Process Technology

Fractionator process technology is a breakthrough process to recycle metals from

waste in a purely mechanical way.

From: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling, 2018

Related terms:

Biofuel, Biodiesel, Transistor, Environmental Impact, Biomass, Hydrogen, Feed-

stocks, Electric Potential

View all Topics

Clothing production management

Jelka Geršak, in Design of Clothing Manufacturing Processes, 2013

7.4.2 Network techniques for schedule planning

Network scheduling techniques originated in the USA and offer distinct improve-
ments. They allow identification of those activities on which the whole process flow
depends. These are known as critical activities, and their sequence represents the
critical path of a process. The most common approach to scheduling is the use
of network techniques such as Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
and Critical Path Method (CPM), well known as the Arrow Diagram Method (ADM).
PERT was developed by the US Navy in 1958. At about the same time that the Navy
was developing PERT, DuPont, Inc. initiated CPM (Kerzner, 1998). Both techniques
define the schedule plan in graphical form (a network diagram) with a critical path.
Three basic symbols are used to construct the network diagram, illustrating (1)
the activities (full-arrow); (2) dependence (dotted-arrow); and (3) event (circle), see
Fig. 7.8.
7.8. A schematic representation of a closed-network chart with arrows.

Process technology and production flow-time determine the sequence of activities

when constructing a schedule. Activities can be consecutive, overlapping, or paral-
lel/simultaneous. A network chart with arrows is composed of those activities that
require a definite time to be performed, also indicating a technological relationship
between two activities, or the technological flow of interconnected activities. When
constructing a network chart, the following rules apply:

• each activity should start and end with an event;

• if the end of one activity is a precondition for starting another, the final event
of this activity should match the start of the next;
• only a single activity can exist between two events;

• there should be no loop;

• no activity is allowed to begin before its starting event;

• no event should take place until all the activities that lead up to it have been
completed;
• all the events in a network chart should be numbered with each successive
event allocated a higher number from the last.

> Read full chapter

Benefits of Integrated PSM/SMS/SHE

and OE Programs
Dennis P. Nolan, Eric T. Anderson, in Applied Operational Excellence for the Oil, Gas,
and Process Industries, 2015

Technology of the Process

Process technology information will be a part of the process safety information
package and typically includes company established criteria for maximum inven-
tory levels for process chemicals; limits beyond which would be considered upset
conditions; and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviation
that could occur if operating beyond the established process limits. Companies are
encouraged to use diagrams that will help users understand the process.

A block flow diagram is used to show the major process equipment and intercon-
necting process flow lines and flow rates, stream composition, temperatures, and
pressures when necessary for clarity. The block flow diagram is a simplified diagram.
Process flow diagrams (see Figure 4.1 for an example) are more complex and will
show all main flow streams including valves to enhance the understanding of the
process, as well as pressures and temperatures on all feed and product lines within
all major vessels and in and out of headers and heat exchangers, and points of
pressure and temperature control. Also, information on construction materials,
pump capacities, and pressure heads, compressor horsepower, and vessel design
pressures and temperatures are shown when necessary for clarity.

Figure 4.1. Process flow diagram example.Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AmineTreat-
ing.png#/media/File:AmineTreating.png.

> Read full chapter

Thermal Cracking
James G. Speight, in The Refinery of the Future, 2011

5.3.2 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process

The ASCOT process is a residual oil upgrading process that integrates the delayed
coking process and the deep solvent deasphalting process (low energy deasphalting,
LEDA) (Bonilla, 1985; Bonilla and Elliot, 1987; Hydrocarbon Processing, 1996).
Removing the deasphalted oil fraction prior to application of the delayed coking
process has two benefits:

1. In the coking process this fraction is thermally cracked to extinction, degrading

this material as an FCC feedstock.
2. Thermally cracking this material to extinction results in conversion of a signif-
icant portion to coke.

In the process, the vacuum residuum is brought to the desired extraction tem-
perature and then sent to the extractor, where the solvent (straight run naphtha,
coker naphtha) flows upward and extracts soluble material from the down-flowing
feedstock. The solvent-deasphalted phase leaves the top of the extractor and flows
to the solvent recovery system, where the solvent is separated from the deasphalted
oil and recycled to the extractor. The deasphalted oil is sent to the delayed coker
where it is combined with the heavy coker gas oil from the coker fractionator and
sent to the heavy coker gas oil stripper. Here low-boiling hydrocarbons are stripped
off and returned to the fractionator. The stripped, deasphalted, oil/heavy coker gas
oil mixture is removed from the bottom of the stripper. It is used to provide heat
to the naphtha stabilizer-reboiler, before being sent to battery limits as a cracking
stock. The raffinate phase that contains the asphalt and some solvent flows at a
controlled rate from the bottom of the extractor and is charged directly to the coking
section.

