Tema 02

Potencias, radicales y logaritmos

2-1
 Soluciones de las actividades

Página 19  2
−2
21  21  21 21
2
e)   : =  : =
1. Los resultados son:  21  2  2 2 2
−2 −2
a) -125     −2
b) -15,625  − 3 23   − 3 23  − 3 24 
f)  :  = :  = :  =
c) -15,625  2 7 − 5  2 −3  2 − 3
 2   2 
d) 2π + 34 · ( 2) 4
= 2π + 81 · 4 = 2π + 324 ≈ 330,28
 32 
−2
 25 
2
210
= 5 = 2 = 4
2. Los resultados expresados en notación científica son: 2  3  3
0,58 ⋅ 10 8 + 7,9 ⋅ 10 8 8,48 ⋅ 10 8
a) = = (8,48 : 7,7) · Página 20
7,7 ⋅ 10 −13 7,7 ⋅ 10 −13
· (108 : 10-13) ≈ 1,1013 · 1021 5. Las expresiones son:
0,81 ⋅ 10 −5 a) 23 / 2
b) = (0,81 : 1,1) · (10-5 : 1023) ≈ 0,736 ·
1,1 ⋅ 10 23 b) 25 /3
· 10-28 = 7,36 · 10-29 c) x2 / 5
5
3. Los resultados son: 1 1
5
3

a) -32 + 81 – 27 – (-125) = 147

d) 3   = 
7 7
5 
−1  4  −3 6 3   77  −1  5  3 8  2 2
b)  + 2 3  :   + 4  =   :   +  = 5 5 5
9   5  3   9   4  3  e) 5   = 
3  3
9 887 1728
= : = ≈ 0,0253 = 2,53 ⋅ 10 − 2 2
1
3
77 192 68299 f)  
5
4. Las operaciones son: 4
−2 2 2 1 3
 − 13  5  − 20  25 400 25 g)  
a)   ⋅  =  ⋅ = ⋅ = 2
 20  4  13  16 169 16
5
3
625 6,25 ⋅ 10 2 6,25 h) 75 = 7 3

= = =
169 1,69 ⋅ 10 2 1,69 6. Las expresiones son:
−7 4
 5  4  5  4  a) 2
b)   :    = [1]
−7
=1 3
 7   7   b) 32
−2 3
  −2 −2 c) 3 2 = 33
    
2 
2 − (2 )   2−4  − 2
c)  x 3 y9
7
=  =  = d)
 
9 − 2  37 
2
  3  − 2  7. Las comprobaciones son:
  2  5   4 5   20 
3
−2 2 3 a) 5
125 = 5 5 3 = 5 5
 − 40   − 37  1369 1,369 ⋅ 10
=  =  = = = 1
 37   40  1600 1,6 ⋅ 10 3 10
25 = 5⋅2 5 2 = 5 5 = 5 2

1,369 No son equivalentes, puesto que 3 / 5 ≠ 1 / 2

=
1,6
−2 2
b) 12
49 2 = 3⋅4 7 2 ( ) 2
= 3 7 ; son equivalentes.
 3 
2
 9
−2
 23 
−2
 22 
d) 2 3 −    = 8 −  = 2  =   =
  2    4 2   23  Página 21

24 8. Las simplificaciones son:

23 2
a) 310 / 2 = 35

2-3
 b) 3
5 3⋅5 = 5 5 12
7 2 x 10 ⋅ 12 2 3 x 9 = 12 7 2 ⋅ 2 3 x 19

c) 3
2 3⋅3 = 2 3 e) 3
2 ⋅ 3yxx 3 x = 3 6 yx 5
24
d) 8
2 24 = 2 8 = 23 f) m.c.m. (2, 3, 4) = 12

e) 3
20
12 =3
5
3 = 3 35
12
36 ⋅ m 2 ( ) 6
⋅ 12 2 2 ( ) ⋅ (m )
4 5 4
( )
⋅ 12 m 3
3
=
10
f) x 5 = x2 = 12 3 6 ⋅ 2 8 ⋅ m12 ⋅ m 20 ⋅ m 9 = 12 3 6 ⋅ 2 8 ⋅ m 41
18 6
g) 2 15 =2 5 = 5 26 13. Los factores extraíbles de los radicales son:
2 1
h) x 14 =x 7 =7 x a) 2 5 x 6 y 5 = 2 2 x 3 y 2 2y

9. Las simplificaciones son: b) 3

2 3 5 2 xy 6 = 2 y 2 3 5 2 x
15 5
a) a 6 =a 2 = a5 x7 x2 3
c) 3
3
= x
b) (ab )
12
4 = (ab) 3 2 2

4⋅3 20⋅3
12 60 27 23 2
c) a 6 ⋅b 6 =a 6 ⋅b 6 =a b2 10 d) 2
=
3 ⋅ 11 11 3
10. Los radicales irreducibles equivalentes son:
14. Expresado como un único radical:
6 8 4 3
8 4
a) 2 =2 6 =2 3 = 2 a) 3
2 ⋅ 23 = 3 24
b) 8
3 4 = 2⋅4 3 4 = 3
b) 73 7 ⋅ 8 = 3 7 4 ⋅ 8
c) 10
5 4 = 5⋅2 5 2⋅2 = 5 5 2
c) 3
x 2 x 3 y3 = 3 x 5 y3
d) 6
7 2 = 3⋅2 7 2 = 3 7
xx 3 y 3 x4
d) 3 =3
11. Las reducciones a índice común de los radicales son: y5 y2
a) m.c.m. (2, 3, 4) = 12
15. Expresado como un único radical:
(ab) 12 = (ab)612 = 12 (ab) 6 a) m.c.m. (6, 3) = 6

(2a ) = (2a ) ( )
1 4
3 12 = 12 16a 4 56 5 4 ⋅ 6 5 4
2
= 6 5 6 ⋅ 5 4 ⋅ 5 8 = 6 518
(6bc ) 14 = (6bc ) 312 = 12 216b 3 c 3 b) m.c.m. (3, 5) = 15
b) m.c.m. (2, 5, 4) = 20
3 30
15
(3 ⋅ 7)
2 5
(
⋅ 15 3 4 ⋅ 7 3 )
3
= 15 310 ⋅ 7 5 ⋅ 312 ⋅ 7 9 =
x 2 =x 20 = 20 x 30
= 15 3 22 ⋅ 714
1 4
3 5 =3 20 = 20 3 4
16. Los factores comunes extraíbles son:
(2z ) 1
4 = (2z )
5
20 = 20
32z 5
a) 3
2 3 ⋅ 33 a 23 b17 = 2 ⋅ 3a 7 b 5 3 a 2 b 2
6
b) 2 6 ⋅ 3a 13 b18 = 2a 2 b 3 6 3a
Página 22

