AMERICAN OCCUPATION

• Before the Battle in • Malolos Congress

Manila • Treaty of Paris
• Aguinaldo’s Return • Philippine-American
• Philippine War
Independence • The Capture of
• US Infantry Arrives in Aguinaldo
Manila • Philippines as U.S
• Mock Battle in Manila Territory
• Americans Occupy • Commonwealth Period
Manila
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION

• Japanese Invasion
• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
• Bataan Death March
• Japanese Occupation
• Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
• End of Japanese Occupation
BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA
(1898)
• April 22 – U.S Asiatic Fleet under
Admiral Dewey anchored in the
British Port of Hong-Kong.
• April 23 – U.S Consul-Gen Pratt of
Singapore was informed by the
arrival of Aguinaldo. Telegraph a
letter of affirmation of Aguinaldo’s
allegiance.
• April 24 – Received the response of
Dewey notifying Aguinaldo to come
join him.
• April 25 – Dewey was notified that war
had begun and ordered to go to the
Philippines and capture or destroy the
Spanish vessels. Same day, left HK
due to British neutrality regulation and
anchored at Mirs Bay, China.
• April 26 – Aguinaldo sailed off going to
Hong-Kong with 30,000 insurgent as
land troops for the U.S forces.
• April 27 – American squadron raised
anchor and left Mirs Bay going to
Manila without any Filipinos on board.
• May 1 – American squadron destroyed
the antiquated Spanish Fleet
commanded by Admiral Patricio
Montojo in Manila Bay.
• May 2 – Dewey notified Spanish
Governor-General that Manila-Hong-
Kong cable should remain neutral but
later refuse thus, Dewey dredge up
and cut the cable, ending the direct
flow of information out of the
Philippines.
 AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)
Since Dewey had no force with which to occupy Manila nor
attack the city, Dewey blocked the harbor and cabled
Washington and asked for reinforcement.
• May 16 – Consul-Gen. Wildman of Hong-Kong,
succeeded in getting Aguinaldo and his staff off
for Manila on board the USS McCulloch.
• May 19 – Aguinaldo arrived in Manila and met
Dewey.
• May 24 – Aguinaldo proclaimed his
revolutionary government and summoned the
people for his purpose of driving the Spaniards
out forever.
AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)

• May 29 – Aguinaldo visited Dewey on board

stating his expectation to make general attack by
May 31st.
• May 31 – Aguinaldo launched the attack and did
not succeed entirely but was able draw a cordon
to Spaniard troops trapping them inside Manila.
• Early June – Aguinaldo’s forces had overwhelmed
Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila,
surrounded the capital and kept the Spaniards
inside Manila until American troop reinforcement
could arrive.
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE (1898)

June 12 – Aguinaldo declared the

independence of the Filipinos and
the birth of Philippine Republic under
the protection of the mighty and
humane North American Union.
 U.S INFANTRY ARRIVED in MANILA
(1898)
• June 30 – 1st American Infantry troops
under Brig. Gen Anderson arrived in
Manila. Started positioning the troops
around Manila and secure the line of
advance pending the arrival of General
Merritt.
• July 17 and 31 – 2nd and 3rd expedition
under Brig. Gen. Greene and MacArthur
respectively arrived in Cavite harbor.
• July 25 – Major General Merritt arrived
and take over the command of
American troops and together with
Filipino insurgent battled against
Spanish troops.

Purposefully, Merritt and Dewey left Aguinaldo out of

any plans and preparations regarding the capture of
Manila.
 MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• August 4 - Gov. Gen Jaudenes replaced the
former gov. gen. and devised a way to
salvage the honor of his country.
Negotiations were carried out and a secret agreement was made
between the governor and American military commanders
concerning the capture of Manila.

The Spaniards would put up only a show of resistance and, on a

prearranged signal, would surrender..

The Spanish feared that the Filipinos were plotting to massacre

them all. There was great fear that if the city fell to Aguinaldo and
his revolutionary forces, there would be hell to pay.
August 12 – signing of peace protocols between American
government and Spanish government.
August 13 – mock battle in Manila was staged, with
American Spanish commanders unaware that peace
protocols had been signed few hours earlier before the battle
commenced.