The solvent contained in the asphalt and deasphalted oil is condensed in the
fractionator overhead condensers; where it can be recovered and used as lean oil for
propane/butane recovery in the absorber, eliminating the need to recirculate lean
oil from the naphtha stabilizer. The solvent introduced in the coker heater and coke
drums results in a significant reduction in the partial pressure of asphalt feed,
compared win a regular delayed coking unit. The low partial pressure of asphalt
results in low coke and high liquid yields in the coking reaction.

With the ASCOT process there is a significant reduction in byproduct fuel when
compared either with solvent deasphalting or delayed coking, and the process can
be tailored to process a specific quantity, or process to a specific quality of cracking
stock (Speight and Ozum, 2002; Hsu and Robinson, 2006; Gary et al., 2007; Speight,
2007).

> Read full chapter

21st European Symposium on Comput-

er Aided Process Engineering
Lidija Čuček, ... Zdravko Kravanja, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2011

2 Description of Superstructure
Two process technologies are integrated for an optimal production of ethanol from
the corn plant, the dry-grind process for processing corn grains and the ther-
mo-chemical (gasification/catalytic mixed alcohol synthesis) or thermo-biochemical
(gasification/fermentation) process to treat the corn stover.

The model for the dry-grind process is based on the paper by Karuppiah et al. (2008).
In short, the process consists of breaking-down the physical structure of the grain
by means of physical (grinding) and thermal treatments (steam), followed by the
biological steps (liquefaction and saccharification), in order to expose the sugars that
are then further fermented into ethanol. The dilute solution of ethanol is dehydrated
using a beer column, followed by rectification and molecular sieves.

The thermal-based processes consist of the gasification of the corn stover, followed
by the steam reforming and composition adjustment of the syngas (molar ratio CO
: H2 is 1), using a hybrid-membrane – PSA system. Next, sour gases, such as CO2
ad H2S, are removed from the stream by the absorption on monoethanolamines
(MEA), followed by the PSA adsorption of CO2. Two synthetic paths are proposed,
the fermentation of syngas towards ethanol, or mixed alcohol synthesis. In the first
case, the diluted ethanol solution is dehydrated using the same technologies as in
the dry-grind process, whilst in the second alternative, a sequence of distillation
columns is used to recycle the methanol and purify the ethanol from the mixture
of alcohols. The model of the different units is based on the paper by Martín and
Grossmann (2011). Figure 2 shows a superstructure for ethanol production from the
entire corn plant.
Figure 2. Superstructure of the process alternatives

> Read full chapter

Bottom of the Barrel Upgrading Tech-

nologies
Maria Magdalena Ramirez-Corredores, in The Science and Technology of Uncon-
ventional Oils, 2017

2.3.2 Fluid Coking

Two process technologies are licensed by ExxonMobil in this category, namely, Fluid
Coking and Flexicoking. In a reactor vessel containing a hot fluidized bed of coke
particles, the residue feed is sprayed in the case of Fluid Coking. The formed coke
is removed from the bottom and transferred to the burner. Part of the coke is burnt
in this other vessel to provide the process heat and the hot coke particles that are
fluidized in the reactor. Again, the volatile products leave the vessel through the
overhead to a fractionator and the heavy liquid product from the fractionator is
recycled back to the reactor. The coke produced is typically a high-sulfur fuel grade
coke of low value. Product yields depend on the feed and operational mode; when
feeding Arab heavy AR, the recycle mode produces 12.9% gas, 14.4% naphtha, 10.2%
light gas oil, 27.1% heavy gas oil, zero bottoms, and 35.4% coke [30].

Flexicoking incorporates a gasifier by adding a third vessel to a fluid coker. A mixture

of steam and air is used to gasify part of the coke and to produce a low British
thermal unit (BTU) syngas containing nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The hydrogen
sulfide is removed and the low BTU gas can be burned as a clean fuel for power
generation. The accumulation of nickel and vanadium in the gasifier is minimized
by withdrawing around 3% of coke from the process.