12. Las reducciones son: Página 23

a) 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 8 = 120
17. Los cálculos y simplificaciones son:
2 3 2 4 4 2⋅6
b) 4 ⋅ 5 27 ⋅ 3 = 2 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 3 = 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 6
a)  3 2 2  = 2 3 = 24
c) m.c.m. (3, 6) = 6  
3 2⋅3
53 3 4 ⋅ 76 3 2 = 56 38 ⋅ 76 3 2 = 5 ⋅ 76 310 = b)  5 3 2  = 3 5 = 5 3 6 = 35 3
 
= 6 5 6 ⋅ 7 6 ⋅ 310 3 4⋅3

d) m.c.m. (6, 4) = 12 c)  6 3 4  = 3 6 = 32
 
2-4
 10 3⋅10 10 22. Las expresiones simplificadas son:
d)  9 2 3  = 2 9 = 23 = 3 210 = 2 3 3 2
 
a) 5⋅3
2 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 15 2 4 2 = 15⋅2 2 8 ⋅ 2 = 20 2 9 = 10 2 3
18. Las expresiones reducidas a un único radical son:
4
b) 2⋅3
(2 ⋅ 3)
2 3 6
⋅ 3 ⋅ 55 2 2 ⋅ 5 = 2 6 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 55 2 2 ⋅ 5 =
24 y4  2y 
=3  
a)
( )
3 5
5 4
 5  = 6⋅5 2 6 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 5 = 30 2 32 ⋅ 3 20 ⋅ 5 6 =

3 = 215 2 ⋅ 310 ⋅ 5 3
53 x 3 y 9  5xy 3 
b) =  
33  3

 c)
2⋅3
33 ⋅ 3 2 33 = 6⋅2 35 ( ) 2
⋅ 33 = 12 313 = 312 3
3
15x 4 15 2 x 8 6 225x 7 6 45x 7 23. Las reducciones a un único radical son:
c) = 6 = =
6
10 x 10 x 10 2 6
a) 36 = 3
4
x 10
d) = 4 x8 = x2 b) 6
212 x 12 y 18 = 2 2 x 2 y 3
4 2
x
9
19. Los cálculos y simplificaciones son: c) 29 = 2

4 6⋅ 4 24. Las simplificaciones son:

a)  3 2 6  = 2 3 = 28
 
2⋅2
a) 3⋅2
(x ) 2 2
⋅ x 3 x = 6⋅2 x 7 ( ) 2
⋅ x = 12 x 15 = 4 x 5 =
2
b)  7 3 2  = 37 = 7 34 = x4 x
 

c)  6 2 5  ⋅  4 2 2 
3 10
=2
5⋅3
6 ⋅2
2⋅10
4
5
= 2 2 ⋅ 25 = 2 2 =
15

b)
2⋅2
(x ) 3 2
⋅ x5
=
4
x 11
= 4
x 11
=8
1
=4
1
   
(x )
13 2
2⋅2 5 2 4
x 13 x x x
⋅ x3
= 215 = 2 7 2
25. Los resultados son:
20. Las operaciones y simplificaciones son:
2
a) (4 + 5 − 2 ) x = 7 x
 3 2 5  5⋅2 10

a)
 
5
=
23
2⋅5
=
23
5
=3
210
5
= 3 2 5 = 23 2 2 b) 2 5 2 ⋅ 3 + 7 33 − 2 4 ⋅ 3 = 2 ⋅ 5 + 7 ⋅ 3 − 2 2 ( ) 3=
 6 2 2  2
  26 23 = 27 3
2⋅6 6 c) 3a a − 5a a + 4a 2 a = 3a − 5a + 4a 2 ( ) a=
10 6 x 3 y3 26 ⋅ 56 x 4 y 2 1
(4a )
3 6 2 4
b) = = 2 ⋅5 y x = 2
3⋅3 9
x9 − 2a a
3 3
2 x 2 2 x2
d) 3 2 5 − 5 7 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 2 ⋅ 2 = 3 ⋅ 2 2 2 − 5 ⋅ 7 2 +
3 6 2 x4 1 1
= 2 ⋅5 y = 23 ⋅ 56 y 2
x4 x x + 3 2 = (12 − 35 + 3) 2 = −20 2
3 3⋅3 5⋅3
3 26. Las simplificaciones son:
7 ⋅ 23 x3 y3 7 3 ⋅ 2x 3 y 5
c) 5⋅5 3⋅5
= 25 15
= 3 3 3
1+
7 ⋅25 5
x 2 y2 7 ⋅2 5 5
x2y2 26 2 3 2⋅ 26 2 6 22
a) = 1 4
= 1 4
= 11
=
3 23 24 +
x 3 y5 1 x 3y5 3⋅ 22 ⋅23 3⋅ 22 3 3⋅ 2 6
= = =
72 ⋅ 24 x 25 y15 784x 12 y 7 xy 3 11 −1
1 − 1 1
= ⋅22 6 = ⋅2 3 =
1 3 3 3
3 2
= 9 2
784x y xy 5 3
2 2 + 3 24 25 3
2 + 23 2 5
33 2
b) = = 2 2
=
35 2 7 ⋅ 3 2 2 3 ⋅ 25 2 2 ⋅ 3 2 2
Página 24 3⋅ 2 5 ⋅23
5 3 15 15
21. Actividad personal. A modo de ejemplo: 2 ⋅5 3 2 ⋅5 3 2 ⋅5 3 5
3
= 16
= = =
3 2 15 16 3⋅ 2 2 15 6
a 4 4x 2 = a 2x → 4 2x , 6 2x , 10 2x 3 ⋅ 2 15

