes from 1 to 0. Assume gate delays to be negligible
Which of the following statements is true
et
.n
ng
ri
ee
(A) Q goes to 1 at the CLK transition and stays at 1
(B) Q goes to 0 at the CLK transition and stays 0
in
(C) Q goes to 1 at the CLK tradition and goes to 0 when D goes to 1
g
(D) Q goes to 0 at the CLK transition and goes to 1 when D goes to 1
n
Sol. 60
ye
The circuit is as shown below
as
.E
w
w
w
The truth table is shown below. When CLK make transition Q goes to 1 and
when D goes to 1, Q goes to 0
Q. 61 A rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions (a = 4 cm and b = 3 cm) is to

be operated in TE11 mode. The minimum operating frequency is
(A) 6.25 GHz (B) 6.0 GHz
(C) 5.0 GHz (D) 3.75 GHz
Sol. 61 Cut-off Frequency is
fc = c m 2 n 2
` a j +`b j
2
For TE11 mode,
3 # 1010 1 2 1 2
fc = 2 ` 4 j + ` 3 j = 6.25 GHz

Q. 62 One end of a loss-less transmission line having the characteristic impedance of

75W and length of 1 cm is short-circuited. At 3 GHz, the input impedance at
the other end of transmission line is
(A) 0 (B) Resistive
(C) Capacitive (D) Inductive
Z + iZo tan (bl)
Zin = Zo L
For ZL = 0 ,
et Zo + iZL tan (bl)
Zin = iZo tan (bl)
The wavelength is
.n
ng f 3 # 10
8
l = c = 3 # 109 = 0.1 m or 10 cm
ri bl = 2
l
p l = 2p # 1 = p
10 5
Thus
ee Zin = iZo tan p
5
in
Thus Zin is inductive because Zo tan p is positive
g
5
n
Q. 63 A uniform plane wave in the free space is normally incident on an infinitely
thick dielectric slab (dielectric constant e = 9 ). The magnitude of the reflection
ye
coefficient is
s
(A) 0 (B) 0.3
(C) 0.5
a (D) 0.8
.E
Sol. 63
m
w
We have h =
e
w
Reflection coefficient
h - h1
w G= 2
h2 + h1
Substituting values for h1 and h2 we have
mo mo
-
t = eo er
mo
eo
mo
= 1- er = 1 - 9 since er = 9
eo er + eo 1+ er 1+ 9
=- 0.5
Q. 64 In the design of a single mode step index optical fibre close to upper cut-off, the
single-mode operation is not preserved if
(A) radius as well as operating wavelength are halved
(B) radius as well as operating wavelength are doubled
(C) radius is halved and operating wavelength is doubled
(D) radius is doubled and operating wavelength is halved
Sol. 64 In single mode optical fibre, the frequency of limiting mode increases as radius
decreases
Hence r \ 1
f
So. if radius is doubled, the frequency of propagating mode gets halved, while in
option (D) it is increased by two times.

Q. 65 At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter and 70% efficiency
is
(A) 15 dB (B) 25 dB
(C) 35 dB (D) 45 dB
8
l = c = 3 # 10 9 = 3
f 20 # 10 200
2
Gp = hp2 ` D j = 0.7 # p2 c 13 m = 30705.4
2
Gain
l 100
= 44.87 dB
Q. 66
et
Noise with double-sided power spectral density on K over all frequencies is
.n
passed through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc . The noise
power at the filter output is
(A) K
ng (B) Kfc
(C) kpfc
ri (D) 3
e
Sol. 66
PSD of noise is N0 = K
ne 2
...(1)
gi
The 3-dB cut off frequency is
fc = 1 ...(2)
en
Output noise power is
2pRC
sy = N0 = c N0 m 1 = Kpfc
4RC 2 2RC
Q. 67
a
Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with probability of error being p
.E
. To transmit a bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The receiver will
interpret the received sequence to represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The
w
probability that the transmitted bit will be received in error is
(A) p3 + 3p2 (1 - p) (B) p3
w
(C) (1 - p3) (D) p3 + p2 (1 - p)
Sol. 67 w
At receiving end if we get two zero or three zero then its error.
Let p be the probability of 1 bit error, the probability that transmitted bit error
is
= Three zero + two zero and single one
= 3 C3 p3 + 3C2 p2 (1 - p)
= p3 + p2 (1 - p)
Q. 68 Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W and 3W respectively are to be
multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The minimum
bandwidth required for transmission of this TDM signal is
(A) W (B) 3W
(C) 6W (D) 7W
Sol. 68 Bandwidth of TDM is
= 1 (sum of Nyquist Rate)
2

