1. How to define System?

We use cars and bicycles to travel in our daily life. For them to continue, we fill with gasoline or
diesel according to the design of the vehicle. The system, which includes the processing of heat and
its conversion into useful work, includes thermodynamic processes. It includes nuclear power,
electronic heat sink and rocket launch thermodynamics.

Since thermodynamics deals with the mass system and not the molecular structure of matter, it is
known as macroscopic science.
Examples of thermodynamic systems are washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners.

A system that is delimited from the surroundings by real or hypothetical boundaries is known as a
thermodynamic system. The system and the surroundings together make up the universe.
A thermodynamic system is embedded in its environment or surroundings, through which it can
exchange heat with, and do work on. Boundary is the wall that separates the system and the
environment.

Example: In a car, the engine burns gasoline inside the cylinder and is considered as a
thermodynamic system; the radiator, piston, exhaust system and air outside form the environment of
the system. The inner surfaces of the cylinder and piston are considered as boundary.

Two basic kinds of systems are closed systems and control volumes.
A system which could exchange only energy with its surroundings and cannot exchange matter, it is
known as a closed system.
Example: Reactants placed in a closed vessel made of materials like steel, copper, and silver are an
ideal example of a closed system, since the material of the vessel is conducting in nature.
A cylinder in which the valve is closed is an example of a closed system. When the cylinder is heated
or cooled, it does not lose its mass.
A system which cannot exchange the matter or energy with the surroundings, is known as an isolated
system. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that thermodynamic processes do not affect the
total energy of the system.
Example: If the piston and cylinder arrangement in which the fluid like air or gas is being
compressed or expanded is insulated, it becomes an isolated system.
2. The first law of Thermodynamics?
The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to
another.
A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the internal energy (∆E) of
a system is given by the sum of the heat (Q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (W) done
on the system by the surroundings:
ΔE=Q + W

This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the
internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can be measured and quantified, this is the
same as saying that any change in the energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the
energy of the surroundings outside the system.
3. The meaning of P-V-T relation?
A PVT relationship is one of the forms of the equations of state, which relates the pressure (P), molar
volume (V) and the temperature (T) of physically homogeneous media in thermodynamic
equilibrium.
In this case, while forming rational empirical equations the general ideas of the statistical theory of
the equation of state or a character of density changes characteristic of liquids are usually considered.
The simplest are the so-called cubic equations of state corresponding to a cubic dependence of
pressure on a specific volume of a liquid and being a modification of van der Waals' equation.
As volume decreases, pressure increases.
As temperature decreases, volume decreases.
As the number of moles decreases, the volume decreases.

4. The conservation of mass?

“The mass in an isolated system can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from
one form to another”.
According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of
the products for a low energy thermodynamic process.
It is believed that there are a few assumptions from classical mechanics which define mass
conservation. Later the law of conservation of mass was modified with the help of quantum
mechanics and special relativity that energy and mass are one conserved quantity.
Law of conservation of mass can be expressed in the differential form using the continuity equation in
fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics as:

∂ρ
+ ▽(ρv) =
∂t
0
Where,

 ρ is the density

 t is the time
 v is the velocity
 ▽ is the divergence

5. The second law of Thermodynamics?

The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy
of the system. More simply put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated system) only
increases and never decreases.

A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and tidied,
will invariably become messier and more disorderly with time – regardless of how careful one is to
keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in
an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.