December 13, 2011

December 13, 2011

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.07 Rev. 01

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 PLAN AND PROFILE DRAWINGS

2.1 General
2.2 Drawing Preparation
2.3 Features of Plan and Profile Drawings

3.0 SAG TEMPLATES

3.1 General
3.2 Sag Template Curves
3.3 Sag Template Design
3.4 Sag Template Preparation

4.0 STRUCTURE SPOTTING

4.1 General
4.2 Preparation for Structure Spotting
4.3 Preliminary Reconnaissance of Plan and Profile
4.4 Structure Spotting Procedure
4.5 Crossings
4.6 Insulator Side Swing
4.7 Grading and Uplift
4.8 Dead-ending
4.9 Structure Numbering
4.10 Other Considerations
4.11 Drawing Check and Review
4.12 Structure List

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

FIGURE TE-2207-0100-00 Typical Sag Template

FIGURE TE-2207-0200-00 Check for Uplift

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.07 Rev. 01

1.0 SCOPE

This Standard establishes procedures for the preparation of the plan and profile drawings
and sag templates that are used to locate structures on a transmission line route, so as to
ensure that the structures are used within their design capacity and that the transmission line
provides adequate clearance to ground, to the structure itself, and to objects traversed by the
transmission line.

2.0 PLAN AND PROFILE DRAWINGS

2.1 General

The transmission line plan and profile drawings serve an important function in
linking together the various stages involved in the design and construction of the
line. Initially the drawings are prepared based on a line route survey to show the
location and elevation of all natural and manmade features to be traversed by the
proposed line and location of features adjacent to the proposed line. The drawings
are then used to complete the line design work such as structure spotting. During
material procurement and construction, the drawings are used to control purchase of
materials and serve as construction specification drawings. After construction, the
final plan and profile drawings (as-built drawings) become the permanent record of
property and right-of-way data, useful in line operation and maintenance or future
modifications.

Accuracy, clarity and completeness of the drawings shall be maintained, beginning

with initial preparation, to ensure economical design and correct construction.

2.2 Drawing Preparation

Adequate control of field survey, including ground check (in case of aerial survey)
and proper translation of data to the plan and profile drawings are of utmost
importance. Errors which occur during the initial stage will affect the transmission
line design because a graphical method is used to locate the structures and
conductors.

2.2.1 Plan and Profile drawings shall be drafted on SEC Standard drawing sheets,
per SEC Engineering Drawing Standard SEEDS-I and SEEDS-II.

2.2.2 The scale of the drawings shall be as below:

Horizontal
1 cm = 20 meters for 69kV to 230kV transmission lines
1 cm = 25 meters for 380kV transmission lines

Vertical
1 cm = 2 meters for 69kV to 230kV transmission lines
1 cm = 2.5 meters for 380kV transmission lines

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.07 Rev. 01

2.2.3 Start the plan and profile drawing so that stations which are multiples of 20 or
25 meters (depending upon the scale) will coincide with the vertical lines of
printed portion of the sheets. Increase in stationing and structure numbering
shall proceed from left to right with the profile and corresponding plan view
on the same sheet. The change in station (station equations) shall be avoided
as far as possible. Profile stationing shall start from the proposed power
source increasing towards the supplied point. Usually the source point is a
take-off point, a first P.I. (point of intersection) or a tap point. The value of
the starting profile stationing shall be selected such that negative stationing
values shall be avoided in case of adjustments.

2.2.4 Horizontal ground distance shall be used in computing profile stationing.

When an identical distance is observed by a control traverse, the profile
stationing shall be adjusted proportionately.

2.2.5 Angles at crossing with power lines, pipelines, railroads, fences, etc., if not
measured in the field, shall be computed from the available data.

2.2.6 Elevations of instrument stations may be computed by reciprocal

trigonometric observations.

2.2.7 Elevation shall be adjusted to previously accepted values for identical profile
stationing. The forward direction shall be the direction of increasing profile
stationing.

2.2.8 Atmospheric and earth curvature correction shall be applied to trigonometric

elevation computations.

2.2.9 When change of station occurs (station equation), continue the profile line
using the forward station so that stations which are multiples of 20 or 25
meters will coincide with each vertical line on the plan and profile sheet.