2-5
 5 + 3 5 ⋅ 22 5 + 3⋅ 2 5 7 5 3 5 2 7 3 5 2 7
c) 5 =5 =5 = b) ⋅ + ⋅ = +
7 5 4
7 5 4
7 5 4
5 5 7 7 5 7
1 21 5 + 10 7
52 5
1 1
− 5
1 =
=5 = 52 4 = 54 = 5⋅4
5= 20
5 35
1
54 7 2 3 5 7 2 3 5
c) ⋅ − ⋅ = − =
1 7 3 2 2 2 5 5 3⋅ 2 2⋅5
6 6 7 26
x ⋅x x x x⋅ x6 x6 7 ⋅ 5 2 − 3 ⋅ 3 5 35 2 − 9 5
d) 5 3 = 15 = 15 1
= 15 1
= = =
5 5
x x x x 3⋅ 2⋅5 30
x5 x5
7 1 29 31. Las racionalizaciones son:
15 − 15 15⋅30 29 450 29
x6 5 = x 30 = x = x 2− 3 − 2− 3 −2+2 2 3 −3
a) ⋅ = =
− 2− 3 − 2− 3 2−3
Página 25
=5−2 6
27. Las racionalizaciones son:
2 5 5 − 3 20 2 ⋅ 5 − 2 ⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 20
b) ⋅ = =
2 2 2 2 5 + 3 20 5 − 3 20 5 − 9 ⋅ 20
a) ⋅ = = 2
2 2 2
10 − 6 ⋅ 10 −50 2
= = =
10 3
5 2
10 5 3 2
10 5 3 2 − 175 − 175 7
b) ⋅ = = = 23 5 2
3
5 3
5 2 3
5 3 5 5 5 2 3 5 −8 2 5⋅3⋅5 2 + 5⋅8⋅ 2 5
c) ⋅ = =
4 3 5 −8 2 3 5 −8 2 9 ⋅ 5 − 64 ⋅ 2
3 2 34 2 34 2 34 2
c) ⋅ = = =
24 2 3
4
2 24 2 4 2⋅2 4 75 2 + 80 5
=
− 83
7
7 33 77 3 3 77 3 3
d) = = = a a+ b a a+ b a− b
57 3 4 7
33 5⋅3 15 d) ⋅ = ⋅ =
a+ b a+ b a+ b a− b
28. Las racionalizaciones son:

a)
5
⋅
3− 2
=
5⋅ ( 3 − 2 ) = 5( 3 − 2 ) a a + b  ⋅ a − b




( )
3−2 =
3+ 2 3− 2 a2 − b

b)
7
⋅
2+3 5
=
(
7⋅ 2+3 5 7⋅ 2+3 5
=
) ( )
2−3 5 2+3 5 4 −9⋅5 − 41 Página 26

c)
2
⋅
− 5+ 3
=
(
2⋅ − 5 + 3
=
) 32. Los valores de x son:
− 5− 3 − 5+ 3 5−3 a) x = 5
=− 5 + 3 b) x = 43 = 64
29. Las racionalizaciones son: c) log3 (3-3) = x ⇔ 3x = 3-3 ⇔ x = -3
x x x x x x x d) 10-7 = x7 ⇔ (1 / 10)7 = x7 ⇔ x = 1 / 10 = 0,1
a) ⋅ = = =
x5 x x6 x3 x2 e) x = (1 / 3)-3 = 33 = 27

b)
x
⋅
2− x
=
x⋅ 2− x ( ) f) x = 2-5 = 1 / 25 = 1 / 32
2+ x 2− x 4−x 33. Los cálculos son:

x−y x+ y (x − y ) ⋅ ( x+ y )= 1 −4
15
4
1 15
x
4
c) ⋅ = a) log 1 15 ⋅3 5 = log 1   = x ⇔   =   ⇔
x− y x+ y x−y 3  3  3
3 3 

= x+ y 4
⇔x=
5
30. Las racionalizaciones son:
−2
2 −2
3 3 2 4+3 2 2 4 3 −2
a) 2 + ⋅ =2+ = b) log 4 53 ⋅4 3 = log 4   =x⇔x=
2 2 2 2 5
5
5 
3

2-6
 3 = 3 loga x / 2 + 3 loga y + 3 loga z
17 3
c) log 1   = x ⇔ x = c) loga x + 2 loga y − 3 loga z / 2
5
5 
7
x
 3 
 1  4  Página 30
d) log 1
3 4 = log 3
4 4
3 = x ⇔ 3 =    ⇔
4  1 4
   3   P1. Las propiedades de las operaciones con potencias de
33
 3  
números racionales son también válidas para los
3x −4 ⋅ 4 16 números reales, y son:
⇔ −4 = ⇔x= =−
4 3 3 am · an = am + n
am : an = a m – n, a ≠ 0
Página 27
(am)n = am · n
34. Las demostraciones son: (a · b)n = an · am = an + m
1
1 1 1 (a : b)n = an : bn, b ≠ 0
a) log 6 10 = log 10 6 = log 10 = ⋅ 1 =
6 6 6 P2. Se dice que a es la raíz de índice n, n ∈ ℕ, de un
10 4 número b, cuando se verifica que a elevado a n
b) log = log 10 4 − log 16 = 4 log 10 − log 2 4 = corresponde a b:
16
= 4 ⋅ 1 − 4 log 2 = 4 − 4 log 2 a = n b ⇔ an = b

1 1 1
3
El radical n x m expresado como potencia de expo-
c) log 1 3
= log 1   = 3 log 1 = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 nente fraccionario es:
3
3 3
3  3
3
m
5
5 − xn
3 1 3 5 1
d) log 1 4 5 = log 1 43 = log 1   = − log 1 =
4 3 4 P3. Solo pueden sumarse radicales cuando son semejan-
4 4 4  4
tes, es decir, con el mismo índice e igual radicando:
5 5
= − ⋅1 = − a n k + b n k = (a + b )n k
3 3
El producto de radicales de un mismo índice es otro
35. El resultado es: radical del mismo índice cuyo radicando es el produc-
log 2 2 6 + log 2 2 −2 − log 3 3 2 − log 2 21 / 2 = 6 ⋅ log 2 2 + to de los radicandos:
1 n
k ⋅ n x = n kx
+ (− 2 ) log 2 2 − 2 log 3 3 − log 2 2 = 6 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 1 −
2 El cociente de dos radicales con igual índice es otro
1 3 radical del mismo índice y cuyo radicando es el co-
− ⋅1 =
2 2 ciente de los radicandos:
n
k k
36. Los valores de x son: =n
n
x x
a) log x 7 2 ⇔ x 2 = 7 2 ⇔ x = 7 Tanto en la multiplicación como el la división, si los
3 radicales tienen diferente índice los reducimos previa-
1 1
b) log x 3 3 = −3 ⇔ x −3 = 3 3 ⇔   = 3 3 ⇔ x = mente a índice común.
x 3
P4. Consiste en hallar una fracción equivalente a otra da-
1
c) log 2 4
= log 2 2 −4 = −4 log 2 2 = −4 ⋅1 = −4 da que no tenga radicales en el denominador.
2
1 1 x x
1 1
6 = ⋅ =
d) x =   = x x x x
2
  64
1
P5. El logaritmo en base a de un número y, es el
e) x2 =2⇔ ( x)
2
= 22 ⇔ x = 4 exponente x al que hay que elevar la base a para
obtener el número y:
f) log x 3 6 = 3 ⇔ x 3 = 3 6 ⇔ x = 3 3 6 = 3 2 = 9 loga y = x ⇔ y = ax

37. Las expresiones son: Un ejemplo sería:

a) loga x + 2 loga y + 3 loga z log 2 4 = 2 ⇔ 4 = 2 2

b) 3 loga x + 3 loga y + 3 loga z − 3 loga x / 2 = P6. Las propiedades de los logaritmos son:

