Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A.

Marisport
& Harshit Goel

Gujarat National Law University

Gandhinagar, Gujarat (India)

Course Outline

of

Criminology and Penology

For

BA/BCom/BSc/BBA/BSW, LLB

Semester: VII (Batch 2019-24)

Session: July - December 2022

Dr. A. Marisport
Assistant Professor of Law

Email: marisport@gnlu.ac.in Mob: +91 8128684328

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Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel

Sl. No. Contents Page No.

1.0 Objectives of the course 03

2.0 Proposed teaching schedule 04

3.0 Detailed course-outline 05

4.0 Prescribed/Recommended readings 10

5.0 Teaching methodology 11

6.0 Evaluation pattern 12

Tentative dates for test/submission of project/GD, etc

7.0 12

8.0 Important instructions to students 12

9.0 Contact hours 12

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel

1.0 Objectives of the Course

Criminology aims to study the crimes and criminal behaviour it also aims to understand the causes
of crime and effective measures to control and prevent crime. Penology is the study of custody and
punishments of criminals and functioning of criminal institutions. The criminal policies are
postulated by criminology and penology. Another recent subfield of study is the development of the
branch of Victimology. Victimology is the studyof who becomes a victim, how victims are
victimized, how much harm they suffer, and their role in the criminal act. It also looks at victims'
rights and their role in the criminal justice system.

The objective of this course to provide depth understanding of dimensions of crime, crime
causation, prevention of crime, penalizing the crime, functioning of penal institutions along with
rehabilitation and protection of crime victims. This course also intends to analyse the criminal
policies of various countries. In this course Penology will be given due importance to see
appropriate punishment for different offences and its suitability, effectiveness and applicability.

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel

2.0 Proposed Teaching Schedule

No. of Sessions
Module No. Modules
(Classes)

VII.6.2.1 Introduction to Criminology 03

VII.6.2.2 Criminological Theories 10

VII.6.2.3 Crime Typology 08

VII.6.2.4 Criminal/Offender Typology 05

VII.6.2.5 Juvenile Delinquency 05

VII.6.2.6 Criminological Research 04

VII.6.2.7 Theories of Punishment 05

VII.6.2.8 The Police System 05

VII.6.2.9 Prison System 06

VII.6.2.10 Legal Approaches 03

VII.6.2.11 Victimology 06

Total =60

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
3.0 Detailed Course Outline

Criminology and Penology

Module- VII.6.2.1 Introduction to Criminology Sessions: 03

 Concept of Crime, Criminals and Criminology.

 Crime and Deviance, Crime and Civil Wrong.
 Criminology as a Multidisciplinary Study.
 Relationship between Criminology and Biology, Physiology, Psychology,
Economics, Geography, Sociology.

Cases
 Mitthu Singh v State of Punjab 1983 AIR 473.
 Decriminalization of minor offences

Module- VII.6.2.2 Criminological Theories Sessions:

10
 Meaning and Importance of Theories, Types of Criminological Theories, Historical
Development of Theories: an overview, criteria for evaluating theories.
 Classical School of Criminology- Pre-Classical School of Criminology, Classical
School, Rational Choice Theory, Routine Activity Theory.
 Neo Classical School of Criminology.
 Positive School of Criminology:
o Biological Theories: Biological Factors and Crime, Lombroso and the
Positivists, Physique and Crime, Genetic Factors, Family Studies and
Adoption Studies, Chromosome Abnormality, Obstetric Factors,
Neurological Factors, Neuro Endocrinology, Neurochemistry, Automatic
Nervous System Studies, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
o Psychological Theories: Psychodynamic Perspective, Evolution Theory,
Behavioural, Cognitive, Trait, Personality, Intelligence, IQ and Crime.
 Sociological School of Criminology:
o Social Structure Theories: Social Structure Theory, Social Disorganization
Theory, The Social Ecology School, Strain Theory, Anomie Theory, Relative
Deprivation Theory, General Strain Theory, Cultural Deviance Theory,
Theory of Delinquent Sub Culture, Theory of Differential Opportunity, Social
Structure Theory.
o Social Process Theories: Social Process Theory, Social Learning Theory,
Differential Association Theory, Differential Reinforcement Theory and
Neutralization Theory.
o Social Reaction Theories: Social Reaction Theory, Social Control Theory,
Social Bond Theory and Crime and LabellingTheory.
 Marxist School of Criminology: Conflict Theory, Integrative-Constitutive Theory,
Structural Marxism, Radical Feminist Theory, Pandemic & Disaster Criminology,
Power Control Theory, Post Modern Theory.
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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
 Clinical Criminology, Radical Criminology.