2.2.10 Each plan and profile sheet shall end with a station point which is a whole
multiple of 20 or 25 meters and the next sheet shall start with the same
station.

2.2.11 The profile shall not be drawn closer than 15 cm from the top or 4 cm from
the bottom of the ruled section of the sheet. Heavy horizontal lines
representing elevations in the profile shall be labeled at each end of the
profile sheet at 4 or 5 meters vertical intervals.

2.2.12 Plan and profile drawings shall show the center line survey profile. In rough
terrains where side hills are encountered, actual profile under the uphill and
downhill conductors shall be required to assure adequate conductor-ground
clearances and structure heights. The engineer responsible for detailed design
shall collect all such information from the field and indicate on the profile
drawings. Existing features to be crossed by the proposed transmission line,
including the height and position of power and communication lines shall be
shown, and noted by station and description in both plan and profile views.

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.07 Rev. 01

The magnitude and direction of all deflection angles in the line shall be given
and referenced by P.I. station in the plan view.

2.2.13 A legend, identifying conventional symbols used to denote features on the

drawings shall be placed in the starting sheet, however it is preferable to
repeat this legend on every sheet. The legend shall also identify the center
line profile.

2.2.14 Full stations shall be indicated at 200 or 250 meters (depending upon the
scale) intervals.

2.2.15 Plan shown on the drawing sheet shall consist of either a photographic view
or a topographical view of the proposed transmission line route. The
photographic plan view shall cover 180 meters either side of the center line of
the transmission line and be located on the allocated top portion of the
drawing sheet. The photo plan view shall show centerline of transmission
line, structure locations and beginning and ending stations of the sheet.

2.2.16 Topographical plan view shall be located on the allocated top portion of the
drawing sheet. All topographic features such as railroads, roads, highways,
rivers, power/pipeline crossings, etc., shall be shown.

2.2.17 A drawing title block shall be placed on every sheet which shall identify the
line, and also include space for recording the personnel and dates involved in
various stages of drawing preparation, line design, checking, approval and
revisions.

2.2.18 Drawings prepared in ink or Mylar sheets provide a better permanent record;
however structure spotting initially should be done in pencil on blue prints
and transferred to the Mylar sheets after the drawings are approved and the
line is released for construction. The drawings shall be prepared with the help
of computer using CAD system as per requirements and format specified in
SEC Engineering Drawing Standard SEEDS-II.

2.3 Features of Plan and Profile Drawings

Generally the Plan and Profile drawings include all the necessary information about
the line route such as ground line showing chainage, elevations and major features
traversed. However, for complete and accurate design of a transmission line certain
additional information shall be required. The engineer responsible for detailed design
shall physically traverse the line route in the field and collect all such information.
This information shall include, but not be limited to, the following features:

2.3.1 General description of soil type, i.e., clay, gravel, rock, sand, sabkha, etc.

2.3.2 Mid-span side slope information in rough terrain which may affect the ground
clearance under the outer phase conductor

2.3.3 Phase sequence and identification of circuits

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2.3.4 Height of the upper most conductors at the point of power line crossing
including ambient temperature

2.3.5 Roads, railway lines, communication and power lines, pipelines (being
crossed and adjacent), etc., being crossed shall be marked on both sides of the
crossing point along with destination.

2.3.6 Water table depth along the line route shall be indicated in the final design
drawings.

2.3.7 Continuous longitudinal chainage including chainage of stretches like marshy

areas, water-logged areas, compounds and gardens, etc., shall be marked.

2.3.8 Levels shall be taken at every 30 meters along the line route. However, where
there is abrupt change of slope (over 30 cm in height), cuttings and shallow
portions, levels shall also be taken at these points.

2.3.9 Ground line showing levels

2.3.10 All structure positions with sketches at angle locations

2.3.11 Buildings including farm buildings and outhouses, trees and vegetation

2.3.12 Areas not suitable for structure locations, areas with difficult access or
foundation problems shall be highlighted.

2.3.13 Areas where shifting sand dunes could affect the conductor ground clearance
and requiring flood protection and traffic embankments

2.3.14 Areas requiring aviation warning devices such as spherical markers, phase
conductor lights, tower beacon lights and structure painting, etc.