2-7
 - loga y no existe si y ≤ 0, ya que ax no puede ser 
−1 −1
22   33 − 2 2 ⋅ 3 2 − 2 2 
negativo para ningún valor de x. c) 3 − 2 2 − 2  =  =
 3   32 
- loga 0 no existe, ya que ax no puede valer 0.
9 9
- loga 1 = 0, ya que a0 = 1. = =−
27 − 4 ⋅ 9 − 4 13
- Si loga y = loga z, entonces y = z. −3 −3
 3
−3    5 3 
38. Las simplificaciones son:    :3     :3 
 5   3
d) =  =
−3  2 2  2 2
5  5 2   5 25 
−3
 5
−3
 18 
3
  3 ⋅ 5  +  3     1  +  3  
a)  −    = −  = −  = −  =   6 ⋅ 5   2     2   2  
 2  3   2 9   18   5
−3
3  53 
 2 ⋅ 32  2 3 ⋅ 36  4  −3 3
= −  =−  53 ⋅ 2   34  312
 5  53 = 3 2  = 4  = 2  = 6 3
1 + 3  3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅2
−3 −3 3  2 
 32 − 2 2  2  5  2  2⋅3 2  2 
b)  
 : =  : =  : =
 2⋅3  7  2⋅3 7  5  7
41. Los resultados en notación científica son:
3
2 ⋅3 3
2 2 ⋅3 ⋅7 2 ⋅3 ⋅73 3 2 3
a) 2,712 · 10-8 c) 5,897 · 10-17
= : = =
53 7 53 ⋅ 2 53 b) -3,679 · 10-21 d) 1,794 · 10-1

39. Las simplificaciones son: 42. Las operaciones y resultados son:

−1 −1 −1 a) [3,84 · 1020] 3 = 56,62 · 1060 = 5,662 · 1061
 5 22   32 + 5 2 2   34 + 32 ⋅ 5 
a) 3 + : 2  = : 2 = 2  = b) [4000]2 = 16000000= 1,6 · 107
 3 3   3 3   3⋅ 2 
c) (12,167 · 109) · (3 · 109) = 36,501 · 1018 = 3,6501 ·
3 ⋅ 22 22 4 2 · 1019
= = = =
(
3⋅ 3 + 3⋅5 3
) 3
3 + 3⋅5 42 21 d) (3 · 10-12) -1 / (1,5 · 10-5)3 = (3·10-12) -1 / (3,375·10-15) =
= 9,8765 · 1025
2 2 33 3
⋅ 3 43. Los resultados son:
2 32 ⋅ 2 2
b) 3 2 = 2 = = 32 ⋅ 2
1 2 1 2 1,38 ⋅ 10 −7
:2 a) = 0,511 ⋅ 10 −30 = 5,11 ⋅ 10 −31
3 3 ⋅ 22 2,7 ⋅ 10 23
−2 −2
 32 3  4  2 ⋅ 32 − 3  22 8,54 ⋅ 10 8
c)  2 −  : =  : = b) = 3,88 ⋅ 10 −7
1 2 27  2  3 3 2,2 ⋅ 1015

22 22 2 2 ⋅ 33 3 44. Las reducciones son:

= : = =
[3 ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3 − 1)] 2
3 3 2
2 ⋅3 ⋅5 2 2
5 2
a) mcm (2, 5, 3) = 30

5 = 30 515 5
4 = 30 4 6 6 = 30 610
x2
( ) x2 x6 3
−2 1
d) : x2 = : =
22 22 x 4 22 b) mcm (2, 3, 6) = 6

40. Las simplificaciones son: 32 = 6 32 3 3

10 = 6 10 2

7
−2
2 32 2 32 ⋅ 7 9 c) mcm (2, 5, 3) = 30
a)   : = : = =
3 7 7 2 7 7 2 ⋅ 2 14 7 = 30 715 5
14 = 30 146 3
16 = 30 1610
−2
2 2 32 2 32 ⋅ 5 d) mcm (2, 4, 3) = 12
1+   : 1+ : 1+
3 5 22 5 2 3
3 = 12 3 6 4
8 = 12 8 3
b) = = = 3
4 = 12 4 4
 11 
−1 6 50
  + 22 + 22
6 11 11 45. Las reducciones al mismo índice son:

23 + 32 ⋅ 5 a) mcm (2, 3, 4) = 12
8 + 45
23 (8 + 45) ⋅ 11 583 4
x 3 = 12 x 9
= 8 = xy = 12 x 6 y 6 xy 6 = 12 x 4 y 24
3
= =
50 50 8 ⋅ 50 400
11 11 b) mcm (2, 4, 6) = 12

2-8
 5 1
6
x 3 = 12 x18 4
3x = 12 33 x 3 x 5 = 12 x10 3 2
c) 5 5 ⋅ 7 5 = 5 ⋅ 7 5 = 6 2 3 5 3
7 ⋅ 53 ⋅ 53 = 7 ⋅ 52
c) mcm (2, 5, 3) = 30  1 2 9  41
d) (2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ) ⋅  x 2 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x 4  = 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 12 =
a = 30 a15 5
2a = 30 26 a 6 3
3a = 30 310 a 10  
 
d) mcm (2, 4, 3) = 12
= 2 2 ⋅ 3x 3 12 x 5
3
mn = 12 m 6 n 6 4
mn 3 = 12 m 3 n 9 n 2 = 12 n 8 53. Los radicales resultantes son:
46. Los valores son: a) 2 2 ⋅ 5 = 20
a) 8 2
b) 7 2 ⋅ 2 = 98
b) 15 2
3
c) 2 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 3 2 5 = 3 32
c) 10 3
5
d) 310 ⋅ 2 6 = 5 3779136
d) 9 3
4
e) 26 = 2 22
Página 31
3
f) 6 4 = 63 6
54. Las simplificaciones son:
3
g) 3 5 = 33 3 2 12
a) 26 = 2
h) 3
6 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 63 2 2 8
b) 54 = 5
47. Los factores extraíbles son:
x 9 y5 4 8 4
a) a2b3z c) 4 = x y = x2y
xy
b) y 2 6 (2 x ) 3 = y 2 2 x
c) 9x2 d) 12
2 9 ⋅ 5 3 = 4⋅3 2 3 ⋅ 5 ( )
3
= 4 23 ⋅ 5
d) 2x2 e) 2 3
2 3
e) 9x y
33 ⋅ 2x 4 y 6
f) 6xy2z f) 3 = 3 3 3 x 3 y 3 = 3xy
2 xy 3
48. Los radicales serán:

a) 4x 3
b) 32x 5
c) 3 4
54a b 7 g) 3⋅3
(2 6
⋅ 33 )
3
= 3 2 6 ⋅ 33 = 2 2 ⋅ 3

49. Los factores extraíbles son: h) 3

(2 ) 2 6
= 3 212 = 2 4
a) 12x 2 z 3 xy b) 25y 4 z 5 xz c) 3xy 4 2xz
27
i) 5
= 22 = 2
50. Los factores extraíbles son: 2