Module- VII.6.2.3 Crime Typology Sessions: 08

 Violent Crimes: Homicide, Murder, Manslaughter, Negligent Homicide, Assisting a

Suicide.
 Assault and Battery: Vehicular Assault, Spousal Assault, Child Abuse.
 Sexual offences:
o Forcing Sexual Contact: Rape, Sodomy, and Child Molestation.
o Other offences: Prostitution, Adultery, Unnatural Offence.
 Female Crimes: Nature of Female Crimes in India, Characteristics of Female
Crimes in India, Nature of Crime, Causes of Crime, New Theoretical Perspective,
Correctional Process, The Problem of Prostitution- The Immoral Traffic (Prevention)
Act, 1956.
 Property Crimes: Theft, Shoplifting, Scamming people out of their money, Identity
Theft, Stealing Autos, Burglary, Arson, Vandalism, Robbery, Causes for Property
Crimes.
 White Collar Crimes: Embezzlement, Evading Taxes, Securities Fraud,
Environmental Crime, Cheating Business and Service Clients, False Advertising and
Price Fixing, Challenges in Investigating White-Collar Crime, White Collar Crime in
India, the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
 Political Crime: Political Corruption as Crime, Scandals, Political Activities as
Crimes, Self- Image of Political Criminals, Group Support to Political Criminals,
Controlling Measures.
 Terrorism: What is Terrorism? A brief history of Terrorism, Contemporary form of
Terrorism: Revolutionary Terrorism, Political Terrorism, Nationalist Terrorism,
Cause- based Terrorism, Environmental Terrorism, State Sponsored Terrorism,
Criminal Terrorism, What Motivates Terrorist, Response to Terrorism.
 Hate Crime.
 Family Centred Crime: Dowry, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse.
 Community Problem: Inter- Religion and Inter- Caste Tensions and Conflict.
 Work Place Violence: Controlling Workplace Violence, Restorative Justice and
Anger Management, the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
 Organized Crime Characteristics, Organized Structures, Organized Predatory
Crimes, Crime Syndicates, Criminal Rackets, Political Graft, Types of Organized
Crimes, Narcotics Trade, Marketing Counterfeit and Pirated Products, Fraud,
Extorting Money, Money Laundering, Controlling and Preventive Measures.
 Cyber Crimes: Definition, Classification of Cyber Crimes, Types of Cyber Crimes.
 Victimless Crime: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Beggary, Commercial Sex, Suicide,
Causes for Victimless Crime, Controlling and Preventive Measures: Meaning and its
Application.

Module- VII.6.2.4 Criminal/Offender Typology Sessions: 05

 General Classification
o Classification of Offenders under Indian Penal Code
o Legal Offenders, Political Offenders, Economic Offenders, Social Offenders
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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
o Classification of Offenders on the basis of Treatment and Correction:
Psychotic and Neurotic Offenders, Hardened and Habitual Offenders, White
Collar Criminals, The First Offender
o Occasional Offenders, Professional Criminals, Chronic Offenders, Violent
Offender

 Specific Criminal Classification

o Types of Robbers: Professional Robbers, Opportunist Robbers, Addict
Robbers, Alcoholic Robbers
o Types of Rapists: Anger Rape, Power Rape, Sadistic Rape
o Types of Killers:
 Serial Killers: Thrill Killers, Mission Killers, Expedience Killers
 Mass Murderers: Revenge Killers, Love Killers, Profit Killers,
Terrorist Killers
 Types of Terrorists: Revolutionary Terrorists, Political
Terrorists, Nationalist Terrorists