> Read full chapter

Gas- and Fluid-Injection Technique

Hans-Peter Heim, in Specialized Injection Molding Techniques, 2016

3.4.3 Cooling Phase/Formation of the Quality Features in the

Component
The process parameter that sets GIT apart from standard injection molding is the
gas-holding pressure pG2. It is responsible for the same function that the holding
pressure has in conventional injection molding (namely, to compensate shrinkage
and reduce warpage).

The component being manufactured is pressed against the tool wall throughout
the entire cooling time in the direct area of the gas canal. It cools quickly owing to
a good transferral of heat caused by the high contact pressure [20]. In contrast to
conventional injection molding, it is possible to cool the melt under high pressure
both near the sprue and far from it when using GIT. The effect of pG2 is illustrated
in the p-v-T diagram. In Figure 3.10, the curve of an amorphous material is depicted
[13].
Figure 3.10. Schematic illustration of the process of GIT in a p-v-T diagram.

The GIT process consists of the following steps (with numeration as shown in Figure
3.10):

– —Injection of the melt.

– —Gas delay time (here: the pressure decreases rapidly after partial filling).
– —Blowing the melt and building pressure (here: the pressure declines
after the injection of gas due to the movement of the melt, only to be built
up again to the set level after the injection of the remaining filling).Note: The
actual cooling in the area between steps and is quantitatively lower than
shown in the graph. The time period available for cooling between steps and
is less than a second or up to a few seconds, and it results in very little cooling
in the core of the observed molded part volume.
, , —The first pressure step is held first. Subsequently, it is increased to the
pressure level pG2 (pressure-holding phase).
– —The end of the pressure-holding phase and removal of the piece occur.
, —Alternatives: Pressure holding with lower pressure or higher pressure
.

The advantage of GIT becomes clear in the cooling of the isobaric value from steps
to at 300 bars. For comparison, cooling to the 100-bar line between steps and
can be referenced. In this case, the glass transition temperature would be reached
at a significantly higher volume. As a consequence, volume shrinkage depicted in
the graph results and can lead to warpage and internal stresses in the component.

In the cooling phase after the formation of the hollow space, which starts at position
, the RWT continues to cool. In Figure 3.11, the heat flows for the cooling are
shown in the direction of the gas canal and of the tool. The contributions of the gas
canal can be disregarded at first because heat dissipation is not possible after the
initial absorption of heat by the gas. Therefore, complete cooling must be achieved
via the tool wall. Thus, the melt of the RWT is cooled in a one-sided manner. For
example, a strongly increased cycle time can be expected for the partially thick-walled
component depicted in Figure 3.12 due to the approximately 1.5-mm-thick RWT,
which is thicker than would be expected for a 2-mm-thick, thin-walled, adjacent
area.

Figure 3.11. Schematic illustration of the heat flows in a GIT-molded part. cooling
in the direction of the tool and cooling in the direction of the gas canal.

Figure 3.12. Exemplary illustration of a partially thick-walled component with t1=2

mm wall thickness in the thin-walled area, and a RWT of approximately t2=1.5 mm.

Cooling in the area of the RWT can be estimated using the Fourier heat conduction
equation [6]. In a one-dimensional (1D) case and when using the simplification of
the constant heat conductivity , the equation is as follows:

(3.3)

The following hypotheses are established:

1 The initial temperature in the x=0, t=0: T=

plastic interface at point x=0
is only slightly lower than the
mass temperature TM of the
plastic at the point in time t=0;
it is referred to as .
2 Simplified, isothermic condi- T (x, t=0)=
tions are set for T (x, t=0).

3 A constant tool wall tempera- x=d, t≥0: T=TW

ture TW is set.

4 For the solution of the differ-

ential equation, it is assumed
that the geometry of the RWT
is similar to the geometry of a
plate.

With a=the effective, invariant temperature conductivity, the following solution

results for the time period after the formation of the hollow space (Pos. , t=0) [6]:

(3.4)
In Figure 3.13, the cooling curves calculated with Eq. (3.4) are depicted qualitatively
for various cooling times or gas holding times tGH1 to tGH5.

Figure 3.13. Schematic temperature curve in the area of the RWT (dW) during cooling.

> Read full chapter

Current WEEE recycling solutions

Muammer Kaya, in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling, 2018

3.17.3 Fractionator
Fractionator process technology is a breakthrough process to recycle metals from
waste in a purely mechanical way. The underlying physical principle is to use the
different properties of the materials (density, plasticity, ductility, etc.) to separate the
layers by creating huge accelerations and decelerations [69,70].