2.3.15 Presence of side hills, valleys, wadis, farms, crushers, roads and median
configuration (height and width), utilities in the median and the street light
posts (when the transmission line is to be routed through the median of the
road)

2.3.16 Any other feature which may affect the line design or construction

3.0 SAG TEMPLATES

3.1 General

The sag template is a scaling device used for structure spotting and shows the
vertical position of conductor (and/or ground wire) for specified design conditions. It
is used on plan-profile drawings to determine graphically the location and height of
supporting structures required to meet the line design criteria for vertical clearances,
insulator swing and span limitations. The sag template permits alternate layout for
portions of the line to be investigated and thereby aids in optimizing line design for
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economy. Generally, the conductor sag curves control the line design. The sag
template for the overhead ground wire is used to show its position in relation to the
conductors for special spans or change in conductor configuration.

3.2 Sag Template Curves

The sag template shall include the following sag curves based on the design ruling
span:

3.2.1 Cold Curve

This curve shall indicate initial sag at minimum temperature of -1°C, no wind
and no ice conditions. This shall be used to check for uplift and insulator
swing.

3.2.2 Normal Curve

This curve shall show final sag value of conductor at everyday temperature at
no wind conditions. This shall be used to check normal clearances and
insulator swing. Every day temperatures for various SEC Operating Areas
shall be as in Table 07-1 below:

Table 07-1: Every Day Temperatures

SEC Operating Area Every Day Temperature, oC

Central 25
Eastern 27
Western 30
Southern 25 & 30

3.2.3 Hot (Maximum Sag) Curve

This curve shall show final sag value at maximum design temperature at no
wind conditions. This shall be used to check for minimum vertical ground
clearances. The maximum design temperatures of conductor producing
maximum sag for determining minimum vertical ground clearances shall be
as in Table 07-2 below:

Table 07-2: Maximum Design Temperatures

SEC Operating Area Maximum Design Temperature, oC

Central 80 for ACSR conductors
85 for ACAR conductors
Eastern
93 for ACSR/AW conductors
Western 80 for AAAC conductors
80 for AAAC conductors
Southern
93 for ACSR/AW conductors

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.07 Rev. 01

3.2.4 Ground Wire Curve

This curve shall indicate final sag value of overhead ground wire at
everyday temperature at no wind and no ice conditions. This shall be used to
check the relative position of ground wire with respect to conductor’s
normal position and mid span clearances in the special spans or change in
conductor configuration.

3.2.5 Ground Clearance Curve

This curve shall indicate the specified ground clearance over open terrain
from the maximum temperature (Hot) curve. This will be equal to the vertical
offset distance below any point on the hot curve.

These curves shall also be used to locate the low points of sags and determine
the vertical (weight) span length of conductors. A sample of typical sag
template indicating all these curves is shown in Figure TE-2207-0100-00. The
intersection of curves with the vertical axis line represents the low point
position of the sag.

3.3 Sag Template Design

3.3.1 For a given conductor, ruling span, design conditions and temperature, sag
values shall be determined using a computer program. The template shall be
made to include spans three or four times as long as the normal level ground
span to allow for spotting structures on steep sloping terrain. To obtain values
for plotting the sag curves, sag values for the ruling span are extended for
shorter and longer spans than the ruling span. The sag values used for the
template may be calculated with the following formula:
2
 L 
S  S RS  (Eq. 7-1)
 L RS 
Where:

S = Sag of other span in meters

SRS = Sag of the ruling span in meters
L = Length of other span in meters
LRS = Length of ruling span in meters

3.3.2 The template shall be cut to include a minimum of 0.60 meter additional
clearance than the specified to account for possible minor shifts in structure
location and for the errors in plotting the profile. The sag template drawing
shall be made to have the same scales as the plan and profile sheets and the
data required for the preparation of template shall be per TES-P-122.03 for
the specified conductor, ruling span and loading conditions.

3.3.3 A new template shall be prepared for each line where there is any variation in
voltage, conductor size, loading condition, design tension or ruling span. A
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change in any one of these factors may affect the design characteristics of the
template.