= 1 [2W + 2W + 4W + 6W] = 7W
2
Q. 69 Consider the frequency modulated signal
10 cos [2p # 105 t + 5 sin (2p # 1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p # 1000t)]
with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is
(A) 12.5 (B) 10
Sol. 69
(C) 7.5
et
(D) 5
We have
.n
qi = 2p105 t + 5 sin (2p1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p1000t)
dt
ng
wi = dqi = 2p105 + 10p1500 cos (2p1500t) + 15p1000 cos (2p1000t)
ri
Maximum frequency deviation is
ee
3wmax = 2p (5 # 1500 + 7.5 # 1000)
3 fmax = 15000
in 3 fmax
= 15000 = 10
ng
Modulation index is =
fm 1500
The signal cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t sin wc t is
e
Q. 70
y
(A) FM only (B) AM only
Sol. 70
as
(C) both AM and FM
(D) neither AM nor FM
.E
w
Common Data for Questions 71, 72 and 73 :
w
A speed signal, band limited to 4 kHz and peak voltage varying between +5
V and - 5 V, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. Each sample is quantized and
Q. 71
w
represented by 8 bits.
If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar pulses, the minimum
bandwidth required for distortion free transmission is
(A) 64 kHz (B) 32 kHz
(C) 8 kHz (D) 4 kHz
Sol. 71 Hence (B) is correct option.
fm = 4 KHz
fs = 2fm = 8 kHz
Bit Rate Rb = nfs = 8 # 8 = 64 kbps
The minimum transmission bandwidth is
BW = Rb = 32 kHz
2
Q. 72 Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value,
the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is
(A) 16 dB (B) 32 dB
(C) 48 dB (D) 4 kHz
Sol. 72 Hence (C) is correct option.

S0
c N m = 1.76 + 6n dB
0
= 1.76 + 6 # 8 = 49.76 dB We have n = 8

Q. 73 The number of quantization levels required to reduce the quantization noise by
a factor of 4 wo
(A) 1024 (B) 512
(C) 256 (D) 64
Sol. 73 Hence (B) is correct option.
As Noise \ 12
t
L
e
To reduce quantization noise by factor 4, quantization level must be two times
i.e. 2L .
Now
.n
L = 2n = 28 = 256
Thus
ng
2L = 512
ri
Common data for questions 74 & 75 :
ee
The following series RLC circuit with zero conditions is excited by a unit impulse
n
functions d (t).
i
ng
ye
as
.E
Q. 74 For t > 0 , the output voltage vC ^ t h is
(A) 2 ^e t - e t h (B) 2 te 2 t
-1 3 -1
w
2 2
3 3
w
(C) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m (D) 2 e 2 t sin c 3 t m
-1 -1
3 2 3 2
Sol. 74
w
Writing in transform domain we have
Vc (s)
= 1 s
1
= 2 1
Vs (s) ^ s + s + 1h (s + s + 1)
Since Vs (t) = d (t) " Vs (s) = 1 and
Vc (s) = 2 1
(s + s + 1)
3
or Vc (s) = 2 = 2
G
3 (s + 12 ) 2 + 43
Taking inverse laplace transform we have
Vt = 2 e- sin c 3 t m
t
2
3 2
Q. 75 For t > 0 , the voltage across the resistor is
(A) 1 _e 2 t - e- 2 t i
3 1
3
(B) e 2 =cos c 3 t m - 1 sin c 3 t mG
-1 t
2 3 2

