DRILLING/EXCAVATION METHOD RC Reverse Circulation HQ Diamond Core - 63 mm BH Tractor Mounted Backhoe

AS* Auger Screwing *T TC-Bit, e.g. ADT RD Rotary blade or drag bit PT Push Tube NMLC Diamond Core - 52 mm EX Tracked Hydraulic Excavator
AD* Auger Drilling DTC Diatube Coring RT Rotary Tricone bit CT Cable Tool Rig NQ Diamond Core - 47 mm EE Existing Excavation
*V V-Bit WB Washbore or Bailer RAB Rotary Air Blast JET Jetting HA Hand Auger HAND Excavated by Hand Methods
PENETRATION/EXCAVATION RESISTANCE (These assessments are subjective and dependent on many factors including equipment power, weight, condition of excavation or drilling tools, and experience of the operator)
L Low resistance. Rapid penetration possible with little effort from the equipment used
M Medium resistance. Excavation/possible at an acceptable rate with moderate effort from the equipment used
H High resistance to penetration/excavation. Further penetration is possible at a slow rate and requires significant effort from the equipment
R Refusal or Practical Refusal. No further progress possible without the risk of damage or unacceptable wear to the digging implement or machine
WATER Water level at date shown Partial water loss Water inflow Complete water loss
GROUNDWATER NOT OBSERVED The observation of groundwater, whether present or not, was not possible due to drilling water, surface seepage or cave in of the borehole/test pit.
GROUNDWATER NOT ENCOUNTERED The borehole/test pit was dry soon after excavation. However, groundwater could be present in less permeable strata. Inflow may have been observed had the borehole/test pit been left open for a longer period.
SAMPLING AND TESTING
SPT Standard Penetration Test to AS1289.6.3.1-1993 HW Penetration occurred under the hammer and rod weight only FP Field permeability test over section noted
4,7,11 N=18 4,7,11 = Blows per 150mm. N = Blows per 300mm penetration following HB Hammer double bouncing on anvil FV Field vane shear test expressed as uncorrected shear strength sv
150mm seating DS Disturbed sample PID Photoionisation Detector reading in ppm
30/80mm Where practical refusal occurs, the blows and penetration for that interval are BDS Bulk disturbed sample PM Pressuremeter test over section noted
reported G Gas Sample PP Pocket penetrometer test expressed as instrument reading in kPa
RW Penetration occurred under the rod weight only W Water Sample U63 Thin walled tube sample - number indicates nominal sample diameter in millimetres
SOIL DESCRIPTION (Refer to TP3)
Soil properties are described in the following order: Soil classification flow chart Division of soil groups by particle size Colour
1 Classification symbol - BLOCK LETTERS Major Division Sub Division Particle Size
2 Soil Name e.g. Sandy CLAY - with the primary soil type in block letters BOULDERS > 200 mm The colour of a soil is described in the moist
3 Plasticity for cohesive soils, particle size and shape for sands and gravels COBBLES 63 to 200 mm condition using simple terms such as red, grey
etc. These may be modified as necessary by
4 Colour Coarse 20 to 63 mm “Pale” and “Dark” (e.g. pale grey). Boarderline
Secondary soil components; with an estimate of their percentage (optional), GRAVEL Medium 6.0 to 20 mm colours may be described as a combination
5
and giving their plasticity or particle size Fine 2.0 to 6.0 mm (e.g. red brown). When the soil contains a
6 Other minor soil components Coarse 0.6 to 2.0 mm mixture of colours the soil may be described as
“grey with red staining” or “pale brown and
7 Moisture condition SAND Medium 0.2 to 0.6 mm
white”. The term mottled should be avoided
8 Strength (applies to soils in their undisturbed state only) Fine 0.075 to 0.2 mm unless a description of the nature of the