2 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ (x + y ) ⋅ z 6 = 3 2 ⋅ (x + y ) ⋅ z 3 2
4 2
a) 55. La expresión simplificada es:

b) 3
7 3 a 3 ⋅ (b − c ) = 7a ⋅ (b − c )
6 2
(2 + 3 )⋅ (2 − 3 ) = 22 − ( 3) 2
= 4 − 3 = 1 =1

51. Las reducciones son: 56. Los cálculos son:

a) 2 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 25 = 29 = 2 4 2 a) 8
28 = 2

b) 2 2 5 ⋅ 3 2 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 2 = b) 4
212 = 2 3
9
= 2 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 2 = 2 8 ⋅ 3 7 ⋅ 5 = c) a 18 b 27 = a 2 b 3

= 2 4 ⋅ 33 3 ⋅ 5 57. Los resultados de las operaciones son:

52. Las reducciones son: a) 3 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 5 2 − 2 − 2 3 = (3 + 5 − 1 − 2) 2 =
3
a) 2 2 x 4 = x3 2 2 x =5 2
b) x 4 ⋅ (x + 1) = x 2 x + 1 b) (
35 + 3 3 ⋅ 5 2 − 2 3 ⋅ 7 2 = 3 2 + 3 ⋅ 5 − 2 ⋅ 7 3 = )
2-9
 = 10 3
=3 20
(x )17 2
= 60
x 34
= 60 x 9 = 20 x 3
c) 3 4 ⋅ 2x 3 − 4 3 2 ⋅ 2x 5 − 5 2 5 x 7 = (x ) 5 5 x 25
(
= 3 2 x − 4 ⋅ 3x 2 − 5 ⋅ 2 2 x 3 ) 2x =
62. Las racionalizaciones son:
= (9 x − 12x 2
− 20x 3 ) 2x
2 5 2⋅ 5
a) ⋅ =
d) 3
3 ⋅ 5 + 4 5 ⋅ 2 − 6 5 = (3 + 4 ⋅ 2 − 6 ⋅ 5) 5 =
3 3 3 3 4
5 5 5
3
= −19 5 3 4
53 3 ⋅ 4 53
b) ⋅ =
24 5 4
53 2⋅5
58. Los resultados de las operaciones son:
14
a) (3 + 4 ) ⋅ 2 7 x 3 − 2 2 5 x 3 − 3 2 ⋅ 2 5 x 3 + 2 311 214 311
c) ⋅ =
314 3 3 14
311 3⋅3
+ 4 2 x 3 − 6 2 ⋅ 2x 3 = (3 + 4 ) ⋅ 2 3 − 2 ⋅ 2 2 − (
63. Las racionalizaciones son:
)
− 3 ⋅ 2 2 + 4 − 6 2 x 3 = 34 2 x 3 = 34 x 2x
a)
12
⋅
5+ 2
=
(
12 5 + 2
=4 5+ 2
) ( )
b) ( 7 ) + 2 7 3 + ( 3) + ( 7 ) − 2 7 3 +
2 2 2
5− 2 5+ 2 5−2

+ ( 3 ) −  ( 7 ) − ( 3 )  = ( 7 ) + 3( 3 ) =
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2+2 3 6 2+4 3
b) ⋅ = =
  3 2 −2 3 3 2 +2 3 18 − 12
= 7 + 3 ⋅ 3 = 16 6 2+4 3 3 2+2 3
= =
59. Las simplificaciones son: 6 3

a) (5 x − 4 ) 2 = 5 x − 4 2 5 11 − 7 2 55 − 2 35
c) ⋅ = =
11 + 7 11 − 7 11 − 7
(2x 2
−1 )2

=
2x − 1 2
2 55 − 2 35 55 − 35
b) 4 2 = =
4 2
60. Escritas como un único radical: 1 1+ 2 1+ 2
d) ⋅ = = −1 − 2
1− 2 1+ 2 1− 2
a) 3 2 ⋅ 33 = 4 35
3 4− 3 3 4− 3
b)
4
2 2 ⋅ 2 2 28 = 8 2 4 ( ) 2
⋅ 2 8 = 8 216 = 2 2
e)
4− 3
⋅
4− 3
=
4− 3
=

6
c) 53 ⋅ 5 2 = 6 55 3 4− 3 4+ 3
= ⋅ =
d) 4
(2 )2 2
⋅3 23 6
3 = 12
(2 ) 4 3 6
⋅3 ⋅3 = 6 12
2 12
⋅3 12
=
4− 3 4+ 3

= 2⋅3= 6 12 4 − 3 + 3 3 4 − 3
=
13
e) 6
2 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 12 2 4 ( ) 2
⋅ 2 = 12 2 9 = 4 2 3 2 3
22 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 3 22 ⋅ 5 3
22 ⋅ 5
f) ⋅ = =
2⋅5 5
( )
3
2 2⋅ 5 3
22 ⋅ 5
f) 4
3 2 ⋅ 3 3 = 8 33 ⋅ 3 = 8 37
64. Las racionalizaciones son:
61 Escritas como un único radical:
5
2x x2 2x 5 x 2
a) 10
3 6 ⋅ 3 2 3 = 20 38 ( ) 2
⋅ 3 = 20 317 a)
5
x3
⋅
5
x2
=
x
= 25 x 2

b)
12
x 4 x 3 x 5 = 24 x 7 ( ) 2
⋅ x 5 = 24 x 19
b)
a−b
⋅
a− b
=
(a − b) ⋅ ( a− b
=
)
a+ b a− b a−b
c) 6
(2 )2 3
⋅ 2 3 5 2 4 = 30 2 9 ( ) 5
⋅ 2 4 = 30 2 49
= a− b

d) 3
5
x5x 2 x3
= 3
10
(x ) 7 2
⋅ x3
=3
10
x 17
= c)
3x
⋅
x −7
=
3x ⋅ ( x −7 )
2
4
x x 2 3 4
x 5 4
x 5 x +7 x −7 x−7

2-10
 d)
− a
⋅
ab − ac
=
− a a⋅ b − c
=
( ) 6+2 5+ 3 ( ) = 6 + 2( )
5 + 3 11 − 6 5
ab − ac = ⋅ =
ab + ac ab − ac 11 + 6 5 11 + 6 5 11 − 6 5