3.3.4 In case of steep slopes, where the elevation difference between the two
structure positions is so large that normal sag template cannot be used, the sag
shall be calculated and the sag curves traced accordingly.

3.4 Sag Template Preparation

The sag template shall be made of dimensionally-stable transparent plastic or

celluloid material of about 1mm thickness. A contrasting colored material such as red
may be helpful when the template is used to check Plan & Profile drawings which
are blue prints. The curves are first plotted on paper using correct scales and then
reproduced or copied on the plastic material. To cut a template, the transparent
material is fastened securely over the sheet and the centerline and upper curves are
etched lightly by a sharp-pointed steel scriber. The outside edges can easily be
broken out and the edges sanded smooth. Structure height scales may also be drawn
or etched on the template or a separate template may be made for determining
structure height required for each type of structure used. The etched lines shall be
filled with ink to make them easier to see when the template is used.

Conductor size, design tension and loading conditions ruling span and descriptive
data for each curve shall be shown on the template.

4.0 STRUCTURE SPOTTING

4.1 General

Structure spotting is the design process which determines the height, location and
type of consecutive structures on the plan and profile sheets. The efficient location of
structures on the profile is an important component of line design. Structures of
appropriate height and strength shall be located to provide adequate conductor
ground clearance and minimum cost. Actual economy and safety of the transmission
line depends on how well this final step in the design is performed. The structure
spotting shall closely conform to the design criteria established for the line.
Constraints on structure locations and other physical limitations encountered may
prevent spotting of structures at optimum locations. Success of the effort to minimize
or overcome these special conditions can be judged by how closely the final line
layout follows the original design parameters.

4.1.1 Structure spotting shall be carried out using manual method or computer
optimization method. In case the later method is used, the results shall be
shown on Plan and Profile drawings and reviewed and finalized for
construction along with structure list.

4.1.2 In the manual structure spotting process, a celluloid/plastic template shaped to

the form of suspended conductor is used to scale the distance from the
conductor to the ground and to adjust structure locations and heights to
provide proper clearance to the ground, equalize spans and grade the lines.
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4.1.3 For a transmission line of significant length (about 50 km or more) there is a

very large number of possible permutations of line layouts (structure
spotting). In the manual method, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to
determine the least cost layout. For such a case, computer optimization
software PLS-CADD (latest version) or any other equivalent industry
commercial software shall be used to obtain an efficient and economical line
design.

4.1.4 A well designed and economical layout shall have the following properties:

a. Spans approximately uniform in length, equal to or slightly less than

the design ruling span. Span utilization factor (defined as the ratio of
average span to the design ruling span) shall be 90% or more.

b. Maximum use of basic structures of equal height and type. The basic
structure is the height which has been selected as the most economical
structure for the given design conditions.

c. The actual ruling span and wind span shall not exceed the design
ruling span (even if the design wind span is higher than the design
ruling span). However, under exceptional cases (such as a single span
between two tension towers or a stretch of very short length between
tension towers) longer or shorter ruling spans shall be acceptable
provided there is enough justification. For such cases new templates
shall be prepared for ruling spans which are more than 20 meters
longer or shorter than the design ruling span and the layout shall be
checked for the new ruling spans.

4.2 Preparation for Structure Spotting

The following data are required for structure spotting on a transmission line:

4.2.1 Plan and Profile Drawings

4.2.2 Sag Template

4.2.3 Table of required minimum conductor clearances over ground features and
other overhead lines in accordance with TES-P-122.09. Foundation reveal
above ground level shall not be considered as part of the structure height to
achieve the specified minimum ground clearances. The foundation reveal
shall be taken as an extra margin in clearance for SEC purposes.

4.2.4 Horizontal and vertical span limitations due to clearance and strength
requirements. The maximum and minimum wind span to weight span ratios
shall be established based on maximum allowable swing of insulators and
strength of cross-arms. Procedures for such calculations are described in
References 1 & 2 (Bibliography).

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4.2.5 Guy arrangements and anchor requirements for wood pole structures,
procedures for these calculations are also given in References 1 & 2
(Bibliography).

