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16
UNDERSTANDING SHAPES-II (Quadrilateral1s)
1 6 . 1I N T R O D U C T I O N

we have learnt the angle sum property of a triangle. The sum of the interior
I nclass VII,
or a
i of triangle
a n g l e s o f aa
is 180 In this chapter, we shall learn the angle sum property
and other polygons.
drilateral
1 6 . 2Q U A D R I L A T E R A L

eEINITION
DEFINITIONN
Let A, B, C and D be four points in a plane such that:
(i) no three of them are collinear

i) the line segments AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect except at their and points.
and. with vertices
Then, the figure made up of the four line segments is called the quadrilateral
D.
AB. Cand because the line
Figure 16.1 (i), (ii) are quadrilaterals but (ii) is not a quadrilateral,
segmentsAB, BC, CD and DA intersect at points other than their end-points.
called the quadrilateral ABCD.
The quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C and D is generally
D

A B
A
(it)

Fig. 16.1
AB, BC, CD and DA are called its
n a quadrilateral ABCD, the four line segments
sides. called its adjacent sides, if they have a
ADJACENTSIDES Two sides of a quadrilateral
are

Common end-point. four pairs of adjacent sides off

Fig.16.1 DA and DA, AB are
16.1 i), (i A3, BC; BC, CD; CD,
(i), ii),
equadrilateral ABCD. if they do
OPPOSITE
ve a
SIDES Two sides of a quadrilateral
mmon end-point.
are called t s oppoSLte sides, not

In Fig. 16.1 a r e two pairs of oppoSite sides of the quadrilateral

(ii), AB, CD and AD, BC
ABCD
DIAG line segments AC and
BD are called its
in the quadrilateral ABCD, the
8onal
als
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16.2 ath
LBCD
ematics for C
lass Vi
angles, ZDAB, LABC,
ABCD, the and 2CDA
In the quadrilateral
2A, B , 2 C a n d LD respecti CDA
GLES
called its angles. These angles are denoted by
a r e called adjacent anglo
spectively.
ADJACENT ANGLES Two angles of a quadrilateral angles, if they
a common side as an arm. hau
n Fig. 16.1 (), (i), ZA, ZB;2B, LC; LC, LD and ZD, LA four pairs
are four pairs of
angles of the quadrilateral ABCD. adjace
OPPOSITE ANGLES Two angles of a quadrilateral which are not adjace
nt angles,
Rrown opposite angles of the quadrilateral.
as

In
Fig. 16.1 (i), i), <A, 2C and 2B, LD are two pairs ot opposite
eral ABCD
angles of the
the oquadrilat.
We observe that a quadrilateral has four sides, four angles and two diagonals.
quadrilateral does not contain its diagonals, except for their
end-points However,
16.3 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF QUADRILATERAL
A
Consider a quadrilateral
ABCD. Clearly, it is a plane figure. All points in the plana.
quadrilateral ABCD are divided into following three parts:
i) The part of the plane made up by all such
ABCD. This part of the points as are enclosed by
plane called the interior of the
is quadrilatersl
any point of this is
part called an interior point of quadrilateral ABCD and
the quadrilateral.
In Fig. 16.2, P is an interior point of
ABCD. quadrilateral
(ii) The part of the
not enclosed
plane made up by all-points as aree
by the quadrilateral ABCD.
of the This
plane iscalled the exterior of part
the
quadrilateral ABCD and any
called an exterior point this part is
of
point of the
In Fig. 16.2, Q is an exterior
quadrilateral.
ABCD point of quadrilateral
(iii) The
quadrilateral ABCD itself. B

Clearly, quadrilateral ABCD is Fig. 16.2

the
quadrilateral from its exterior. boundary of its
interior and it of
QUADRILATERAL REGION separates inte
lateral ABCD, is called the The interior of a

16.4 CONVEX
quadrilateral
QUADRILATERAL regionquadrilateral
ABCD. ABCD, together w quadr

DEFINITION A
side of the quadrilateral is called
quadrilateralquadrilateral
a
has convex
a quadrilateral, if the
ABCD is convexthe remaining vertices line
any