=
−a⋅ b − c( =
c− b ) 6 − 14 5 + 22 3 − 12 15
a ⋅ (b − c ) b−c = =
121 − 180
x− x x −x − x 2 + 2x x − x 6 − 14 5 + 22 3 − 12 15
e) ⋅ = 2
= =
x +x x −x x−x − 59

=
(
− x ⋅ x − 2 x +1 x − 2 x +1
= =
) ( x −1 ) 2
b)
3
⋅
2 − 3− 5
=
− x ⋅ (x − 1) x −1 x −1 2 − 3+ 5 2 − 3− 5

−1 −1 1 a − 2b 6 − 9 − 15 6 − 9 − 15 6
f) = ⋅ ⋅ = = = ⋅ =
(
3 ⋅ 3 a + 3 2b ) 32 a + 2b a − 2b 5−2 6 −5 −2 6 6

1 a − 2b 2b − a 36 − 54 − 90 − 6 + 3 6 + 3 10
=− ⋅ = = =
9 a − 2b 9 ⋅ (a − 2b ) − 12 12
68. Primero racionalizamos:
65. Primero operamos y luego racionalizamos:

a)
2⋅ ( 2) 2
+3+ 2
=
7+ 2
⋅ =
7 2+2
2
7
3 + 2 +3 5
⋅
2 − 3 −3 5
2 − 3 −3 5
=
2 2 2 2
=
7⋅ ( 2 − 3 −3 5 )= 7⋅( 2 − 3 −3 5 )⋅
b)
4 3 + 15 2 − 12 6
6 6
⋅
6
6
= − 46 − 6 15 (
2 ⋅ 23 + 3 15 )
4 18 + 15 12 − 12 36 12 2 + 30 3 − 72 ⋅
23 − 3 15
=
7⋅ ( )(
2 − 3 − 3 5 ⋅ 23 − 3 15
=
)
= = = 23 − 3 15 2 ⋅ 394
62 62
2 2 + 5 3 − 12 =
(
7 ⋅ − 23 2 − 22 3 + 60 5 + 3 30 )
= 788
6
2 3 2 +5 6 + 7
66. Primero racionalizamos y luego operamos: ⋅ =
7 −3 2 +5 6 3 2 +5 6 + 7
1 3+ 2 2 3 2 −7
a) ⋅ + ⋅ = 6 + 10 3 + 14 139 − 10 42
3− 2 3+ 2 3 2 +7 3 2 −7 = ⋅ =
139 + 10 42 139 − 10 42
3 + 2 2⋅3 2 − 7⋅2
= + 2 = 3+ 2+ 834 + 1250 3 − 161 14 − 60 42
3−2 3 ⋅ 2 − 72 =
15121
6 2 − 14 31 3 + 31 2 − 6 2 + 14 Luego realizamos la suma:
+ = =
− 31 31
=
(
15121 ⋅ 7 ⋅ − 23 2 − 22 3 + 60 5 + 3 30 + )
31 3 + 25 2 + 14 11915348
=
31
(
+ 788 ⋅ 834 + 1250 3 − 161 14 − 60 42 )
1 7 2 1 5 6− 2 5 3 11915348
b) ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ =
2 2 3 5 6+ 2 5 6− 2 3 3
69. Primero racionalizamos:
2 35 6 − 7 2 5 3
= + + = 2+ 2 3 +1 2 3+2+ 6 + 2
2 444 3 ⋅ = =
3 −1 3 +1 3 −1
222 2 + 35 6 − 7 2 + 740 3
= = 2 3+ 2+ 6+2
444 =
2
215 2 + 740 3 + 35 6
= 3 −1 2 − 2 2 3 − 6 − 2 + 2
444 ⋅ = =
2+ 2 2− 2 4−2
67. Las racionalizaciones son:
2 3+ 2 − 6 −2
a) ⋅
2
=
3+ 5 + 3 6+2 5+ 3 ( )= =
2
3+ 5 − 3 3+ 5 + 3 9+5+6 5−3 Luego operamos:

2-11
 (
2 3 + 2 + 6 + 2− 2 3 + 2 − 6 − 2 − 2⋅2
=
) b) loga x + loga y – (loga x) / 3 – (loga z) / 3 = 2 (loga
2 x) / 3 + loga y – (loga z) / 3
c) 3 loga x +2 loga z − 3 loga y − (loga z) / 2 = 3 loga
2 6 +4−4
= = 6 x − 3 loga y + 3 (loga z) / 2
2
d) (loga 3) / 2 + loga x − (loga y) / 2 − 3 (loga z) / 2
70. Los valores de x son:
e) 3 (loga x) / 2 + 5 (loga y) / 2 + 7 (loga z) / 2
a) 36 = 729 → x = 6
b) (1 / 3)−4 = 81 → x = −4 f) 15 loga x + 10 loga y + 5 (loga z) / 2

c) 54 = 625 → x = 625 74. Expresados como un único logaritmo:

d) 54 = 625 → x = 5
 5 x + 3 (2 x − 4 )3 
e) 4−4 = 1 / 256 → x = −4  
a) log
f) 53/2 = 25 / 5 → x = 3 / 2 = 1,5  ( )
 2 x 3 2 ⋅ (4 + 8) 


g) ( 3) 2
=3 →x=3  
 2x + 1 ⋅ (7 x + 4) 
b) log 
h) (1 / 9)2 = 1 / 81 → x = 1 / 9  3 x2 − 4 2
 ( 
 )
i) 9 =3 → x = 1
 7 4 ⋅ (4x )3 
j) ( 2) 18 9
= 2 = 512 → x = 18 c) ln
 (4x )8 ⋅ (7 − 5x )9