4.2.6 Structure height scale or template. For convenience the structure scale for
each structure may be marked on the margin of the sag template. Supporting
calculations shall be summarized in a chart or tabular form to facilitate
application during structure spotting process. This is especially advisable for
the standard suspension structure which has a greater range of heights.

4.3 Preliminary Reconnaissance of Plan and Profile

Before actually spotting the structures on the plan and profile sheets, it is
recommended to review the entire line route on the Plan & Profile drawings as well
as in the field and make special note of any unique features that are encountered.

4.3.1 There may be special features such as line angle points, highway or railroad
crossings, power line or communication line crossings, and high or low points
in the profile which will require special consideration and affect the location
of the structure. Such conditions often fix the location of structure, and it is
usually a matter of determining the most desirable arrangement of structures
between these fixed locations. In the sections of line where there is a choice
of structure locations, it may be desirable to make more than one layout in
order to determine the best arrangement.

4.3.2 The areas which may be subjected to wind or water erosion shall be
identified. Marshy land, waterlogged, low lying and rocky areas shall be
noted and effort should be made to avoid locating structures in these areas,
particularly the angle structures.

4.4 Structure Spotting Procedure

The process of spotting shall begin at a known or established conductor attachment

point such as a substation take-off structure or point of intersection (P.I.) and usually
progresses from left to right on the profile. The sag template is held vertically and
ground clearance curve is held tangent to the profile. After the structure at the
starting point is established and height is selected, the next structure height and
location is determined either by scaling or by use of structure template.

4.4.1 The template shall then be shifted and adjusted so that with the opposite edge
of the template held on the conductor attachment point previously located
with the clearance curve again barely touching the profile. The process is
repeated to establish the location of each succeeding structure.

4.4.2 The above procedure can be followed only on lines that are approximately
straight and which cross relatively flat terrain with the basic ground
clearances. When line angles, broken lines and crossings are encountered, it
may be necessary to try several different arrangements of structure locations
and heights at increased clearances to determine the arrangement that is most
satisfactory.
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4.4.3 The relationships of the ground clearance and conductor curves is also used
for spans other than level-ground spans by shifting the sag template until
ground profile touches or is below the clearance curve with the previously
established conductor attachment point (normally, the left) positioned on the
conductor curve. The conductor curve will then indicate the required
conductor height for any selected span.

4.5 Crossings

When crossing other power lines, the higher voltage line shall always cross over
lower voltage line. Structures of the higher voltage line on both sides of the line
being crossed shall be placed in such a way that the horizontal distance from the
nearest conductor of the line being crossed to the center line of the adjacent crossing
structure is not less than the height of the crossing structure.

The crossing arrangement shall avoid use of special crossing structures with heights
above 80 m for 380kV lines and above 65 m for 230kV and lesser voltage lines. The
height of lower voltage lines being crossed by higher voltage lines may be lowered
by placing gantry structures. Special crossing structures shall only be used in case no
other options are left.

4.6 Insulator Side Swing

Suspension insulators are subjected to side swing caused by horizontal wind

pressure. Conductor clearance to the structure is reduced by insulator side swing, so
it is necessary to limit the side swing in order to maintain proper conductor
insulation. Suspension insulators also deflect laterally at line angle locations due to
the transverse component of conductor tension. The horizontal force that tends to
swing an insulator string suspended on a structure is equal to one-half (1/2) the total
wind pressure on the conductors in the two adjacent spans. The vertical force that
tends to keep the insulator string from swinging is equal to the weight of the
conductor supported by the insulator string plus one-half (1/2) the weight of the
insulator string. The length of conductor supported by the insulator string is equal to
the distance between the conductor low points of the adjacent spans, which is called
vertical or weight span.

4.6.1 On rough terrains where each of the adjacent spans fall rapidly away from the
structure, the conductor low points, as indicated by the sag template, may fall
on the adjacent spans. However, the distance between the low points is still
the length of conductor to be considered as acting vertically to hold the
insulator from swinging. Excessive low-point distance can cause a failure in
the insulators, hardware or the structure. For all cases of wind and weight
spans the Factor of Safety for insulators/hardware under maximum loading
conditions (high wind loading) shall be worked out and it shall not be less
than 2.