(C) 2 e 2 t sin c 3 t m
-1
3 2
(D) 2 e 2 t cos c 3 t m
-1
3 2
Sol. 75 Let voltage across resistor be vR
VR (s) s
= 1 1 =
VS (s) ( s + s + 1) (s2 + s + 1)
t
Since vs = d (t) " Vs (s) = 1 we get
e
VR (s) = 2 s = s
.n (s + 12 )
1 2
(s + s + 1) (s + 2 ) + 43
1
ng=
(s + 12 ) 2 + 43
- 2
(s + 12 ) 2 + 43
or
ri
vR (t) = e- cos
1
3 t-1 2 e- sin 3 t1
e
2 2
2 2# 3 2
ne t
= e- 2 =cos 3 t - 1 sin 3 t
2 G
gi
2 3
en
y
Linked Answer Questions : Q. 76 to Q.85 carry two marks each.
s
a
.E
Statement for linked Answers Questions 76 & 77:
A two-port network shown below is excited by external DC source. The voltage
w
and the current are measured with voltmeters V1, V2 and ammeters. A1, A2 (all
w
assumed to be ideal), as indicated
w
Under following conditions, the readings obtained are:
(1) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 0,V1 = 4.5 V,V2 = 1.5 V, A2 = 1 A
(2) S1 -open, S2 - closed A1 = 4 A,V1 = 6 V,V2 = 6 V, A2 = 0
Q. 76 The z -parameter matrix for this network is

1. 5 1 . 5 1.5 4. 5
(A) =
4. 5 1 . 5 G
(B) =
1.5 4. 5 G
1.5 4.5 4. 5 1.5
(C) = G (D) =
1.5 1.5 1. 5 4.5G
Sol. 76 From the problem statement we have
z11 = v1 = 6 = 1.5W
i1 i = 0 4 2
z12 = v1 = 4.5 = 4.5W

i2 i = 0 1
1
z21 = v2 = 6 = 1.5W
i1 i = 0 4 2

z22 = v2 = 1.5 = 1.5W

i2 i2 = 0 1
Thus z -parameter matrix is
z11 z12 1.5 4.5
=z z G = =1.5 1.5 G
21 22

Q. 77 The h -parameter matrix for this network is
-3 3 -3 -1
(A) = G (B) =
- 1 0.67 3 0.67 G
3 3 3 1
(C) = G (D) =
- 3 - 0.67 G
Sol. 77
1 0.67
et
From the problem statement we have
.n
h12 = v1 = 4.5 = 3
ng v2 i = 0 1.5
h22 = i2
1
= 1 = 0.67
ri v2 i = 0 1.5
1
e
From z matrix, we have
nev1 = z11 i1 + z12 i2

v2 = z21 i1 + z22 i2
If v2 = 0
gi i2 = - z21 = - 1.5 =- 1 = h
Then
en i1 z22 1.5 21
y
or i2 =- i1
as
Putting in equation for v1, we get
v1 = (z11 - z12) i1
.E
v1 = h11 = z11 - z12 = 1.5 - 4.5 =- 3
i1 v2 = 0
w
Hence h -parameter will be
w h11 h12 -3 3
=h h G = =- 1 0.67 G
w
21 22
Statement for Linked Answer Question 78 and 79 :

In the following network, the switch is closed at t = 0- and the sampling starts
from t = 0 . The sampling frequency is 10 Hz.
Q. 78 The samples x (n), n = (0, 1, 2, ...) are given by