9 Structure e.g. fissuring, cementation SILT 0.002 to 0.075 mm colouring is also included.
10 Additional observations e.g. geological notes, 'Fill' CLAY < 0.002 mm
Diagrammatic representation of grading terms Descriptive terms for consistency of fine grained soils
Symbol Term Undrained Shear SPT “N” DCP blows Field Guide
Very Strength A finger can be pushed well into the soil with little
VS 0 to 12 kPa 0 to 2 0 to 1
Soft effort
A finger can be pushed into the soil about 25 mm
S Soft 12 to 25 kPa 2 to 4 0 to 1
depth
The soil can be penetrated about 5 mm with the
F Firm 25 to 50 kPa 4 to 8 1 to 2
thumb
Typical shape of coarse grained particles The surface of the soil can be indented with the
St Stiff 50 to 100 kPa 8 to 15 3 to 4
thumb, but not penetrated
Very The surface of the soil can be marked by the fingers,
VSt 100 to 200 kPa 15 to 30 5 to 10
Stiff but not indented with thumb pressure
The surface of the soil can be marked only with the
H Hard above 200 kPa Above 30 Above 10
thumb nail
Fb Friable Crumbles or powders when scraped by thumb nail
Relative density of coarse grained soils
Descriptive terms for moisture condition Descriptive terms for minor components Symbol Term Density Index % SPT “N” DCP blows Visual Assessment
Term Abbreviation Description Coarse Grained Soils Fine Grained Soils VL Very Loose Less than 15 0 to 4 <1 Ravels
Granular soils: cohesionless and free flowing. %Fines Modifier %Coarse Modifier L Loose 15 to 35 4 to 10 1-2 Shovels easily
Dry D
Cohesive soils: hard, brittle or friable and powdery. <5 Omit or use 'trace' <15 Omit or use 'trace' MD Medium Dense 35 to 65 10 to 30 2-3 Shovelling difficult
Soils are darker than in the dry condition and may Described as 'with some D Dense 65 to 85 30 to 50 4-8 Pick required
Describe as 'with some
Moist M feel cool. Granular soils: sands and gravels tend to 5 -12 15 - 30 sand/gravel' as VD Very Dense above 85 Above 50 >8 Picking difficult
clay/silt' as applicable
cohere. Cohesive soils: can be moulded. applicable Descriptive terms for soil structure
As for moist, but with free water forming on hands Prefix primary soil name Prefix primary soil name Layers continuous across exposure or sample
Wet W
when handled. Granular soils: sands and gravels >12 with 'Silty/Clayey' as >30 with 'Sandy/ Gravelly' as Zoning Lenses discontinuous layer with lenticular shape
tend to cohere. Cohesive soils: usually weakened. applicable applicable Pockets irregular inclusion
Environmental sample numbering (TAAXXX/MQNN) Fissures Any cracks or surfaces along which the soil breaks easily are fissures
T - Type AA - Area XXX - Location M - Medium Q - Quality NN - Sample Number Pavement materials
1 Phase 1 01 e.g. North, South 0-999 Running Number 1 Testpit 0 Primary Soil Seal Sprayed bituminous seal or asphalt, usually between 10 mm and 50 mm thick
2 Phase 2 02 e.g. Audit Area 2 Borehole 5 Wash Blank 01 First Sample Basecourse High quality crushed rock, usually of either 20 mm or 40 mm nominal size
3 Phase 3 03 e.g Domain 3 Stockpile 6 Field Blank 02 Second Sample Sub-base Generally lower quality crushed rock than basecourse, may have more fines
4 Phase 4 04 e.g. Area of Concern 4 Other Soil 7 Trip Blank etc Subgrade Either natural soil/rock or compacted FILL
5 Phase 5 5 Groundwater 8 Primary Duplicate Ranking system for potentially contaminated soils
6 Phase 6 6 Surface Water 9 Secondary Duplicate Groundwater Visible Contamination Odour
7 Validation 7 Other Date of Sampling Rank Description Rank Description
8 Post Remediation 8 e.g. 040203 0 No visible evidence of contamination A Natural odour only
Typical Odours 1 Slight evidence of visible contamination (trace) B Slight odour
ROCK DESCRIPTION (Refer to TP4) Odour May Indicate 2 Visible contamination (e.g. more than trace) C Moderate odour
Order of description Hydrocarbon BTEX or TPH 3 Obviously contaminated eg predominantly tar, slag, spent oxide, coke D Strong Odour
Rock properties are described in the following order Tar PAH or phenolics
1. Composition of rock material Solvent Organic solvents Coating Terms
Rock name – BLOCK LETTERS Sweet Volatile halogenated organics Clean No visible coating or infilling
Grain size Pool Water Chlorine or chlorinated compounds Stain No visible coating or infilling but surfaces are discoloured by mineral staining, often limonite (orange brown)
Texture and fabric Rotten Egg, Gas Sulphides or sulphates A visible coating or infilling of soil or mineral substance but usually unable to be measured (< 1 mm). If
Veneer
Colour Bleach Ammonia discontinuous over the plane, patchy veneer
2. Condition of rock material Putrescible, Garbage, Decomposing Methane, bacteria, nutrients Infill /
Describe the thickness and composition of the infill / coating materials, i.e clay, talc, pyrite, quartz etc.