k) (1 / 3)64 =1 / 3.433.683.820.292.512.484.657.849.08…
Por lo tanto: 75. Los valores de x son:
x = 1 / 3.433.683.820.292.512.484.657.849.089.281 a) log x = log(23 ⋅ 5) = log 115 ⇔ x = 115
1/2
l) 16 = 4 → x = 16
23 23
b) ln x = ln 2 3 − ln e = ln ⇔x=
71. Los resultados son: e e
1 1 1 1
a) ⋅ log 3 3 −1 = ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ log 3 3 = − ⋅ 1 = − 76. Los valores de x son:
5 5 5 5
A3 C
−
7 a) log x = log A 3 − log B 2 + log C = log
1
−7  1 4  4 B2
b) log 4   = log   
4  =
1 1  3  A+5
   3     
b) log x = log(A + 5) − log
2
3 3 + log A 3 =
3
4
7 1 7
(A + 5)2 ⋅ A 3
=− ⋅ log 1 4   = −
4   3
    4 = log = log 3A 3 ⋅ (A + 5)
3 A+5
3
c) ln e 72 = 72 ⋅ ln e = 72
2
 A3 B 
(
c) log x = 2 ⋅ log A + log B − log 10 = log
3
 10 
 )
Página 32  
72. Las expresiones son:
77. Los valores de los logaritmos son:
5 2
a) log a x + log a y + log a z = 5 ⋅ log a x + log a y +
( )
a) log 32 ⋅ 2 2 = 2 ⋅ (log 3 + log 2) = 2 ⋅ (0,477 + 0,301) =
+2 log a z
= 1,556
( )
b) log a x 2 ⋅ y 4 − log a 3 z = 2 log a x + 4 log a y −
100
b) log = log 10 2 − log 2 = 2 − 0,301 = 1,699
1 2
− ⋅ log a z
3
c) log(2 ⋅ 10) = log 2 + log 10 = 0,301 + 1 = 1,301
(
c) 3 ⋅ log a (
x − log a y z 2 2
)) 3
= ⋅ log a x − 6 ⋅ log a y −
2 10
d) log = log10 − log 2 2 = 1 − 2 ⋅ log 2 = 1 − 2 ⋅ 0,301 =
4
−6 ⋅ log a z
= 0,398
73. Las expresiones son:
a) loga 2 + 2 loga x + 4 loga y + loga z ( )
e) log 2 2 3 ⋅ 3 2 = 3 ⋅ log 2 2 + 2 ⋅ log 2 3 =

2-12
 log 3 0,477 86. Al ser una raíz cuadrada, el radicando no puede ser
=3+ 2⋅ =3+ 2⋅ ≈ 3 + 2 ⋅ 1,584 = 6,168
log 2 0,301 negativo, por tanto el intervalo es: (-∞, 3 / 5]

( )
f) log 3 3 2 ⋅ 2 3 = 2 ⋅ log 3 3 + 3 ⋅ log 3 2 = 87. La simplificación es:

log 2 0,301
16
(ab)24 (a 3 b )6 ab 16
a 43 b 31 48
a 129 b 93 a 49
= 2 + 3⋅ = 2 + 3⋅ ≈ 2 + 3 ⋅ 0,631 = 3,893 = = = 48 =
log 3 0,477 3
a 4b6a 3
a 5b6 48
a 80 b 96 b3
78. La expresión es: a
= a 48
 33  b3
 4 36 2 3 
log a b c d  − log e 2 f 4  = 4 ⋅ log a + 3 ⋅ log b +
    88. Partiendo de la racionalización:
 
1
( 3
) 4
+ ⋅ log c 2 d 3 − ⋅ log e − log f = 4 ⋅ log a +
6 2 3 x + 2 y( x − y) =
x + 2 y( x − y)
=
x + 2 y( x − y)
1 1 3 4
+ 3 ⋅ log b + ⋅ log c + ⋅ log d − ⋅ log e − log f
3 2 2 3 x 2 y( x − y)
= + =
79. Expresado en notación científica sería: 5 ⋅ 10−6 g x + 2 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y)
80. Expresado en notación científica sería: 1,2 · 105 kg
x x + 2 y( x − y)
81. Expresado en notación decimal sería: = ⋅ +
0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 91 g x + 2 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y)

82. Expresado en notación científica: 2 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y)

1 día = 24 horas = 24 ⋅ 3.600 seg = 86.400 seg + ⋅ =
x + 2 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y)
La luz recorre 86.400 ⋅ 300.000 = 25.920.000.000 km
2,592 ⋅ 1010 km en un día. x x + 2 y( x − y)
= +
83. Primero calculamos el número de alumnos en 2005: x + 2 y ( x − y)
1707
≈ 400,45 alumnos 2 y ( x − y) ⋅ x + 2 y ( x − y )
1 + 6,783 ⋅ 1,05 −(2005−1990 ) + =
Luego en 2012: x + 2 y( x − y)

1707
≈ 514,35 alumnos x x + 2 y( x − y) x − 2 y( x − y)
1 + 6,783 ⋅ 1,05 −(2012−1990 ) = ⋅ +
x + 2 y( x − y) x − 2 y( x − y)
Por tanto el incremento del número de alumnos entre
los años 2005 y 2012 ha sido:
514,35 – 400,45 = 113,9 ≈ 114 alumnos 2 y ( x − y) ⋅ x + 2 y( x − y ) x− 2 y(x − y)
+ ⋅ =
84. Teniendo en cuenta que el tiempo (t) es el número de x + 2 y ( x − y) x− 2 y(x − y)
años transcurridos desde 1990:
a) 7,45 · 1,075(2005 – 1990) ≈ 22,04 ≈ 2,2 · 101 mill
=
(x + 2 y( x − y) ) ⋅ (x − 2
3
y( x − y) )=
(2020 – 1990) 1
b) 7,45 · 1,075 ≈ 65,22 ≈ 6,5 · 10 mill ( x − 2 y) 2

 25,47 
c) t = log1,075 
 7,45 
 ≈ 17 ; Por tanto en 2007.
=
x⋅ (x + 2 y( x − y) )3
−
2
( x − 2 y)
85. El tiempo de vida medio de la sustancia es:
p0
= p0 ⋅ e−0 ,0075 t =
− 2 ⋅ y( x − y) ⋅ (x + 2 y( x − y) )3

=
2
( x − 2 y) 2
1 = e −0 ,0075 t
2
(
x 2 x + 2 y( x − y) ) 3
−
ln  1  = −0 , 0075 t =
( x − 2 y) 2
2

t=
ln 1()
2
≈ 92 , 42 años
(
− 4 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y) )
3

=
−0 , 0075 ( x − 2 y) 2

2-13
 b) log4 (n3) = 3log4 n
=
2
(
x x + 2 y( x − y) )
3

− log4 n = log2 n / log2 4 = 6 / 2 = 3

(x − 2 y ) 4

Por lo tanto:
−
(
4 y( x − y) x + 2 y( x − y) )
3

log4 (n3) = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9
( x − 2 y) 4

Finalmente multiplicamos por (x – 2y)2 ambos tér- 95. Los valores son:
minos, para eliminar el denominador (x – 2y)4: a) log (4/ 10) = log 22 − log 10 = 0,602 − 1 = −0,398

(
x 2 x + 2 y( x − y) )
3
(
− 4 y( x − y) x + 2 x − y )
3 3
b) log  2 3 ⋅ 5 2  = log 2 + log 5 =
  2
89. Si 5 es divisor de n y n es un cubo perfecto, existen a = 0,4515 + 0,699 = 1,1505
y b enteros tales que:
c) log 1 − log 25 = −2 log 5 = −1,398
n = a3 = 5b
Pero entonces, a es múltiplo de 5 y, por lo tanto, n d) 2 log 1 − 2 log 9 = − 4 log 3 = −1,908
será múltiplo de 53 = 125. e) log 1 − log 128 = − log 27 = −7 log 2 = −2,107
90. La simplificación es: f) (log 5) / 2 − (log 18) / 2 = 0,3495 − (log 2 + 2 log 3) /