(A) 5 (1 - e-0.05n) (B) 5e-0.05n
(C) 5 (1 - e-5n) (D) 5e-5n

Sol. 78 Current through resistor (i.e. capacitor) is

I = I (0+) e-t/RC
Here, I (0+) = V = 5 = 25mA
R 200k
RC = 200k # 10m = 2 sec
I = 25e- m A
t
2
= VR # R = 5e- V
t
2
Thus
et
Here the voltages across the resistor is input to sampler at frequency of 10 Hz.
.n -n
x (n) = 5e = 5e-0.05n For t > 0
2 # 10
g
n
Q. 79
r
sampled signal arei
The expression and the region of convergence of the z -transform of the
z-e
ee
(A) 5z 5 , z < e-5 (B) 5z , z < e-0.05
z - e-0.05
(C)
in
5z , z > e-0.05
z - e-0.05
(D) 5z -5 , z > e-5
z-e
Sol. 79
ng
x (n) = 5e-0.05n u (n) is a causal signal
e
Since
sy
Its z transform is
X (z) = 5 : 1 5z
1 - e-0.05 z-1 D z - e-0.05
=
a
.E
Its ROC is e-0.05 z-1 > 1 " z > e-0.05
w
w
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 80 and 81:
w
In the following transistor circuit, VBE = 0.7 V, r3 = 25 mV/IE , and b and all the
capacitances are very large
Q. 80 The value of DC current IE is

(A) 1 mA (B) 2 mA
(C) 5 mA (D) 10 mA
Sol. 80 For the given DC values the Thevenin equivalent circuit is as follows

The thevenin resistance and voltage are

VTH = 10 # 9 = 3 V
10 + 20
and total
et
RTH = 10k # 20k = 6.67 kW
10k + 20k
.n
ng
Since b is very large, therefore IB is small and can be ignored
IE = VTH - VBE = 3 - 0.7 = 1 mA
i
Thus
RE 2.3k
er
Q. 81
(A) -180
ne
The mid-band voltage gain of the amplifier is approximately
(B) -120
(C) -90
gi (D) -60
Sol. 81
en
The small signal model is shown in fig below
sy
a
.E
w
w gm =
IC
VT
= 1m = 1 A/V
25m 25
IC . IE
w Vo =- gm Vp # (3k 3k )
=- 1 Vin (1.5k) Vp = Vin
25
=- 60Vin
or Am = Vo =- 60
Vin
Statement For Linked Answer Question 82 & 83 :

In the following circuit, the comparators output is logic “1” if V1 > V2 and is logic
3
"0" otherwise. The D/A conversion is done as per the relation VDAC = / 2n - 1 bn
n=0
Volts, where b3
(MSB), b1, b2 and b0 (LSB) are the counter outputs. The counter starts from the
clear state.

et
.n
Q. 82
ng
The stable reading of the LED displays is
(A) 06
ri (B) 07
Sol. 82
(C) 12
ee
(D) 13
We have
in
g
3
/ VDAC = 2n - 1 bn = 2 - 1 b0 + 20 b1 + 21 b2 + 22 b3
or
en n=0
VDAC = 0.5b0 + b1 + 2b2 + 4b3
sy
The counter outputs will increase by 1 from 0000 till Vth > VDAC . The output of
counter and VDAC is as shown below
a
.E
Clock b3 b3 b2 b0 VDAC
1 0001 0
w 2 0010 0.5
w 3 0011 1
w 4
5
0100
0101
1.5
2
6 0110 2.5
7 0111 3
8 1000 3.5
9 1001 4
10 1010 4.5
11 1011 5
12 1100 5.5
13 1101 6
14 1110 6.5
and when VADC = 6.5 V (at 1101), the output of AND is zero and the counter
stops. The stable output of LED display is 13.
Q. 83 The magnitude of the error between VDAC and Vin at steady state in volts is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.3
(C) 0.5 (D) 1.0

Sol. 83 Hence (B) is correct answer.