Vertices A, B lie the same side quadrilateral,

the same on
side of t. 1n Fig. 163
Vertices C, D lie on
on
because a-

the same side of line CD, Vertices

of line B, C lie on thesame side of line D
AB, and,
Vertices D, A lie on same siaside ofline BC

the same
the same s
 Shapes-ll(Quadrilater
erstandingS ha
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A E

Fig. 16.3
because the
1adrilateral EFGH shown in Fig. 16.3 (ii) is not a convex quadrilateral,
the opposite side of line GH.
rertices E and F lie on
points in its interior
the line segment joining any tuwo
Remark
Remark 11 In a convex quadrilateral
lies completely in its interior.
than 180°.
In convex quadrilateral the measure of each angle is less
Remark 2
a
Hence-
with convex quadrilaterals only.
Remark 3 In this chapter, we shall be dealing
will be assumed to m e a n c o n v e r quadrilateral
forth, the word 'quadrilateral'
only. interior.
Both the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie wholly in its
Remark 4
PROPERTY
16.5 INTERIOR ANGLE SUM angles
related to the interior
shall learn about a n important property
In this section, w e

of a quadrilateral and other polygons.

THEOREM 1 The s u m of the angles of
a quadrilateral is 360
D
or 4 right angles.
Draw one of its
Let ABCD be quadrilateral.
Proof: a
3
diagonals, AC.
23+24=2C.
learly, 1+ 22=LA and of a triangle is 180°.
Rnow that the sum of the angles
he
Therefore,
In
AABC, we have (i)
2
.

41+24 +LB=180°

and, in AACD, we have ..ii) B

A
L2+ 23+2D =180 Fig. 16.4

Adding (i) and (ii), we get +180°

( L 2 + 2 3 + 2 D ) 180°
=

Z 1 + 2 4 + LB) +
360° 2D =

(Z3+ 24) +
2B
21+ 42 LA and 23+ 24 =2B|
1+22) + + =

LA+LB+2C+2D =360°
angles of pentagon is 540°.
THEOREM2 that the
Prove of theinterior
sum

Join AC and
AD.
be a pentagon.
ABCDE
We =540°.

We have
2C+2D+2E have
that zA + 4B + in A ABC, we
to
kno prove
prove
h a t the s u m of the angles of a triangle
is 180". Therefore,
16.4
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()
Mathematics for Clas VIN
BAC+2 ABC+ZBCch =180° . .

Similarly, in triangles ACD and ADE, we have

2CAD+ L ACD + 2ADC = 180° .. (ii)
and,
EAD+ LADE + 2 DEA =180° .iii)
Adding i), (ii) and (ii), we get E ********************.
LBAC + LABC +
L BCA+ 2 CAD+LACD +2ADC
+EAD 2ADE +L DEA 180° +180° +180°
+ =
B

(ZBAC+2CAD+LEAD) +LABC +(LBCA +LACD) +(ZADC +

LADE) +
Fig.16.5
LBAE +LABC 2DEA
LBCD +ZCDE+ DEA +
=
540° 540
LA+ LB+ 2C+ LD+
E =540°
THEOREM 3 Thu
Proof: Let
sum of all the angles of a hexagon is 720°
ABCDEF be
We have to prove that
a
hexagon. Join AC, AD and AE.
2FAB + LABC+ LBCD +
In AABC, 2CDE + LDEF +
we have LEFA =
720

In
BAC+LABC L BCA + =
180° E
AADC, we have . (i) D

4CAD+
LADC + LACD
In
ADE, we have
A =180 (ii)
..