(
2 ⋅ 3 + 14 ⋅ ) ( 3+ 2− 7 ⋅ ) ( 3 − 2 + 7) = / 2 = 0,3495 − (log 2) / 2 − log 3 = −0,278

96. Las afirmaciones son:

(
= 2⋅ − 4 2 +3 3 − 7 + 42 ) ⋅ ( 3 − 2 + 7 ) =
a) Falsa. Puesto que si tomamos a = 0,1:
2
= 2 ⋅ 10 = 20 = 2 ⋅ 5 = 2 5 1 1
a = 0,1 ≈ 0,32 < = = 10
a 0,1
Página 32 b) Falsa. Puesto que:

91. Las demostraciones son: 4 + 4 =4≠ 4+4 =2 2

2
1 + 5  c) Falsa. Puesto que:
a) φ 2 =   = 1+ 2 5 + 5 = 6 + 2 5 = 3 + 5
 2  4 4 2
  4 + 3 8 ≠ 5 4⋅8
1+ 5 2 +1+ 5 3 + 5 d) Falsa. Puesto que:
1+ φ =1+ = =
2 2 2 6
a 4 b 3 a 10 = 6 a 14 b 3 = a 2 6 a 2 b 3 ≠ a 6 a 2 b 3
Por tanto se verifica.
e) Cierta. Puesto que:
1 1 2 1+ 5 + 2
b) 1 + =1+ =1+ = =
φ 1+ 5 1+ 5 1+ 5 n
a p b p a n +1 = n a p + n +1 b p = a n a p +1 b p
2 f) Falsa. Puesto que si tomamos los valores a = 8, b =
3 + 5 1− 5 − 2 − 2 5 1+ 5 1 y n = 3:
= ⋅ = = =φ
1+ 5 1− 5 −4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
⋅ = ⋅ = ≠ =
Por tanto se verifica. 3
8− 1 3 3 2
8 − 1 3 2 2 −1 4 −1 3 8 −1
92. La demostración es: 1
=
log y log x 7
log x y ⋅ log y x = ⋅ =1
log x log y g) Falsa. Puesto que si tomamos los valores a = 100 y
93. La demostración es: b = 10:
1 log 100 − log 10 = 2 − 1 = 1
log a + log b = 0 ⇔ log(ab ) = log 1 ⇔ ab = 1 ⇔ a =
b
log 10010 10 ⋅ log 100 10 ⋅ 2 1
= = =
94. Los resultados son: log 10 100
100 ⋅ log 10 100 ⋅ 1 5
2
a) log9 (m ) = 2 log9 m
h) Cierta. Puesto que:
log9 m = log3 m / log3 9 = 4 / 2 = 2
Por lo tanto: ( )
log a 2 − b 2 = log[(a − b ) ⋅ (a + b )] =
log9 (m2) = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 = log(a − b ) + log(a + b )

2-14
 i) Cierta. Puesto que:
=
( )(
a − b − c ⋅ a + b − c 2 + 2 ab )
4 2 2 2 2
c + a + b − 2ac − 2bc − 2ab
log 3
a2
=
1 a2 1
⋅ log 5 = ⋅ log a 2 − log b 5 = ( )
b5 3 b 3 6. La expresión es:
2 5
= log a − log b x3 4 y2z
3 3 log = log x 3 4 y 2 z − log 3 tu 2 =
3 2
tu
j) Cierta. Puesto que:
−1 = log x 3 + log 4 y 2 z − log 3 tu 2 =
1 1
log a = − log = log  = log b ⇔ a = b
b b 1 1
= 3 ⋅ log x + ⋅ log y 2 z − log tu 2 =
4 3

Evaluación de estándares 1 1 1 2
= 3 ⋅ log x + ⋅ log y + ⋅ log z − ⋅ log t − ⋅ log u
2 4 3 3
1. Las operaciones son:
7. Los valores de x son:
a) 3 5 + 6 5 − (2 5 + 4 5 ) = 3 5
1
= log 2 (2) = −1 ⇔ x = −1
−1
a) log 2 0,5 = log 2
 3 5 5 5  2 5 24 5 73 5 2
b) −  + + − =−
 2 3  3 5 10
  b) log x 27 = 6 ⇔ x 6 = 27 ⇔ x = 6 27 = 3

2. Las operaciones son: 1 1

c) log 3 x = −2 ⇔ x = 3 − 2 = 2
=
3 9
12
a) 2 6 x 6 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 12 2 8 x 10 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 12 212 x 12 =
8. El resultado es:
12 26 28 2 2 12 2 4 2 12 2 4
= 15 2 x = 15 ⋅ 2 x 2 x = 60x 2 x =
6
log 6 96 ⋅ 10 −3 =
1
6
(
⋅ log 96 + log(10) =
−3
)
= 60x 2 2x 2

b 80 60 a 30 60 c 80 60 10 50 60 =
1
6
( ( )
log 3 ⋅ 2 5 + (− 3) ⋅ log 10 = )
b) 60
20
⋅ 30
⋅ 20
= a b c = c60 a 10 b 50 =
c b a
1 1
= ⋅ (log 3 + 5 ⋅ log 2 − 3) = ⋅ (0,477 + 5 ⋅ 0,301 − 3) =
= c ab6 5 6 6
−1,018
= ≈ −0,17
3. Los cálculos son: 6
4 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 9. Para Andrea será:
a) 3 8     ⋅ ⋅ = 3 8   = 1
 3  3 3 3  3 globulos 1 ⋅ 106 mm3
51 ⋅ 105 ⋅ ⋅ 4 ,8 L = 2 , 448 ⋅ 1013 gls.
3 mm3 1L
8x 3 2x x
b) = = =4 x
4 3 4 3 4 3
16x 2 x x
Para Lucas:
4. Los cálculos son: globulos 1 ⋅ 106 mm3
47 ⋅ 105 ⋅ ⋅ 5,1L = 2 ,397 ⋅ 1013 gls.
3 mm 3
1L
6 3 32 186 3
a) ⋅ = = 66 3
3
3 3
32 3
10. La esperanza de vida será:
13 3 + 12 3 13 ⋅ 3 + 36 45
b) ⋅ = = =1 E = 27 ⋅ (2020 − 1910)0, 22 ≈ 75,94 años
15 3 3 15 ⋅ 3 45

5. El resultado es:

1 a − b −c a − b −c
⋅ = ⋅
a − b +c a − b −c a + b − c 2 − 2 ab

a + b − c 2 + 2 ab
⋅ =
a + b − c 2 + 2 ab

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