Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int float Functions Characters & Strings Searching Structu

Programming and Data Structure

CS 11002

Prof. Partha Bhowmick

http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~pb
Computer Science and Engineering Department
IIT Kharagpur

Spring 2018-2019

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Structure
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square
by a minimum number of 4
smaller integer squares such
that their GCD of their
lengths is unity.
Program Requirement
Report each square by its
center coordinates (x, y) and
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).)
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square 2 2
by a minimum number of correct
smaller integer squares such 2 2
that their GCD of their
lengths is unity.
Program Requirement
Report each square by its
center coordinates (x, y) and
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).)
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square 2 2
by a minimum number of not correct
smaller integer squares such 2 2
that their GCD of their
lengths is unity.
Program Requirement
Report each square by its
center coordinates (x, y) and
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).)
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square correct
by a minimum number of 3 but not minimum
smaller integer squares such
that their GCD of their
lengths is unity. 2
correct & minimum
2 2
Program Requirement
Report each square by its
center coordinates (x, y) and
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).)
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square
by a minimum number of
smaller integer squares such
that their GCD of their
lengths is unity.
14
Program Requirement
Report each square by its
center coordinates (x, y) and
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).)
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square
by a minimum number of
3
6 5
smaller integer squares such
that their GCD of their 2
lengths is unity. 3 3
Program Requirement
Report each square by its 8
center coordinates (x, y) and 6
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).) correct & minimum
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Why
Day 11 • Lecture 16+17 • 15-Feb-2019

A Math Puzzle
Subdivide an integer square
by a minimum number of
3
6 5
smaller integer squares such
that their GCD of their 2
lengths is unity. 3 3
Program Requirement
Report each square by its 8
center coordinates (x, y) and 6
length a. (Assume that
the bottom-left corner of the
given square is at (0, 0).) correct & minimum
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Representation by struct (1)

In the square puzzle, for each square, we have

three variables: x, y, a. These three variables can
be represented by a newly defined data type,
called C structure. It helps in handling a group of
logically related data items.
struct square {
int x, y, a; };
struct square is the new data type.
Two data items of this data type can be declared
as:
struct square sq1, sq2;
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Representation by struct (2)

Alternative ways of defining and declaring

typedef struct {
int x, y, a;
} square;
square sq1={4,4,8}, sq2, sq3[5], *sq4;
sq1 is an initialized square type data;
sq2 is uninitialized;
sq3[] is an 1D array of 5 elements of type
square; sq4 is a pointer to square, can hold an
address, and its pointer arithmetic is determined
by the sizeof(square).

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Representation by struct (3)

We can also define it as follows:

struct squareType {
double real, imag;
};
typedef struct squareType square;

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
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Operations&Functions
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Operations (1)

Complex Numbers
typedef struct {
double real, imag;
} complex;
Example
complex a[5], b;
b.real = 3.0; b.imag = 4.0;
a[0].real = 2.0*b.real + 3.0/b.imag;

A field of structure can be accessed by the ‘.’ (projection) operator.

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Operations (2)

Group operations
Unlike arrays, group operations can be performed
with structure variables. A structure variable can
be directly assigned to another structure variable
of the same type.
Example
complex a, b;
b.real = 3.0; b.imag = 4.0;
a=b;
All the individual members of a get assigned.

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Operations (3)

Two structure variables can be compared for

equality or inequality.
Example
if (a1 == a2) printf("Equal");

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Operations (4)

Operation with pointer

complex a = {1.0,2.0}, *p;
p = &a; makes p point to a.

p = (complex *)malloc(sizeof(complex));
allocates space for type complex.

(*p).real = 5.0; assigns 5.0 to a.real, as *p is

the object a. Since ‘.’ has higher precedence than ‘*’,
a parenthesis is essential.
p -> real = 5.0; is equivalent.

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Functions with struct (1)

// dataComplex1.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct {
double real, imag;
} complex;

complex addComplex(complex, complex);

void printComplex(complex);

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Functions with struct (2)

int main(){
complex a = {1.0, 2.0}, b, c[5], *p;
b.real = 3.0, b.imag = 4.0;
p = (complex *)malloc(sizeof(complex));
(*p).real = 5.0; p -> imag = 6.0;
c[0].real = 7.0, c[0].imag = 8.0;
c[1] = addComplex(a,b);
c[2] = addComplex(*p, *p);
printComplex(c[1]); putchar(’\n’);
p = &c[2];
printComplex(*p); putchar(’\n’);
return 0;
}

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Functions with struct (3)

complex addComplex(complex x, complex y){

complex t;
t.real = x.real + y.real;
t.imag = x.imag + y.imag;
return t;
}
void printComplex(complex x){
printf("%f + j%f", x.real, x.imag);
}

$ cc -Wall dataComplex1.c
$ ./a.out
4.000000 + j6.000000
10.000000 + j12.000000

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Nested struct (1)

#define NAME 50
#define ROLL 9
typedef struct {
char name[NAME], roll[ROLL];
int sem;
struct {
float sgpa; int gp;
} sgpa[10];
float cgpa;
} student, studentIIT;

The field name float sgpa does not clash with the type name struct
sgpa[10].
More than one type name can be given using typedef.
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Example with struct, union, enum (1)

Each element of a set is one of the following:

1 2D point
(struct pointType with x and y of type float);
2 2D straight line segment
(struct lineType with two pointType members).
The type of the element is identified by an enum named
elemKey of type elemKeyType with members pE and lE.
These two types of elements are stored in a variable
elemData (represented as a union of type elemDataType
with members pData of type pointType and lData of type
lineType).

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Example with struct, union, enum (2)

Each individual element is stored in a struct of the

defined type elemVarType with memebers elemKey of type
elemKeyType and elemData of type elemDataType.

The prototype of a function findIntersect() is to be

written with two line segments as input and should return
their intersection as an appropriate struct.

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Example with struct, union, enum (3)

typedef enum {pE, lE} elemKeyType;

typedef struct {
float x, y; } pointType;
typedef struct {
pointType a, b; } lineType;
typedef union {
pointType pData;
lineType lData;
} elemDataType;
typedef struct {
elemKeyType elemKey;
elemDataType elemData;
} elemVarType;
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS
Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Example with struct, union, enum (4)

//function prototype
elemVarType findIntersect(lineType, lineType);

return NULL return pointType return pointType return lineType

PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS

Plan Comp Str Data Opr Expr/Stmt Iter int floatWhy
Functions
struct Characters
Operations&Functions
Strings Searching
Nesting Exmp
StructuE

Exercise (1)

1 Extend the complex number program to include

functions for addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division.
2 Define a structure for representing a point in 2D
Cartesian coordinate system. Then write functions to
compute:
1 the distance between two given points.
2 the midpoint of the line segment joining two
given points.
3 the area of a triangle, given the coordinates of
its three vertices.
4 whether two given straight line segments
intersect each other.
PB | CSE IITKGP | Spring 2018-2019 PDS