Physical principles: In a fractionator, a composite WPCB material with heteroge-

neous composition and size is submitted to a high-frequency series of accelerations
and decelerations (impacts). The phases of the material will react differently due to
their heterogeneous densities and plasticities. During accelerations (decelerations),
the lighter phases will tend to go faster (slower), which will create shearing forces
at the boundaries. Impacts will deform the phases in different ways according to
their plasticities. The metals, which are ductile, will tend to aggregate into compact
shapes, the minerals (i.e., fibers) which are brittle will be fragmented, while the
plastics will tend to keep their original shape.

Material preparation: WPCBs are shredded and granulated to less than 22 mm.
During the process, ferrous materials are easily separated by MS.

Delamination: A series of high-frequency impacts are achieved in a fractionator

machine which features an annular space between a rotor and a stator equipped
with radial tools. Preshredded materials are fed from the top and fall by gravity.
The high-speed rotation of the rotor drives the materials, which then impact with a
high frequency the static tools of the stator as shown in Fig. 3.14. The delamination
mill applies very strong forces on materials to break and delaminate at the phase
boundaries. During the process the metals take on a globular shape, which sim-
plifies the downstream separation and results in high output quality and yield. The
delamination mill has a capacity from 2 to 8 tons/h and input material size should
be coarser than 3–4 cm. The mill rotor diameter ranges from 1 to 2 m [70].

Figure 3.14. Industrial-size fractionator mill and cross-section [70].

Separation into high-purity output fractions: At the bottom of the fractionator

mill, the various materials (metals, plastics, minerals) are liberated but still need
to be separated. The size distributions are very differentiated at the exit from the
fractionator: plastics are found in relatively coarse particle size distributions. Metals
(Al and Cu) are found as very pure granules with sizes between 50 µm and 5 mm
(the size is a function of the thickness and surface of the metal layer in the input),
and PMs are fines (Fig. 3.15). This makes the two-stage separation process (by size
and density) very efficient: metals and nonmetals are separated by size and light
(Al) and heavy (Cu) metals are separated by density (spherical shapes make it easy)
in a fluid bed separator (Fig. 3.16).

Figure 3.15. Size distributions of materials after delamination and separation into
fractions [69].
Figure 3.16. Fluid bed separator operation principles.

Output fractions: The process generates up to 22 different fractions: several (plastics,

resins, fibers, etc.) nonmetallic fractions with sizes, a ferrous fraction, several light
metal (Al) fractions, several heavy metal (PMs, Cu, Ni, Pb, etc.) fractions, and three
dust fractions (the three stages—granulator, fractionator, separator—are equipped
with aspiration systems and filters) (Fig. 3.17) [69]. This process has been used in
more than 20 plants built worldwide since 1995 with previous generations. Metal
recovery rates are claimed to be above 97%, and the output fractions have high
purity. This process is environmentally friendly, due to dry mechanical treatment,
low temperature, no gases or fluids, and very limited ultimate wastes. This flexible
process has a capacity of 3 tons/h for very wide range of wastes, and is suitable for
very small lots and campaigns. This plant layout has a competitively low capex and
opex, and high automation with only two workers per shift [69].

Figure 3.17. Mechanical separation with fractionator mill and fluid bed separator for
delamination.

> Read full chapter

Target levels
Congxin Huang, ... Angui Li, in Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook (Second
Edition), 2020
6.1 Overview of target levels

6.1.1 Introduction
In process technology and in the manufacture of equipment and systems, the
starting point of design includes very precise targets.

Target levels (TLs) refer to the expected values of the system that are determined at
the early stages of the design process. Fulfillment of the TLs should be validated
or measured by the individuals or organizations responsible at the end of the
construction process. TLs are needed as a standard against which system solutions
are compared. During the comparison, it may be found that target values cannot be
met by any solution or they can lead to very expensive solutions. In such cases the
TLs have to be reconsidered. The TL assessment is a feedback process.

6.1.2 Factors affecting the target levels

The goal of industrial ventilation technology is to control indoor environmental
conditions and pollutant emissions, so special attention must be paid to indoor
conditions and contaminant levels. The target levels for indoor conditions and
outdoor air emissions are derived from requirements of human health, production
processes, and equipment, as well as housing and building types. The TLs should
be determined for the ventilation system and for many other factors in the con-
struction process, and the TLs should always be treated simultaneously with the
design methodology. The expected value of the system as the starting point of the
design has many factors that have an important impact on it. The various factors are
summarized as follows.