The VADC - Vin at steady state is
= 6.5 - 6.2 = 0.3V
Statement for Linked Answer Question 84 & 85 :

The impulse response h (t) of linear time - invariant continuous time system is
given by h (t) = exp (- 2t) u (t), where u (t) denotes the unit step function.
Q. 84 The frequency response H (w) of this system in terms of angular frequency w, is
given by H (w)
(A) 1
1 + j 2w
et (B) sin w
w
(C) 1
2 + jw
.n (D)
jw
2 + jw
Sol. 84
ng
# i
h (t) = e-2t u (t)
r 3
h (t) e-jwt dt
e
H (jw) =
-3
# #
ne =
3 -2t -jwt
e e dt =
3 - (2 + jw) t
e dt = 1
(2 + jw)
i
0 0
Q. 85
is
ng
The output of this system, to the sinusoidal input x (t) = 2 cos 2t for all time t ,
(A) 0
ye
(C) 2-0.5 cos (2t - 0.125p)
(B) 2-0.25 cos (2t - 0.125p)
(D) 2-0.5 cos (2t - 0.25p)
Sol. 85
a s
1
.E
H (jw) =
(2 + jw)
The phase response at w = 2 rad/sec is
w +H (jw) =- tan-1 w =- tan-1 2 =- p =- 0.25p
w 2 2 4
w
Magnitude respone at w = 2 rad/sec is
H (jw) = 1 = 1
22 + w2 2 2
Input is x (t) = 2 cos (2t)
Output i = 1 # 2 cos (2t - 0.25p)

2 2
= 1 cos [2t - 0.25p]

2

Answer Sheet
1. (C) 19. (B) 37. (A) 55. (A) 73. (B)
2. (B) 20. (A) 38. (D) 56. (B) 74. (D)
3. (A) 21. (A) 39. (C) 57. (D) 75. (B)
4. (A) 22. (D) 40. (C) 58. (A) 76. (C)
5.
6.
(A)
(B)
23.
24.
(C)
(A)
41.
e
42.
t (C)
(C)
59.
60.
(B)
(A)
77.
78.
(A)
(B)
7. (C) 25. (C)
.n
43. (B) 61. (A) 79. (C)
8. (B) 26. (A)
ng44. (B) 62. (D) 80. (A)

9.
10.
(C)
(D)
27.
28.
(D)
(B) ri 45.
46.
(C)
(B)
63.
64.
(C)
(C)
81.
82.
(D)
(D)
11. (C) 29. (*)
ee 47. (B) 65. (D) 83. (B)
12. (C) 30. (A)
in 48. (C) 66. (C) 84. (C)
g
13. (D) 31. (C) 49. (C) 67. (D) 85. (D)
14.
15.
(A)
(C)
32.
33.
en
(A)
(D)
50.
51.
(*)
(C)
68.
69.
(D)
(B)
16. (D) 34.
sy (B) 52. (C) 70 (C)
a
17. (C) 35. (B) 53. (C) 71 (B)
.E
18. (D) 36. (A) 54. (D) 72 (C)
w
w
w

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC

Q.1 - Q.20 carry one mark each.

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Q. 4 For real values of x , the minimum value of the function

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There can be 6 different possible cut-set.

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(A) y (t) = x (t - 2) + x (t + 4) (B) y (t) = (t - 4) x (t + 1)

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

(C) 90c (D) 45c

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Q. 16 For static electric and magnetic fields in an inhomogeneous source-free medium,

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Q. 19 The drain current of MOSFET in saturation is given by ID = K (VGS - VT ) 2

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

function , the voltage vc (t) across the capacitor is given by

(D) / 60.5 - e- (t - 2nT) + 0.5e- (t - 2nT) - T @

For 0 < t < T , capacitor will be charged from 0 V

Only option C satisfy this waveform.

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

Q. 24 The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as shown below

The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the form

Sol. 25 Hence (C) is correct answer.

Q. 26 The residue of the function f (z) = 1 at z = 2 is

Here we have n = 2 and a = 2

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

n/ y (n) = x (n) * h (n) =

= x (0) h (2 - 0) + x (1) h (2 - 1) + x (2) h (2 - 2)

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2008

P1 : Linear but NOT time - invariant R1 : y (t) = t2 x (t)

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S= w 72 2xwn = 7, x < 1 " underdamped Graph 2

Which of the following statements is true?

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Sol. 39 Hence (C) is correct option.

From this SFG we have

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