Strength Coating
Weathering Descriptive terms for strength and weathering of rock material
3. Rock mass properties Symbol Term Point Load Index, Is(50) Field Guide Approx UCS (MPa)
Structure of rock EL Extremely Low < 0.03 MPa Easily remoulded by hand to a material with soil properties. < 0.7
Defects (type, orientation, spacing, shape Material crumbles under firm blows with sharp end of pick; can be peeled with knife; too hard to cut a triaxial sample by hand. Pieces up
VL Very Low 0.03 to 0.1 MPa 0.7 to 2.4
[planarity], roughness, aperture, to 30 mm can be broken by finger pressure.
persistence and infill) Easily scored with a knife; indentations 1 mm to 3 mm show in the specimen with firm blows of pick point; has dull sound under hammer.
L Low 0.1 to 0.3 MPa 2.4 to 7
Weathering of the rock mass A piece of core 150 mm long by 50 mm diameter may be broken by hand. Sharp edges of core may be friable and break during handling.
4. Additional Observations M Medium 0.3 to 1 MPa Readily scored with a knife; a piece of core 150 mm long by 50 mm diameter can be broken by hand with difficulty. 7 to 24
Record in Defect Description / Additional A piece of core 150 mm long by 50 mm diameter cannot be broken by hand but can be broken with pick with a single firm blow; rock rings
H High 1 to 3 MPa 24 to 70
Observation column. Include sampling, under hammer.
testing (eg - PM, UCS etc) and any other VH Very High 3 to 10 MPa Hand specimen breaks with pick after more than one blow; rock rings under hammer. 70 to 240
observations (eg - name of geological EH Extremely High >10 MPa Specimen requires many blows with geological pick to break through intact material; rock rings under hammer. > 240
formation if known with confidence) Note: Approximate Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) based on assumed UCS/I50 ratio of 24. Ratio may vary from about 10 to 30. The relevant local correlations should be established from test results.
Abbreviations for defect types and descriptions Soil developed on extremely weathered rock; the mass structure and substance fabric are no longer evident; there is a large change in volume but the soil has not been
RS Residual Soil
Defect Type Coating or infilling significantly transported. Described using the Soil Classification System.
B Bedding parting Cn Clean Rock is weathered to such an extent that it has soil properties - i.e. it either disintegrates or can be remoulded, in water. Remoulded material can be described by the Soil
EW Extremely Weathered
X Foliation Sn Stain Classification System.
S Schistocity Vr Veneer HW* Rock strength usually changed by weathering. The rock may be highly discoloured, usually by iron staining. Porosity may be increased by leaching, or may be decreased due to
Distinctly Weathered
C Contact Ct Coating MW** deposition of weathering products in pores.
L Cleavage SW Slightly Weathered Rock is slightly discoloured but shows little or no change of strength relative to fresh rock.
J Joint FR Fresh Rock shows no sign of decomposition or staining.
SZ/S Sheared zone/seam Rock material affected by weathering to the extent that limonite staining or bleaching affects the whole of the rock material and/or other signs of chemical or physical
CZ/S Crushed zone/seam Planarity (Shape) *HW Highly Weathered decomposition are evident. Porosity and strength may be increased or decreased compared to the fresh rock usually as a result of iron leaching or deposition. The colour and
DS Decomposed seam Pl Planar texture of the original rock material may no longer be recognisable.
IS Infilled seam Un Undulating Moderately Rock material affected by weathering to the extent that staining extends throughout the whole of the rock material and the original colour of the fresh rock may no longer be
**MW
V Vein St Stepped Weathered recognisable.
Roughness Rock Grain Size Terms Thickness terms for defects Rock Strength Test Results
Sl Slickensided Fine > 0.06 mm Plane < 2 mm
Sm Smooth Medium 0.06-2mm Seam 2 mm to 100 mm  Point Load Strength Index, Is(50), Axial test (MPa)

Ro Rough
Inclination
Coarse
Rock core recovery
>2mm Zone > 100 mm  Point Load Strength Index, Is(50), Diametral test (MPa)

Vertical Boreholes – The dip (inclination from TCR = Total Core Recovery (%) RQD = Rock Quality Designation (%) (SCR) = Solid Core Recovery (%)
horizontal) of the defect is given. Length of core recovered  Axial lengths of core > 100 mm  Length of cylindrical core recovered
Inclined Boreholes – The inclination is measured as = 100 = 100 = 100
the acute angle to the core axis. Length of core run Length of core run Length of core run
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