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MUNICIPAL WASTE RELEASED, MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING MAJOR

CITIES OF NEPAL

Technical Report · June 2020

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Rishi Ram Kattel

Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
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 ASSESSMENT OF
MUNICIPAL WASTE RELEASED,
MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING
IN SUPPLY CHAIN IN
MAJOR CITIES OF NEPAL
I
n Nepal, solid waste management
 
is one of the major environmental
issues, especially in urban areas.
While solid waste management
(SWM) has become a major concern
for municipalities and the country
as a whole, the status of SWM is
not fully understood due to the
lack of SWM baseline data, which
are also essential for effective
planning. On the other hand,
plastics based waste management
and recycling activities in the major
cities of Nepal have not adopted
sustainably.  Such a backdrop, this
research attempts to assess the plastic
waste released, management and
recycling in the supply chain in
Bharatpur Metropolitan city  and
Butwal and Hetauda Sub-
Metropolitan city in  February-
August,  2018. A total of 150 cities
household-level information (@
50 HHs/city) were collected using
a personal interview schedule and
a weekly total waste volume from
household level had been taken.
Further, waste collection, distribution,
management and recycling data
in the supply chain were collected
from street wrappers, small and big
Kabaadi shops and plastic industries
from cities using rapid market
appraisal techniques. A key informant
interview was conducted with municipal
authorities and officers as well as a
representative from the Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (CCI).
Government of Nepal endorsed the
Solid Waste Management Act in 2011
having objectives of maintaining a
clean and healthy environment by
minimizing the adverse of solid waste
on public health and environment as
well as mentioned the participation
of the private sector in waste
management and the provision for
waste management fees. In this
context, municipal bodies would
chance to formulate new local level
SWM policy and strategy that may
specify key policy objectives, guiding
principles and a clear monitoring
and evaluation mechanism. Technical
guidelines will also need to be
developed for issues such as organic
composting, resource recovery
technologies, landfill development
and operation with parallel linkage
with policy and innovative technology
for waste development.
This study revealed that about
47% of households segregate their
HH waste which is fund higher in
Hetauda (83.8%), followed by
Bharatpur (46.9%) and Butwal
(28.6%). About 6.7% of HHs havehad
public waste collection bin nearby
their home whereas 71.1% surveyed
HHs have known about solid waste
management. Only 46.5% HHs state
that waste management in the locality
is good and only 16.7% HHs are
educated about SWM by municipal
which is found higher in Bharatpur
(34%) and low in Butwal (3.2%). About
40% of HHs heard of the importance
of plastic waste recycling and the
majority (91%) express their readiness
to segregate the plastic solid waste
if the recycling program is set up in
the municipal area. It revealed that
49% of HHs concern about the effect
of human health and 40% concern
the effect on the environment from
solid waste whereas 68.9% HH have
preferred door-to-door type of waste
disposal system. Half of the surveyed
HHs state that the city waste collection
and recycling responsibility should be
taken by the municipal office. It is also
noted that 23.3% of surveyed HHs in
cities are practicing composting at their
form yard using traditional composting
methods (46.8% have used pits and
32.4% used compost bins).
 The household surveyed revealed
an average per household weekly
waste generation rate of 5.85 kg/
HH/week which is fund higher in
Butwal (6.44 kg) s compared to
Hetauda (5.57 kg) and Bharatpur
(5.42 kg). Out of total weekly waste
generation per household, 4.06 kg
is organic waste, 1.16 kg is plastic
waste and 0.63 kg is metal, glass,
paper, and other waste. The waste
generation rate could vary depending
on the season, month and day of
the week. The average per capita
waste generation rate of 1.12 kg
per week. The household-level waste
composition analysis indicates that
the highest waste fraction is organic
matter (69.4%), followed by plastic
(19.8%) and 10.8% are metal, glass,
paper, textiles, rubbers, and leather.
The plastic waste composition at
household source is found higher
in Bharatpur (29.6%), followed by
Hetauda (21.4%) and Butwal (3.8%).
For institutional establishments
and sectors, the average daily waste
generation is 5.3 kg (6.5 kg from
Bharatpur, 4.5 kg from Hetauda and
5 kg from Butwal), 1.9 kg per office
(2.5 kg from Bharatpur, 1.8 kg from
Hetauda and 1.5 kg from Butwal)
and 97.2 kg per hospital (125.5
kg from Bharatpur, 88 kg from
Hetauda and 78 kg from Hetauda).
The composition of institutional
waste is 30.5% organic, 29.8%
plastic and 39.7% other. Similarly,
the average daily waste generation
from commercial establishments
is 2.1 kg per shop and 9 kg per
hotel or restaurant. On an average
44.1% organic matter, 26.5% plastic
and 29.4% other are found in the
commercial waste composition. It
revealed that 20.75 kg organic/
degradable waste, 3.81% plastic
waste and 0.44 kg glasses are found
from 25 kg random weight sampled
from city dumping sites with the
composition of 83% organic matter,
15.2% plastic, and 1.8% glasses.
It is also noted that 23.3% of
surveyed HHs in cities are practicing
composting at their form yard using
traditional composting methods
(46.8% have used pits and 32.4%
used compost bins). The household-
level waste composition analysis
indicates that the highest waste
fraction is organic matter (69.4%),
followed by plastic (19.8%) and
10.8% are metal, glass, paper,
“We are living on
this planet as if we
had another one
to go to.”
-Terri Swearingen-
textiles, rubbers, and leather.
The plastic waste composition at
household source is found higher