Module- VII.6.2.5 Juvenile Delinquency Sessions: 05

 Concept of Juvenile Delinquency, Delinquent and Criminal Behaviour

 Pre-Delinquency Stage, Truancy and Vagrancy, Basic Assumption of
Delinquent Behaviour.
 Causes of and Condition for the Formation of Delinquent Trajectories, Economicand
Social Factors, Cultural Factors, Urbanization, Family, Migration, the Media,
Exclusion and Peer Influences, Delinquent Identities Victims and Offenders
 Regional Aspect of Delinquency, Justification by Juveniles against their Delinquent
Act
 Juvenile Delinquency in other Countries.
 Preventing Juvenile Delinquency, International Concern for Juvenile Justice.
 Development of Law related to Juveniles in India
 The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

Cases
 Dr. Subramanian Swamy & Ors. v Raju Thr. Member Juvenile Justice Board & Anr
AIR 2014 SC 1649.

Module- VII.6.2.6Criminological Research Sessions: 04

 Research in Criminology, Primary and Secondary Research, Quantitative Research

Methods, Qualitative Research Methods, Combined Methods, Epistemology:
Positivist, Interpretive and Critical, Research Ethics, Access, the Politics of
Criminological Research

Module- VII.6.2.7 Theories of Punishment Sessions: 05

 History of Punishment in India and Abroad

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Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
 Classical Hindu and Islamic approaches to Punishment

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
 Theories of Punishment: Deterrent, Retributive, Preventive, Reformative, Retribution
o Reasons for Punishment: Rehabilitation, Incapacitation/Societal Protection,
Deterrence/ Prevention, Restoration, Retribution, Education,
Denunciation/Condemnation
o Sentencing: Principal Types of Sentences in the Penal Code and Special Laws,
sentencing in White Collar Crime, Pre-sentence Hearing, Sentencing for Habitual
Offender, Summary Punishment, Plea-bargaining
o Types of Sentences: Simple and Rigorous Imprisonment, Determinate and
Indeterminate Sentences
o Capital Punishment: Debate (views of abolitionist and rejectionists), Global
Distribution of Capital Punishment, Mode of Capital Punishment,
Constitutionality of Capital Punishment, Judicial Attitudes towards Capital
Punishment in India
o Modern Approach of Correction and Reformation of Offenders: Alternatives
to Imprisonment (community services), Probation, Corrective Labour Fines,
Collective Fines, Reparation by the Offender/by the Court
Cases
 Bachan Singh v State of Punjab AIR 1980 SC 898.
 Deena Dayal Etc v Union of India & Ors AIR 1983 SC 1155.
 Muthuramalingam & Ors v State Rep by Insp of Police AIR 2016 SC 3340.
 Navneet Kaur v State of NCT of Delhi & Anr AIR 2014 SC 1935.
 Saleem vs State of UP Criminal Appeal Nos. 804-805 of 2015.
 Shabnam v State of UP Criminal Appeal Nos. 802-803 of 2015.
 State of MP v Mehtaab Criminal Appeal No. 290 of 2015.
 Yakub Abdul Razak Memon v State of Maharashtra & Ors MANU/SC/0825/2015.
 Yakub Abdul Razak Memon v State of Maharashtra & Ors MANU/SC/0816/2015.

Module- VII.6.2.8 The Police System Sessions: 05

 Origin of Police, Development of Police Organization, Police Force in India, The

Police Set Up, Police Commissioner, The Women Police, Home Guard, Preparatory
Police Training Programme, The Problems of Policing, The Role of Police, Legal
Functions of Police, Rural Policing in India, The National Police Commission, Police
Custodial Torture, Supreme Court’s Directives for avoiding Custodial Crimes, Police
Public Co-Operation, NHRC Guidelines on Police Public Relations, Police Advisory
Committees, Judiciary’s attitude towards Police, Citizen’s Voluntary Force,
Modernization of Police, Malimath Committee Report on Police Functioning,
INTERPOL, International Perspective of the Police