As the battle continue between America and Spain, Filipinos

came to join in aid with the American forces unaware of the
scripted
battle.

The staged battle ended after the Gen. Merritt answered

upon the request of 600-700 American troops inside
Intramuros to protect
Spanish troops from the Filipinos.
 AMERICANS OCCUPY MANILA
(1898)
• August 13 – Gen. Merritt cabled US Army Adjutant-
General according to the increasing demand of a joint
occupation in Manila.
• August 17 – Merritt received the following reply: "The
President directs that there must be no joint occupation with the
• insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila City,
Manila Bay, and harbor must preserve the peace and protect
persons and property within the territory occupied by their military
and naval forces. The insurgents and all others must recognize the
military occupation and authority of the United States and the
cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever
means in your judgment are necessary to this end. All law-abiding
people must be treated alike."
MALOLOS CONGRESS (1898)
September 15 – A congress was opened in Malolos,
Bulacan to draw up a constitution for the First
Philippine Constitution.

The Congress proceeded to elect its officers,

namely, Pedro A. Paterno, President; Benito
Legarda, Vice-President; Gregorio Araneta, First
Secretary; and Pablo Ocampo, Second Secretary.

September 29 – The congress ratified the

independence proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on June
12, 1898.
 TREATY of PARIS (1898)

• October 1– American and Spanish delegates opened

discussions in Paris to end the Spanish-American War.

On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine

ambassador Felipe Agoncillo and his secretary, Sixto Lopez,
met with President William McKinley but his request that
Filipinos be represented at the Paris peace talks was
rejected.

• December 10 – The Treaty of Paris was signed, thus

ending the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded the
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and Cuba was
granted its independence; in return, the US paid Spain the
sum of US $20 million for the Philippines.
 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)
• February 4 – Hostilities broke after two American
private on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San
Juan, Manila.

This incident sparked the Philippine-American War,

which would cost far more money and took far more
lives than the Spanish–American War.

• March 31 – Revolutionary capital, Malolos was

captured but Aguinaldo and his government escaped
to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• June 5 – Antonio Luna was killed by Aguinaldo’s
guard in apparent assassination.
• November 12 – Aguinaldo ordered a shift to
guerilla warfare which brought out
frustrations to the Americans to capture the
said leader.
• December 2 – Gregorio del Pilar was killed
in the Battle of Tirad Pass.

With his best commanders dead and his

troops suffering continued defeats, Aguinaldo
and his force was pushed further into Northern
Luzon.
The CAPTURE of AGUINALDO (1901)
• February 8 – Six tired and famished guerillas surrendered at
Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija including Cecilio Segismundo,
Aguinaldo’s messenger.
Segismundo pinpointed the village of Palanan, in mountainous
Isabela Province, as Aguinaldo’s headquarters and told
Funston that there was no more than fifty guards at Palanan in
defense for Aguinaldo.

• March 23 – Aguinaldo was captured and brought to Manila.

Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore

allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation
calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially
bringing an end to the war.
PHILIPPINES as U.S. TERRITORY (1901-1930’s)
• 1901 – Civil government was established in the
Philippines proclaiming William Howard Taft as the 1st
American Gov. Gen. replacing the military governor Arthur
MacArthur Jr.

Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the

remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume
the responsibilities from the U.S Army.

• 1907 – Elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated

becoming the lower house of the bicameral legislature,
with appointed Philippine Commission as the upper
house.
• 1916 – Passage of Jones Act in which promised
eventual independence and instituted an elected
Philippine Senate.

Under the U.S. Government, the Philippines gradually

developed. English language became the official language
of the land and industrialization flourished.

• 1920’s – Alternating periods of cooperation and

confrontation with American governors-general,
depending on how intent the incumbent was on
exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature.
Members to the elected legislature lobbied for
immediate and complete independence from the United
States. Several independence missions were sent to
Washington, D.C.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1930’s-1940’s)
• 1933 – The United States Congress passed the
Hare- Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine
Independence Act.

Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a

commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by
Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon,
partially because of provisions leaving the United
States in control of naval bases. Under his influence,
the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.