4.6.2 The wind span to weight span ratio shall be calculated and checked against
the minimum and maximum allowable limits. In case it is beyond the

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allowable limits, following corrective steps are recommended in order of

preference.

a. Relocate structures to adjust wind to weight span ratio

b. Increase structure height or lower adjacent structures

c. Use of a different structure, one with greater allowable swing angle or

a dead-end structure

d. Add weight at insulators to provide the required additional vertical

force.

4.7 Grading and Uplift

The most desirable layout is to have spans of nearly uniform length that are equal to
or slightly less than the ruling span, a smooth conductor profile, and structure of
equal heights. The smooth conductor profile is a sign of good design. The conductor
attachment points at each of the structure shall lie in a smooth flowing curve to
equalize structure loading, as much as possible. This is called grading the line and is
an important part of the design of a transmission line.

4.7.1 Uplift is defined as negative weight span and is determined by the same
procedure as weight span. This condition shall be avoided if possible. Uplift
may occur in a rough profile where the conductor supports are at different
elevations. For example, refer to the three structures on Figure TE-2207-
0200-00. The conductor sag is drawn at an every day temperature, but as the
temperature decreases, the conductor will contract and the sag will decrease.
When the temperature reaches the minimum value, the conductor assumes the
position indicated by the cold curve shown on the template. Therefore, by
placing the curve on the template between the conductor supports of alternate
structures, it can be determined whether the conductor support of the
intermediate structure is above or below the cold curve. If the conductor
support would then be below the cold curve, the conductor would exert an
upward pull on the structure and this upward pull is the Uplift. Uplift at a
structure will cause the conductor to pull the suspension insulators up into the
cross-arm and with the horizontal post insulators; it might cause the
conductor to pull away from the insulator. Uplift may possibly be avoided by
adjusting structure locations in the profile drawings, to take advantage of the
terrain and by using a higher structure at the point of uplift.

4.7.2 If these methods fail, then the conductor must be dead-ended. Designing for
uplift or minimizing its effects is similar to the corrective measures for
excessive insulator swing, except that adding of excessive weight shall be
avoided. Double dead-ends and certain angle structure can have uplift as long
as the total force of uplift does not approach the structure weight. If it does,
hold down guys are necessary, if applicable.

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4.8 Dead-ending

In transmission lines that contain long stretches of flexible or semi-flexible tangent

structures between P.Is/tension structures, it is possible for longitudinal loads, such as
high longitudinal winds or broken conductors, to cause cascading failures. To reduce
the tendency to cascade and to control the extent of cascading failures, in-line dead-
end (anchor) structures shall be used at intervals not exceeding 5 kilometers for wood
structures and 12 kilometers for steel structures. These in-line anchor structures shall
be designed to resist the full maximum tension of all conductors and overhead
ground wires in either span adjacent to the structure, as if the other span tensions
were interrupted.

4.8.1 When it is necessary to use spans longer than approximately 1.7 times the
ruling span or shorter than one-half (1/2) the ruling span, the conductors shall
be dead-ended at both ends of the span and sagged to a special ruling span.
River, water or wadis crossings involving special structures or long spans
shall be handled as special cases. For such cases adequacy of horizontal and
vertical spacing between phase conductors especially in the hilly terrains with
steep slopes shall be verified for mid span conductors clashing/galloping.

4.8.2 Anchor (in-line dead-end) structures shall be installed adjacent to the

substation or switchyard and when crossing railroads and major highways.
Major highways as defined in TES-P-122.09 are; any primary or secondary
roads which are normally accessible to traffic with no restriction. These
highways are the backbone of the road network providing fast, safe and
efficient routes of travel between major cities/towns connecting two or more
regions and serve all international airports/seaports connections and military
installations within the Kingdom. Traffic on these highways is of primary
importance. If required, heavy angle structure may be used as a terminal
dead-end provided it is designed for this condition.

4.8.3 Every day tension in the slack span terminating on the substation or
switchyard take-off gantry structure shall not be more than five percent (5%)
of conductors/overhead ground wires rated ultimate tensile strength or 30% of
transmission line every day tension whichever is less. However, in no case it
shall exceed design tension used in the design of gantry structures. The slack
span shall generally be in the range of 60 m to 100 m. Slack spans less than
60 m or greater than 100 m shall require approval from SEC.