Module- VII.6.2.9 Prison System Sessions: 06

 The American Prison System, The Pennsylvania System, The Auburn System, The
Elmira Reformatory, The British Prison System, The Russian Prison
 International Penal and Penitentiary Commission and Prison Reforms
 Prisons in India
 Indian Jail Reform Committees Suggestions
 Plea for setting up Prison Panel
 The Problem in Prison
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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
 Judicial Rulings for General Administration of Prisons, Prisoners and Detenues
 The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003
 Open Air Prisons: Origin and Characteristics, Open Air Prisons in U.S.A, Open
Air Prisons in India and its Critical Appreciation

Module- VII.6.2.10 Legal Approaches Sessions: 03

 Legal Approaches: Accusatorial and Inquisitorial, Substantive and Procedural

Laws, Criminal Liability, Strict Liability
 Indian Penal Code, 1860: General Exception, Offences against Property
 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Cognizable and Non-cognizable, Bailable and
Non-bailable, Compoundable and Non-compoundable
 Investigation of Crime: Complaint, FIR, Powers of Police Officer, Arrest, Search,
Seizure, Police Custody, Judicial Remand and Bail
 Indian Evidence Act, 1872: Types of Evidence, Admissibility of Confession, Dying
Declaration, Rights of an Accused, and Rights of a Victim, Rights of Women in
Custody and Rights of Prisoners

Cases
 Shafhi Mohammad v The State of Himachal Pradesh AIR 2018 SC 714.
 Prem Chand v Union of India and Ors 1981 AIR 613

Module- VII.6.2.11 Victimology Sessions: 06

 Victimology, Concept, Origin and Development, Need to Study Victim and Victim
Typology
 Theories of Victimology: Positivist Victimology, Conservative Criminology and the
Victims of Predatory Crime, Radical Victimology, Marxist Victimology: Corporate
Crime and its Victims, Left Realist Criminology: Synthesis of Theories of Crime and
Victimization, Feminist Concerns with the Victims of Crime, Critical Victimology
 Types of Victims: Female Victims, Elderly Victims, LGBT Victims, Victims from
Minority Ethnic Groups, Primary and Secondary Victimization
 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of
Power
 Victim’s Rights: Fair Access to Justice, Restitution, Compensation and Assistance,
Victim-Offender Mediation, Victim Compensation Schemes in India

Cases
 State of MP v Madanlal (2015) 7 SCC 681.
 Mahender Chawla & Ors v Union of India & Ors Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 156 of
2016
 Mallikarjun Kodagali (Dead) represented through LR v State of Karnatak Crl.
Appeal No. 1281-82 of 2018
 Criminal Justice Society of India v. Union of India & Ors., W.P.(C) No. 1262/2018

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
4.0
4.1 Prescribed/Recommended Readings

Prescribed Readings

University Press 1968).

2. Qadri SMA, Ahmad Siddique's Criminology & Penology ed, Eastern Book

Company 2009).
Lanier M, Henry S, & Anastasia D, Essential Criminology (4th ed, Westview Press
2015).

Sutherland and Cressey, Principles of Criminology (Lippincott Press 1960). John

T, Criminology: Theory & Context (2nd ed, Longman, 2005).
Paranjape NV, Criminology & Penology and Victimology (17th ed, Central Law
Publications 2017).
Chandra A, Satish M, Kumar R, & Sebastian S, Prisoners' Rights (4th ed Vol-I & II,
Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) 2017).
Ranbir Penal Code, 1989.
Third International Self-Report Study (ISRD-3) of Delinquency among Juveniles
in India and Switzerland (2018).
Lau H, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination ( 2nd ed. Brill
2018).

Recommended Readings

Howard A, Organized Crime (8th ed, Wadsworth Publishing 2006).

