Chap 2 Limit Continuous

Limit, Continuous functions, Asymptotes
—————————–
Phan Thi Khanh Van
E-mail: khanhvanphan@hcmut.edu.vn
October 22, 2020
(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Limit, Continuous functions, Asymptotes October 22, 2020 1 / 30
Table of contents
1 Limit of a function
2 Asymptotes of y = f (x)
3 Continuous functions
Limit of a function
Example
1
Consider y = 3 − x2 when x → +∞
y We have:
lim f (x) = 3
x→∞
3+ε
3−ε
0 X0 x
Limit of a function
Example
Consider y = sin x when x → ∞
We have:
2 y @ lim f (x)
x→∞
1 y = sin x
−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

−1
x
−2
Limit of a function
Example
Consider y = x 2 when x → ∞ and x → 2
y We have:
lim f (x) = ∞
A x→∞
lim f (x) = 4
x→2
0 X0 x
Limit of a function
Example
Find the limit of f when x → ∞
a)
f = 2x 2 − 3x 3 = x 3 ( x2 − 3)→ −∞
b)
f = tan x @
x +3
c)
f = →1
x −1
d)
f = e −x sin x → 0
e)
f = e x cos x@
f)
f = arctan x→ π/2
Limit of a function
Effect of Elevation on Weight

If an object weighs m pounds at sea level, then its weight
W (in pounds) at a height of h miles above sea level is
given approximately by
2
4000
W (h) = m .
4000 + h
If Amy weighs 120 pounds at sea level, how much will
she weigh on Pike’s Peak, which is 14, 110 feet above sea
level? (1 mile = 5280 feet). When the height h is too
large, what can we say about W ?
Limit of a function
Example
Spreading of Rumors
A model for the number of people N in a college
community who have heard a certain rumor is
N = P(1 − e −0.15d )
where P = 1000 is the total population of the

community and d is the number of days that have
elapsed since the rumor began. After a long time, what
can we say about N?
Limit of a function
Definition of limit when x → x0

lim f (x) = a if and only if
x→x0
∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 : ∀x, |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − a| < ε
Definition of limit when x → ∞

lim f (x) = a if and only if
x→+∞
∀ε > 0, ∃δ : ∀x, |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − a| < ε
Indeterminate limits
1 0
0
5 1∞
2 ∞
∞ 6 00
3 0.∞
4 ∞−∞ 7 ∞0
Limit of a function
Properties
Given lim f (x) = a, lim g (x) = b
x→x0 x→x0
1 lim αf (x) = αa f (x) a
x→x0 4 lim = , b 6= 0
x→x0 g (x) b
2 lim f (x) ± g (x) = a ± b
x→x0
3 lim f (x).g (x) = a.b 5 lim f (x)g (x) = ab , (a > 0)
x→x0 x→x0
6 ∀x ∈ Vε (x0 ) : f (x) ≤ g (x) ⇒ a ≤ b

7 Squeeze
 theorem:
∀x ∈ Vε (x0 ) : f (x) ≤ g (x) ≤ h(x)
 lim f (x) = lim h(x) = a
x→x0 x→x0
⇒ lim g (x) = a
x→x0
Limit of a function
Example
Find the limit of y = x sin x1 when x → 0
We have:
y |x sin x1 | ≤ |x|
⇒ −|x| ≤ f (x) ≤ |x|, ∀x
Because
lim |x| = lim −|x| = 0
0 x→0 x→0
x ⇒ lim x sin x1 = 0
x→0
Limit of a function
Definition of limits
lim f (x) = a if and only if for any xn → x0 we have that
x→x0
f (xn ) → a
Remarks:
To prove that lim f (x) 6= a, we have to find 1
x→x0
consequence xn → x0 such that f (xn ) 9 a
To prove that @ lim f (x), we have to find 2
x→x0
consequences xn , xn0 → x0 such that
f (xn ) → a, f (xn0 ) → b 6= a.
Limit of a function
Example
Find lim sin x1
x→0
Choose:
1
xn = → 0, f (xn ) = sin(nπ) → 0
nπ
1
xn0 = → 0,f (xn0 ) = sin(2nπ + π/2) → 1
2nπ + π/2
⇒ @ lim sin x1
x→0
Limit of a function
Left limit
We say lim− f (x) = a if when x → x0 from the left
x→x0
(x < x0 ), we have f (x) → a
Right limit
We say lim+ f (x) = a if when x → x0 from the right
x→x0
(x > x0 ), we have f (x) → a
Theorem
lim f (x) = a ⇔ lim− f (x) = lim+ f (x) = a
x→x0 x→x0 x→x0
Limit of a function
Example
|x|
Find the limit of y = x when x → 0
(
1, x > 0
y y=
−1, x < 0
⇒ lim+ f (x) = 1,
x→0
1 lim− f (x) = −1
0 x→0
−1 x Then:
@ lim |x|
x
x→0
Limit of a function
Example
(
x 3, x < 1
Consider f (x) = when x → 1
x, x ≥ 1
lim f (x) = lim+ x = 1

x→1+ x→1
y lim− f (x) = lim− x 3 = 1
x→1 x→1
⇒ lim f (x) = 1
x→1
0 x
Limit of a function
Example
1
Find the limit of f (x) = when x → 0
x