4.8.4 The deflection angle in the transmission line at the substation or switchyard
structure shall not be more than ten degrees (10°). The deflection angle may
be increased if the take-off/substation gantry structure is designed for greater
than 10° provided larger deflection angle does not reduce the clearance and
does not impose transverse load higher than the design load of the substation
gantry structure.

4.9 Structure Numbering

After the locations of the structures have been established, each structure is assigned
a structure number. The structure numbers are assigned consecutively, regardless of
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structure type, in the direction of increasing stationing. The structure number is

shown on the Plan and Profile drawings, and the same number shall be permanently
applied to the structure in the field.

4.9.1 The structure numbering shall begin at the line origin and will increase
toward line destination. The line name designation will be determined by the
destination of the line rather than the name of the main line. When one of the
existing transmission line circuits is made in-out at some other substation, a
unique sequence of structure numbering may be used for the new
transmission line portion (example: T-1, T-2, T-3 and so on, T being the last
structure number of the existing transmission line at/near the cut-off point).

4.9.2 The line name designation shall be according to the station name at each end
of the line with the first name listed dependent on the same geographical
directions listed above; i.e., the Abqaiq-Qurayyah line will be designated by
AB-QU.

4.10 Other Considerations

If maximum conductor tension or other limits are not exceeded, it may be preferable
to use one long span with adequate conductor separation over a depression in the
profile rather than use two short spans with a dead-end structure at the bottom of the
depression which may be subjected to considerable uplift at minimum conductor
temperature. Care must be exercised at locations where the profile falls sharply away
from the structure to check that the maximum allowable weight span as limited by
the strength of the cross-arm or insulator/hardware is not exceeded.

4.10.1 For long spans and terrain slope perpendicular to the line axis exceeding 5%,
uphill side clearance shall be checked with conductors in their maximum
transverse swing position. Side profile parallel to the center line at a distance
of 15m from the center of conductors at the uphill side shall be measured and
cross-section shown to verify the clearance.

4.10.2 Structures with adequate longitudinal strength shall be required at locations

where longitudinal loading results from unequal line tensions in adjacent
spans.

4.10.3 Structures shall be so located that risk of the foundation damages by floods,
shifting sands or other phenomenon is minimized. In areas of shifting sand
dunes, extra ground clearance per TES-P-122.09 shall be provided where
necessary, in order to ensure that movement of the sand dunes will not reduce
conductor clearance over ground below the specified minimum.

4.11 Drawing Check and Review

The completed plan and profile drawings shall be checked to insure that the line
meets the design requirements and criteria originally specified, adequate clearances
and computed limitations have been maintained. The drawings shall be checked for
completeness, accuracy and clarity. All structure locations shall be verified in the
field to check their suitability in view of foundations or any other requirement. The
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final drawings shall be thoroughly checked to ensure that wind and weight spans are
within permissible limits and lateral clearance to roads, railway lines, pipelines and
canal edges are as specified.

4.12 Structure List

After completion of structure spotting and review of plan & profile drawings based
on field checks, a schedule of transmission line structures, i.e., Structure List shall be
prepared. The Structure List shall include, but not be limited to the following
information:

4.12.1 Station levels and point of intersections

4.12.2 Structure numbers along with ahead-span, wind span, weight span and ruling
span, etc.

4.12.3 Structure types, conductor attachment heights, height of extension, types of

footing, deflection angles, etc.

4.12.4 Number and spacing of vibration/spacer dampers, spherical markers &

warning lights/beacon lights, structure footing resistance & grounding and
type of insulator assemblies, etc.

4.12.5 Features to be crossed by transmission line such as power/communication

lines, pipe lines, railroads, roads/highways, canals, etc.

4.12.6 Coordinates of P.I. stations

4.12.7 Structure painting (if required), foundation reveal and soil type

4.12.8 Specifications of conductor, overhead ground wire and OPGW and

controlling conditions used in the sag-tension data

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

5.1. Design Manual for High Voltage Transmission Lines, RUS Bulletin 1724E-200, U.S.
Department of Agriculture

5.2. Transmission Line Design Manual, U.S. Department of the Interior, by Holland H.
Farr

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