6.1.2.1 Laws and regulations

Laws and regulations regulate the behavior standards of all walks of life, and
industrial ventilation is no exception. Relevant laws and regulations on industrial
processes and equipment have provisions on the ventilation temperature, heat
stress, occupational exposure limits, environmental humidity, and air speed of
industrial process. When determining the TL, the relevant provisions of relevant
laws and regulations must be taken into account and relevant requirements must
be clearly defined.

6.1.2.2 Trade standards

In addition to laws and regulations, each industry also has specific trade standards.
Trade standards have specific production specifications and emission requirements
for specific industrial processes. Therefore the relevant standards must be fully
understood and learned before determining the expected value of the industrial
ventilation system.

6.1.2.3 Nonbinding standards

In addition to relevant laws and regulations as well as trade standards, there are also
requirements for industrial operating environments and production environments,
such as standards related to human comfort, codes of conduct, and custom require-
ments. These requirements are scientific provisions related to industrial production,
such as the safety of production personnel and the safe operation of production
equipment. Otherwise, it will affect the physical health of relevant operators or
cause equipment operation failure. Therefore when determining the TL, the relevant
personnel health standards and equipment operation specifications must be fully
demonstrated and considered.

6.1.2.4 Architectural type

The determination of TL needs to be carried out according to different architecture

types. Because it determines the selection process and the layout form of the system.

6.1.3 Setting principles of target level

TL setting is common. In setting the TL, the following principles should be followed.

6.1.3.1 Principle of comprehensiveness

Many factors need to be considered in setting the TL, such as laws and regulations,
Party A’s needs, health and comfort of personnel, production process and equip-
ment, and type of building structure. Among them, laws and regulations and Party
A’s needs are the conditions that must be met, while others, such as the health and
comfort of personnel, are the conditions that need to be met. The previous two
conditions need to be taken into account in determining the TL.

6.1.3.2 Principle of readjustment

In the process of comparing the level reached by the solution with the TL, it may be
found that not all the solutions can reach the TL, or even if the target level can be
reached, the economic cost of the solution is very high. At this time the TL needs to
be readjusted.

6.1.3.3 Principle of integrity

In the absence of a clear TL, the TL is usually determined by the relevant laws and
regulations. In most cases the target levels set according to the laws and regulations
will lead to the performance of device be emphasized and the performance of the
system be ignored. Therefore the setting of TL should pay attention to the overall
performance of the system.

6.1.4 Use of target levels

The use of clearly defined TLs has become more and more important in industrial
ventilation. The targets must be realistic and verifiable by measurements. Different
kinds of TLs can be set—for example, for indoor air quality, temperature, energy
utilization, and various efficiencies.

The use of TLs is spreading to other branches of industrial ventilation, and one
big problem associated with the verification of system performance has occurred.
In the absence of clearly defined target values, administrative regulations have
been used as targets. However, administrative regulations, such as occupational
exposure limits, are seldom rigorous. In most cases the fulfillment of these data
guarantees only satisfactory performance of the system. On the other hand, the
use of administrative regulations as targets has obviously led to the prominence
of equipment-based thinking because of the lack of other exact figures. Typically,
in equipment-based thinking the focus is placed on such parameters as fan power,
performance of filters, and efficiency of heat exchangers instead of the target value
for the entire system.

In most cases the main steps in defining TLs relating to industrial ventilation are as
follows:

6.1.4.1 Step 1: Musts

Ascertain the requirements of laws, regulations, and standards related to legislation,

processes, and equipment, and compare them with customer needs. Of course,
before this step, needs of the end user—for example, economical boundary con-
ditions—are identified. At this stage the temporary TLs have also been selected.

6.1.4.2 Step 2: Needs

Ascertain nonbinding standards, human comfort standards, guidelines, codes of

practice, and custom needs.

6.1.4.3 Step 3: Target levels

Define the TLs based on musts and needs.

6.1.4.4 Step 4: Design conditions

Suggest and confirm with customer the outdoor or process conditions that must
reach the target temperature.

6.1.4.5 Step 5: Reliability

Find out customer requirements for process reliability. Define and obtain the cus-
tomer’s approval of ventilation system reliability requirements (e.g., the allowed
down time).

6.1.5 Combination of target levels and design methodology

The combination of TLs and design methodology is of vital importance. Together,
these two concepts form the basis for industrial ventilation systems.