in Bharatpur (29.6%), followed
by Hetauda (21.4%) and Butwal
(3.8%). The average per capita waste
generation per day is found to be
160 gram ranging 141-177 gram
having 19.5% plastic waste in cities.
For institutional establishments and
sectors, the average daily waste
generation is 5.3 kg. The composition
of institutional waste is 30.5%
organic, 29.8% plastic and 39.7%
other. Similarly, the average daily
waste generation from commercial
establishments is 2.1 kg per shop and
9 kg per hotel or restaurant. On an
average 44.1% organic matter, 26.5%
plastic and 29.4% other are found in
the commercial waste composition.
The composition of city dumping sites
waste is 83% organic matter, 15.2%
plastic and 1.8% glasses from 25 kg
random weight sampled from city
dumping sites. A total of 7789.1 MT
plastic wastes per year are going
to land filling/dumping sites from
Bharatpur, Butwal and Hetauda cities.
In supply chain management of
plastic waste use, reuse and recycling,
households, institutional and
commercial establishments are major
sources of waste release in the city.
Municipal offices, private companies
in the PPP model, street wrappers,
small and big Kabaadi shops are
collected city waste. Municipal office
and company collect waste from
households, institutional, commercial
establishments’ area and carry out
wastes in the city dumping/landfill
sites. Plastic and other recyclable
wastes are traded by street wrappers
and Kabaadi shops to the recycling
industries. About 500 street wrappers
in Butwal, 150-200 in Bharatpur and
250 in Hetauda are found whereas
52 small and big Kabaadi shops in
Butwal, 105 in Bharatpur and 53 in
Hetauda are identified. About 224.7
kg recyclable wastes are collected
from each street wrapper in a week
with a composition of 6.74% plastic
and they sell plastic waste at price
NRs. 14/kg ranging from 10-20/kg.
Kabaadi shop has collected 1335.2
kg recyclable waste in a week with
the composition of 14.02% plastic
material and the selling price of
plastic waste from Kabaadi is
NRs. 18.7/kg ranging from
12-30/kg. On average each
street wrapper has generated an
income of NRs. 1668 and each
Kabaadi shop has also generated an
income of NRs. 12362 in a week from
waste collection and trade. Major
enables and supporters in plastic solid
waste supply chain management are
municipal office, private companies in
PPP model, Chamber of Commerce
and Industries (CCI), CBOs and I/
NGOs at city level whereas the
Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD), Ministry of Federal Affairs
and General Administration
(MoFAGA), Ministry of Agriculture
and Livestock Development (MoALD),
Ministry of Industry, Commerce
and Supply (MoICS) and Solid
Waste Management Act (2011)
are major regulation and policy
influencing enablers at regional and
national  level.
Major plastic recycling industries
are located in Butwal and Birgunj
cities nearby study areas. Cost-
benefit analysis of plastic industries
revealed that plastic industries using
recycling plastic waste are found
highly profitable as compared to
plastic granules using industries
(recycling materials non-using)
with the low initial investment. The
benefit-cost (B/C) ratio is found
higher for recycling plastic waste
using industries in both Butwal (2.75)
and Birgunj (1.66) as compared to
plastic granules using industries in
Butwal (1.40) and Birgunj (1.04).
Currently, 52 MT from Butwal,
55-65 MT from Bharatpur and 25
MT from Hetauda city collect waste
daily collected from all sectors and
filled up in city dumping cites without
any composting plants and recycling
and scientific waste management
practices from municipal office and
its PPP model private companies.
Total 25-30 plastic recycling
industries can be established in
three cities whereas 17881 MT
organic fertilizer per year can be
produced from degradable waste
in three cities whereas NRs. 268.22
million (the US $ 2.62 million) worth
from three cities will be earned per
year. In supply chain management
of plastic waste use, reuse and
recycling, households, institutional
and commercial establishments are
major sources of waste release in
the  city.
Based on the key research findings,
it is suggested that the municipal office
needs to develop an appropriate
policy and strategy framework based
on the SWM act 2011 together with
technical guidelines on key issues such
as organic composting, recycling and
landfill operation from dumping sites.
This study suggests that municipal
office needs to develop an appropriate
policy and strategy framework
together with technical guidelines on
key issues such as organic composting,
recycling and landfill operation
from dumping sites. Furthermore,
public awareness and private sector
involvement mechanisms should
be promoted for reducing, reuse,
reduce and recycle (4R) of plastic
waste as well as participatory market
system development of solid waste in
supply chain management through
the involvement of all concerned
stakeholders.
Article by:

Mr. Rishi Ram Kattel

Mr. Rishi Ram Kattel is an academic with extensive practical and field experience within the agriculture sector in
Nepal. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management,
Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. His primary research
focuses on value chain analysis, migration impacts assessment and gender in agriculture analysis. He has over
12 years’ experience working on value chain and supply chain diagnostic on high-value commodities and crop
seeds, municipal solid waste management assessment of outmigration, gender analysis, participatory market
system development and is familiar with a range of research and analysis methods, including the use Global
Value Chain Mapping and a variety of statistical and qualitative research techniques. His work includes several
studies and publications focused on value chain analysis, smallholder commercialization, gender analysis,
IPM evaluation, particularly concerning issues related to financing. He has a strong publication record and an
extensive network within the national NGO government and  university  sectors.

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