• 1934 – A revised act known Tydings-McDuffie Act

was finally passed.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the
establishment of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines with a ten-year period of transition
to full independence.

The commonwealth would have its own

constitution and be self- governing, though
foreign policy would be the responsibility of
the United States, and certain legislation
required approval of the United States
president.
• March 1935 – A constitution was
framed and approved by Franklin
Roosevelt.
• May 14 1935 - a Filipino
government was formed on the
basis of principles similar to the
U.S. Constitution.
• 1935 – The commonwealth was
established, electing Manuel L.
Quezon as the president.
 JAPANESE INVASION (1941)
• December 8 – Japan launched a surprise attack on the
Philippines hours after the attack of Pearl Harbor.

Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and

launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was
followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon.

MacArthur's indecision, combined with his poor military

judgment and slackness in his command structure, led to the
destruction of half of his air force on the ground and his
troops being denied adequate supplies to withstand a lengthy
siege.
Under the pressure of superior numbers, MacArthur
and the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan
Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the
entrance to Manila Bay where they entrenched and
tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements,
meanwhile guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and
denying that important harbor to the Japanese. But
no reinforcements were forthcoming. Meanwhile the
Commonwealth government seek refuge in the
Corregidor Island.

• January 2 – Manila was declared an open city and

was occupied by the Japanese Arm Forces.
 The FALL of BATAAN and CORREGIDOR
(1942)
• March 1942 – Quezon and Osmeña fled the
country and went to Washington D.C.
carrying the Commonwealth government in
exile. While MacArthur fled for Australia
and promised to return.
• April 9, 1942 – The fall of United States-
Philippine Forces on the Bataan Peninsula.
• May 6, 1942 – The final surrender of United
States- Philippine Forces on Corregidor.
BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)
April 9, 1942 – The Bataan Death March

Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured

by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to
undertake the infamous "Bataan Death
March" to a prison camp 105 kilometers to
the north. It is estimated that as many as
10,000 men, weakened by disease and
malnutrition and treated harshly by their
captors, died before reaching their
destination.
BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942 - 1944)
The Japanese military authorities immediately
began organizing a new government structure
in the Philippines. They initially organized a
Council of State through which they directed
civil affairs

• October 14, 1943 – Japanese declared the

Philippines an independent republic, headed
by the President Jose Laurel.
Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable
exceptions, served under the Japanese.

Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored

political institutions - which later became a major
domestic political issue-was motivated by several
considerations.

Among them was the effort to protect the people

from the harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that
Quezon himself had advocated), protection of family
and personal interests, and a belief that Philippine
nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with
fellow Asians.
Japanese occupation of the Philippines
was opposed by increasingly effective
underground and guerrilla activity that
ultimately reached large-scale
proportions. Postwar investigations
showed that about 260,000 people
were in guerrilla organizations and that
members of the anti-Japanese
underground were even more
numerous.
 Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)
One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was
furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban
sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized in
early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist
party member since 1939.

• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc, Juan

Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized
farmers held a meeting and agreed upon to fight the
Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their

control over much of Luzon.
End of Japanese Occupation(1944)
• October 20, 1944 – MacArthur's Allied Forces
landed on the island of Leyte accompanied by
Osmeña, who had succeeded to the
commonwealth presidency upon the death of
Quezon on August 1, 1944.

Landings in other parts of the country followed, and

the Associates pushed toward Manila. The landing
was followed (Oct. 23–26) by the greatest naval
engagement in history, called variously the battle of
Leyte Gulf and the second battle of the Philippine
Sea.
End of Japanese Occupation(1945)
A great U.S. victory, it effectively destroyed the
Japanese navy and opened the way for the
recovery of all the islands.

• January 1945 – Luzon was invaded by

MacArthur’s Forces and Manila was taken in
February.

• July 5, 1945 – MacArthur announced “All the

Philippines are now liberated.”
September 2, 1945 – Japan’s formal
surrender to the U.S Forces.

The Japanese had suffered over

425,000 dead in the Philippines. The
Philippines suffered great loss of life and
monstrous physical destruction by the
time the war was over. An estimated 1
million Filipinos had been killed, and
Manila was extensively damaged.