The TL concept was introduced and developed by the Association of Finnish Man-
ufacturers of Air Handling Equipment (AFMAHE) in 1985.1,2 Indoor climate TLs
have been utilized in the ventilation of public buildings, apartments, and offices for
years.3–5

In the design methodology, the whole life cycle of the process must be considered.
The life cycle of the process can be divided into four parts: design, construction,
operation, and end of the process. Each consists of different tasks. The design
methodology process can be described as follows.

6.1.5.1 Given data

• Collect and identify data that do not change during the design process, such
as outdoor conditions.

6.1.5.2 Process description

• Understand the industrial process and identify subprocesses.

• Identify possible emission sources, occupational areas, effects of environmen-

tal parameters on production, needs for enclosure, and ventilation equipment.
• Divide the process in parts such that their inputs and outputs to the environ-
ment can be defined.

6.1.5.3 Building layout and structures

• Collect data on building layout, openings, and their properties as basic values
for load calculations.
• Complete zoning of the building based on division of the process and building
layout.
• Make space reservations and add structures needed for ventilation equipment.

6.1.5.4 Target level assessment

• Define TLs for indoor zones and outdoor conditions.

• Specify design conditions for which the TLs are to be met.

• Define TLs for ventilation system, such as reliability, energy consumption,

investment, and life-cycle costs.

6.1.5.5 Source description

• Determine the characteristics of the sources and methods for the calculation
of local loads.

6.1.5.6 Calculation of local loads

• Calculate loads from individual sources to the environment.

6.1.5.7 Calculation of total building loads

• Calculate total loads (heat, humidity, and contaminants) from different sub-
processes and the environment to ventilated enclosures.
• Take into account the fact that loads are usually time-dependent.

6.1.5.8 Selection of system

• Select an applicable system on the basis of the TLs.

• Compare acceptable systems to choose the most desirable one.

6.1.5.9 Detailed design

• Provide detailed layout and dimensioning.

• Design adjustment and control system.

• Consider special issues, such as thermal insulation, condensation risk, fire

protection, and sound and vibration damping.

These are the main steps of design methodology. In some cases, all the steps are not
needed, but in most cases, it is important to take all of them into consideration. In
addition to the construction and the use of the system, attention should also be paid
to its demolition. It is worth noting that the feedback is always a typical feature of
the design methodology.

Using the procedure described previously, the TLs can be determined. Relevant
calculation methods and expertise are needed in all the phases. Although the cal-
culation of TLs takes place in different ways for particular cases, the basic procedure
remains the same. The TL calculation also varies for different outside temperatures
and different process parameters.

> Read full chapter

Process control in finishing of textiles

A.K. Roy Choudhury, in Process Control in Textile Manufacturing, 2013

Moisture regain of substrate

The moisture regain of cotton is around 8%. This plays an important role in the feel
of the fabric. Over-dried fabrics tend to feel relatively harsh despite application of
softeners. It is also necessary for the fabrics to have satisfactory moisture regain
before finishing by padding methods, particularly in the case of resin finishing,
facilitating better and even diffusion and penetration of the finish.

It is desirable to control the moisture regain level of the fabrics during drying using
control instruments like ‘Textometers’ in a stenter operation or ‘cool tumbler’ in the
drying of the garments. There are conditioning cycles in the drying operations (e.g.
in yarn drying) in the modern batchwise machinery.

The following process technologies take place in textile finishing (Rouette, 2000):

• monitoring and control of work processes across all areas by process computer
(process data registration),
• shortening of work processes,

• reduction of reaction temperatures,

• recovery of chemicals and energy,

• high-temperature steaming,

• increase of passage or turnaround speeds (e.g. continuous systems at

300–500 m/min),
• reduction of liquor ratios,

• use of chemicals having no adverse effect on the environment such as

formaldehyde-free finishing,
 • products that dye and finish simultaneously,

• use of electrical power as a finishing agent,

• complete recovery of products that are not fully exhausted or fixed,

• self-destructing and self-disposing finishing agents.

> Read full chapter

29th European Symposium on Comput-

er Aided Process Engineering
Jan van Schijndel, ... Andreas ten Cate, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering,
2019

Abstract
The Dutch ISPT (Institute for Sustainable Process Technology) executes an inno-
vation program that focusses on system integration and circularity. This program
explores amongst others pathways for the re-use of CO contained in waste gases
produced by steel making processes so to enable the circular use of carbon. ISPT
commissioned an Energy System Modelling (ESM) project to demonstrate how ESM
can be used to explore options for the upgrading of these CO-rich waste gas streams
and to show which upgrade investments over time could meet CO2 emission targets
in the most cost-effective manner.

> Read full chapter

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