1
y  lim = +∞

x→0+ x
1 1
y=  lim = −∞

x x→0− x
1
0 x ⇒ @ lim
x→0 x
1
How about lim e x =???
x→0
Limit of a function
Example
|x − 2|
1 Find lim
x→2 x 2
− 5x + 6
|x − 2| x −2
lim+ 2 = lim+ = −1
x→2 x − 5x + 6 x→2 (x − 2)(x − 3)
|x − 2| 2−x
lim− 2 = lim− =1
x→2 x − 5x + 6 x→2 (x − 2)(x − 3)
2 Find lim tan x@
x→π/2
Limit of a function
Some important limits when x → 0

sin x ln(1 + x)
1 lim =1 6 lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
tan x ex − 1
2 lim =1 7 lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
arcsin x (1 + x)α − 1
3 lim =1 8 lim =α
x→0 x x→0 x
arctan x 1
4 lim =1 9 lim (1 + x) x = e
x→0 x x→0
1 − cos x 1 1 1
5 lim 2
= 10 lim (1 − x) x =
x→0 x 2 x→0 e
Limit of a function
Some important limit when x → ∞

1 lim x α = ∞, α > 0
x→∞
2 lim ax = ∞, a > 1
x→∞
3 lim lnα x = ∞, α > 0
x→∞
lnα x
4 lim = 0, (α, β > 0)
x→∞ x β
xα
5 lim = 0, (α > 0, a > 1)
x→∞ ax
6 lim (1 + x1 )x = e
x→±∞
7 @ lim sin x, lim cos x, lim tan x...
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
α β x
ln x x a (α, β > 0, a > 1)
Limit of a function
Example
2x + x 4 − 3x 2 + 4
1 Find lim 5
x→+∞ x + 12 ln15 x + 6
4 2
2x (1 + x2x − 3x2x + 24x ) 2x
= lim 15 = lim = +∞
x→+∞ x 5 (1 + 12 ln x + 6 ) x→+∞ x 5
x5 x5
1 1 cos x−1
2 Find lim (cos x) x = lim [(1 + (cos x − 1)) cos x−1 ] x
x→0 x→0
cos x−1
.x 0
= lim e x2 =e =1
x→0
Asymptotes of y = f (x)
The graph of y = f (x) has
1 vertical asymptote
x = x0 if:
lim f (x) = ∞
x→x0
2 horizontal asymptote
y = y0 if:
lim f (x) = y0
x→∞
3 slant asymptote:
y = ax + b if:
lim f (x)
x = a,
x→∞
lim f (x) − ax = b
x→∞
Example
2
Find all asymptotes of y = √x
x 2 +1
Domain: Df = R: The graph doesn’t have vertical asymp-

totes.
2
lim √xx2 +1 = ∞ ⇒ doesn’t have horizontal asymptotes.
x→∞
2 2
a = lim √x = 1, b = lim √x −x =0
2 2
x→+∞ x x +1 x→+∞ x +1
⇒ f has slant asymptote: y = x when x → ∞.
2 2
a = lim x √xx 2 +1 = −1, b = lim √xx2 +1 + x = 0
x→−∞ x→−∞
⇒ and the slant asymptote y = −x when x → −∞.
Example
Find all asymptotes of y = ln 1 + xe

Domain: Df = (−∞, −e) ∪ (0, +∞)

lim − ln 1 + xe = −∞ ⇒ Vertical asymptote: x = −e.
x→−e
lim+ ln 1 + xe = +∞ ⇒ Vertical asymptote: x = 0.

x→0
lim ln 1 + xe = 0 ⇒ Horizontal asymptote: y = 0.

x→±∞
Continuous functions
The function y = f (x) is called continuous at x = x0 if
lim f (x) = f (x0 ).
x→x0
(
x 3, x < 1
y f (x) =
x, x ≥ 1

 lim x = 1
x→1+
 lim x 3 = 1
−
x→1
0 x
⇒ lim f (x) = f (1)
x→1
(
y |x| 1, x > 0
y= x =
−1, x < 0
1
0
−1 x
Theorem
The function y = f (x) is continuous at x = x0 if and only
if it is both left continuous and right continuous .
lim+ f (x) = f (x0 ) and lim− f (x) = f (x0 )
x→x0 x→x0
Properties
Let y = f (x) and y = g (x) be continuous at x = x0 .
Then,
1 αf , f + g , f .g is continuous at x = x0
f
2 If g (x0 ) 6= 0 then is continuous at x = x0
g
Example
(
sin x
x ,x 6= 0
Find a such that f (x) = is continuous
a, x = 0
We have: lim sinx x = 1⇒ f (x) is continuous at x = 0 ⇔

x→0
a = 1.
Example
(
x. sin x1 , x 6= 0
Determine if f (x) = is continuous at
0, x = 0
x = 0.
We have: lim x sin x1 = 0= f (0) (because sin x1 is bounded,
x→0
x → 0) ⇒ f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
Example
Find a such
( that f (x) is continuous:
ax + 5, x < 2
f (x) =
x 2 + 3, x ≥ 2
lim+ f (x)= lim+ (x 2 + 3)= 7

x→2 x→2
lim− f (x) = lim− (ax + 5)= 2a + 5
x→2 x→2
So that f (x) is continuous at 2, we must have: 2a + 5 =
7 = f (2) or a = 1
Thank you for your attention!

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Chap 2 Limit Continuous

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Limit, Continuous functions, Asymptotes

Phan Thi Khanh Van

October 22, 2020

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

Effect of Elevation on Weight

where P = 1000 is the total population of the

Definition of limit when x → x0

Definition of limit when x → ∞

6 ∀x ∈ Vε (x0 ) : f (x) ≤ g (x) ⇒ a ≤ b

lim f (x) = lim+ x = 1

Some important limits when x → 0

Some important limit when x → ∞

Domain: Df = R: The graph doesn’t have vertical asymp-

Domain: Df = (−∞, −e) ∪ (0, +∞)

We have: lim sinx x = 1⇒ f (x) is continuous at x = 0 ⇔

lim+ f (x)= lim+ (x 2 + 3)= 7

Thank you for your attention!

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