Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport

Min-Chien Tsai Ph.D.

mctsai@ndmctsgh.edu.tw
Tel:18609

Dept. of Physiology (Rm. 6107- 6108)

National Defense Medical Center

Sept 07, 2011 1

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 物質進出胞膜的各種方式
Passive Movement Cell Membranes 被動運輸
A. Diffusion 擴散
B. Water Movement Across Cell Membrane - - - Osmosis 滲透
C. Ultrafiltration 過濾
D.Passive Movements of Electrically Charged Particles 電荷的影響
E. Gibbs - Donan Equilibrium

Carrier - Mediated Transport Across Cell Membranes

A. Facilitated Diffusion 輔助擴散
B. Active Transport 主動運輸
C. The Sodium Pump 鈉幫浦
D. Other Active Transport System 其他的主動運輸系統

Endocytosis and Exocytosis 胞吞、胞吐作用 3

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 簡單擴散 促進擴散 主動運輸

溶質移動方向 高→低 高→低 低→高

溶質移動能量 不需能量 不需能量 需耗能
carrier × ○ ○
（Na+、insulin）

特異性 × ○ ○

飽和度 × ○ ○

速度 slow fast fast

Inhibitor × × ○

例子 O2、CO2、ion • Insulin攜帶 Na+-K+ ATPase

glucose進入細
胞中
• Na+攜帶果糖進
入小腸細胞中
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Fick’s law of diffusion
公式所說的是溶質(solute)，而不是溶劑(solvent)

ds dc
= DA
dt dx
J = - DA (C2-C1) / L
flux
J：淨擴散速率（net rate of diffusion）
D：擴散係數（diffusion coefficient）
A：擴散面積（diffusion area）
C/X：濃度梯度（Concentration gradient）

= PA (C1-C2)
P：通透係數（permeability coefficient) 6
 Osmosis (滲透作用)

If two solutions of different

concentration are separated by a semi-
permeable membrane which is
permeable to to the smaller solvent
molecules but not to the larger
solute molecules, then the solvent will
tend to diffuse across the membrane
from the less concentrated to the more
concentrated solution.
This process is called osmosis.

Osmosis is of great
importance in biological
processes where the solvent
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is water.
Transport Across Cell Membranes- Osmosis

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 滲透壓Osmotic Pressure () is the
hydrostatic pressure that must be applied
to a solution to prevent osmosis.

...
 = RT (C2-C1)  = P ....
..
..
-----------

Semi-Permeable
Mebrane
R : 氣體常數
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T : 絕對溫度
 Osmosis(滲透作用)
---movement of solvent molecules into a region in which
there is a higher concentration of solute (membrane is
semi-permeable membrane)
Osmotic Pressure (滲透壓)

Osmolar = M (Molar)解離數目
滲透莫耳濃度=莫耳濃度解離數目

Osmolar (滲透莫耳濃度)
1. Osmolarity = Osmoles/L of Solution
2. Osmolality = Osmoles/Kg of Solvent
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The classic demonstration of osmosis and osmotic pressure is to
immerse red blood cells in solutions of varying osmolarity and
watch what happens

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Normal Saline:

0.9% NaCl

Molar=?
Osmolarity = ?
Osmolality=?

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Carrier - Mediated Transport Across Cell Membranes

Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

1. Specificity 特異性(專一性)
2. Competition 競爭性
3. Saturation 飽和性
4. Faster rate 速率快

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Movement of molecules across biological membranes

1. Simple Diffusion: gases, H2O, lipophilic molecules (eg, steroids)

2. Facilitated Transport, mediated by membrane proteins:

(i) Transporters: passive and active
(ii) Channels

Vmax
mediated
rate of movement
transport Displays saturation
cross membrane
1/ V
kinetics
2 max

diffusion

Km [molecule]

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 Transport Across Cell Membranes

Lipid-soluble
substances

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 Active Transport
(a) Primary Active Transport
The energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP
or other high-energy phosphate compound

(b) Secondary Active Transport

The energy is derived secondarily from energy that has
been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences
between the two sides of membrane, created in the first
place by primary active transport

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 主動運輸依能量供給方式不同（直接或間接）分為兩種：

初級主動運輸（primary active transport)能量的供應為直接來自ATP

---最典型的初級主動運輸是鈉離子幫浦（sodium pump）

次級主動運輸（secondary active transport)

--- 當以逆濃度差運送溶質，而其能量的供給非直接來自ATP
(I) 共同運輸 co-transport
(II) 反向運輸 counter-transport

初級主動運輸 次級主動運輸
1. 消耗ATP 有 無
2. 對抗濃度差 全部對抗 部分對抗
3. 驅動力 化學能（ATP） 位能（Na+ gradient）
4. 例子 Na+-K+ ATPase 小腸、腎小管再吸收作用
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Cotransport and countertransport

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(ex: Na+-K+ ATPase)

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Transport Across Cell Membranes-- Na+-K+ ATPase

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 Primary Active Transport
Example : Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+) Pump

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J:\99年8月1日 國防醫學
院 教職開始\99學年度
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生理學研究所 生理學
\Na-K
ExchangePump.swf
 Functions of Na+-K+ ATPase

1. Maintain resting membrane potential (RMP)

2. Maintain cell volume
3. Keep Osmotic stability
4. Create bioelectricity

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Transport Across Cell Membranes-- Na+-K+ ATPase

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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

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Three Major Causes of Membrane Potential

1. Na+-K+ Pump

2. 細胞內外離子分布不均

3.細胞膜對各離子的通透度差異
at resting: K+ > Cl- > Na+

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 Nernst Equation

[iono]
Electromotive force (EMF, mV) = (RT/zF) ln
[Ko]
[ioni]
EMF=61log [Ki] =-94 mV (37℃)
[Nao]
EMF=61log =+61 mV (37℃)
[Nai]

R: gas constant
T: absolute temperature
z: valence of the ion
F: faraday

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Action Potential

Threshold

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Action Potential

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H:\99年8月1日 國防
醫學院 教職開始\99
學年度 生理學研究
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所 生理學\Action
Potential.swf
H:\99年8月1日 國防醫學院
教職開始\99學年度 生理學
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研究所 生理學\Sodium
Channel.swf
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pore
tetramer

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 Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion (Carrier-Mediated Diffusion)
Example: glucose and most of the amino acids

Transported
molecule

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 Secondary Active Transport
Example : sodium co-transport of glucose

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 Aging : a general physiologic process
Three theories about aging :

• Mutations in the DNA of somatic cells

• Cumulative abnormalities are produced by increased cross-

linkage of collagen and other proteins

• Free radicals

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