Berns RM, Child, Family, School, Community: Socialization and Support (Wadsworth
Publishing 2009).
Burgess AW, Regehr C, & Roberts AR, Victimology: Theories and Applications (Jones &
Bartlett Publishers 2009).
Bachman RD and Schutt R, Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice
(4th ed, SAGE Publications 2011).
Cullen FT, Agnew R, & Wilcox P, Criminological Theory: Past to Present-Essential Readings
(Oxford University Press 2010).
Easton S and Piper C, Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice (Oxford University
Press 2002).
Foucault M, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Vintage Publication 1995).
Fuller JR, Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstreamand Crosscurrents (Prentice Hall 2012).
Gupta NL, Communal Riots in India (Gyan Publishing House 2000).
Hanson GR, Drugs and Society (9th ed, Jones& Bartlett Learning 2011).
Fuller JR, Criminal Justice: A Peacemaking Perspective (1st ed, Allyn & Bacon Publisher
Page 11 of 13
Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
1998).
12. Malleswari VB, Police Reforms: Global Perspectives (ICFAI University Press 2007).
13. Pate M and Gould LA, Corporal Punishment around the World (Praeger
Publication 2012).
14. Maxfield MG and Babbie ER, Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice
and Criminology (6th ed, Wadsworth Publishing 2011).
15. Meier RF and Geis G, Victimless Crime?: Prostitution, Drugs, Homosexuality, Abortion
(Roxbury Publishing Company 1997).
16. Naval TR, Legally Combating Atrocities on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Concept Publishing Company 2003).
17. Oldenburg VT, Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime
(Oxford University Press 2002).
18. Siegel LJ, Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (Wadsworth Publishing 2008).
19. Siegel LJ and Welsh BC, Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law
(Wadsworth Publishing 2011).
20. Wallace H and Roberson C, Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives (3rd
ed, Prentice Hall 2012).
21. Cozens P and Love Terence, The Dark Side of Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) (Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology
2017)
22. Bentham J, ‘An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation’ available at
<www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf>
23. Beccaria Cesare, ‘Essay on Crimes and Punishment’ available at
<https://thefederalistpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Cesare-Beccaria-
On-Crimes-and-Punishment.pdf>
24. Ferrero GL and Lombroso C, Criminal Man: According to the Classification of
Cesare Lombroso available at
<https://archive.org/details/criminalmanaccor1911lomb>
25. Lombroso C, Crime, its causesand remedies (Boston, Little, Brown, and
Company 1911).
26. Lombroso C and Ferrero G, Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, andthe Normal Woman
(Duke University Press 2004).
27. 177 Law Commission of India consultation paper on Law Relating to Arrest (2001).
th

28. Report on Report of the Working Group on FinTech and Digital Banking (2017).
29. Cryptocurrency Anti-Money Laundering Report (2018).
30. Bitcoins-A Global Perspective: Indian Legal and Tax Considerations (2015).
31. RBI White Papers on Application of Blockchain Technology (2017).
32. Finra Report on Selected Cybersecurity Practices (2018).
33. NALSA’s Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual
Assault/other Crimes – 2018 available at <
https://nalsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/document/VC_Scheme.pdf>
34. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 available at <
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Ordinances/The%20Criminal%20Law %20A
mendment%20Ordinance%202018.pdf>

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
5.0 Teaching Methodology

Depth analysis of origin, evolution and contemporary application of concepts

The analysis of different schools and thoughts and its contemporary application through
multidisciplinary approach.
Comparative analysis of topics like theories of punishment, prison system and Juvenile
Delinquency
Emphasis will also be given on Criminological Research and its need.
Discussions and interactions.
Documentaries will be shown for discussing various crimes and
punishments.

6.0 Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation: Marks

Continuous Evaluation (Field Visit/Review of Criminal Minor Acts).......10

Continuous Evaluation (Group discussion/crime analysis)........................10
Mid-Semester Test......................................................................................30
End-Semester Examination.........................................................................50

Total: 100

7.0 Tentative Dates for Continuous Evaluation Test/ Submission of

Project/ GD, etc

Police Station/Jail visit will be arranged in September 2nd week. Group discussion will be
conducted in August last week.

8.0 Important Instructions to Students

 The given course-outline is tentative. The faculty concerned may modify it while
preparing the reference material and engaging the classes.
 The teaching course of this subject and methodology will not be necessarily bound
by parameters shown here.
 Both faculty and students may mould it according to needs as and when it creates
for better and progressive understanding of the subject in a flexible way.

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 Semester: VII Course: Criminology and Penology Faculty: Dr. A. Marisport
& Harshit Goel
9.0 Contact Hours
Days: Thursday & Friday
Timings: 1400 hrs to 1600 hrs

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