L
In A AEF, we DAE+ LADE + DEA =180° *****.
have (iii)
EAF+LAEF
Adding (i), i), Gii), (iv)
+
LAFE =180°
and .(iv)
( BAC + LCAD + regrouping, we
get
LDAE + 2 Fig. 16.66
EAF) +ZABC +
(ZBCA +ZACD)
LFAB+ LABC + +(2ADC+LADE)+(L
Remark 1 It follows from theBCD + 2CDE + 2DEF + 2 DEA + LAEF)++2AFE 2AFE==720°
(n23), above two EFA =720°
sum
we can
cut it
of all the interiorup into
theorems that if there is
(n-2) triangles with a polygorn o
a sides
angles of a the
(n-2) x180° polygon of n common
sides would be verte
s0

Remark 2 If there is a
=

(n-2) x2 right angles

regular polygon of n
=
(2n-4)
right angles.
sides (n2
equal to right angles i.e., |2- 3), then its t e r i o r angle 18
each irnter
90
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Quadrilaterals)
nderstanaNg
Shs

16.5
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
The angles
The angles o:
of a quadrilateral are respectively 100°, 98°, 92°. Find the fourth
Example1
angle.

Let the measure of fourth eangle be «°. We know that the sum of the angles of
De . We know that
Solution
a quadrilateral is 360
100°+98°+92°+x =360°
290+=360
x =360°-290° = 70°
Hence, the measure of fourth angle is 70°.
le 2 Find the value of * in each of the following:
Example2

7C°

Y60

130
A 60
()
(i)

30
E(

701 A60
(iv)

(it) Fig. 16.7

quadrilateral is 360°.
of the interior angles of a
Solution We know that the
sum
i)
130°+120°+x +50° 360°

x+300° 360
= 60°
* = 360°-300°
=90°(given)
(1) Clearly, ext LA 13

LA =180°-90°=90° quadrilateral is 360°

measures
of interior
angles of a
Since the sum of the
90°+60°+70°+x =360
3 6 0 ° = x = 3 6 0 ° - 2 2 0 °
=140°
220°+ x = LRQY
=60°
= 70° and
LTPX
(ii) We have, =110°
=180°-
LTPX =1 8 0 ° -70° = 120°
LTPQ = 1 8 0 ° - 6 0 °

= 1 8 0 ° - L R Q Y

and, 2PQR
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Since the sum of the measures of interior angles of a

Mathematics for Clas
pentagon s 540 V
LTPQ+ LPQR +2QRS+ZRST +ZSTP LTPQ= 540° +

110°+ 120° +x+30° +x = 540°

2x+260°=540°
2x =540°-260° 280°
* =140°
iv) Since the sum of the measures of a pentagon is 540°
*+*+ r +*+* =540°
5 = 5400°

*=108°
Example3 In the
adjacent figures, find (i) «+ y+z (ii) *+y+z+w

90

X30°

Solution Fig. 16.8

(i)
1202
Since the sum of the measures of
interior angles of
90°+2ABC +30° =180°
a
triangle is 180°
120+ 2ABC =180°
LABC =180°-120° 60°
Now,
=180°-LACB =180° -30° =150°,
2

and, x =180°- 2BAC =180°-90°

y= 180°-ZABC =180°-60°= 120
=90°
x+y+z=90° +120 +150° =360°
(ii) Since the sum of the measures of
is 360°. interior drilateral
angles of a
qua
. 120°+80° +60°+
LRSP =360°
=
260°+2RSP
Now,
=

360°LRSP =360° -260° 100

x= ext 2SPQ =180°-
Similarly, 2SPQ=180° -120° 60°
y =180°-80° =100°, z =
180°- 60°120° and w =180°-100
x+y+z + W =60°+100°+120° +80° =
360°
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uadrilaterals)
noNSLANaing 16.7

Example4
Ta quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B, C and D are in the ratio
: 3 : 4. Find the measure of each angle of the
We have, ZA: ZB:2C: 2D =1:2:3:4 quadrilateral.
Solution

So. let A =*°, B = 2:*°, LC =3:«° and 2D

=4x°
LA+LB+ 2C+ LD=360°
+2x+3x + 4x =360°
10x=360°

*=36°

Thus, the angles are:

LA =36', ZB =(2x36)* = 72", 2C =(3x36) =108°and, <D =(42)"=(4x36)° = 144°

Example5 The measures of two adjacent angles of a quadrilateral are 125° and 35° and
the other two angles are equal. Find the measure of each of the equal angles.
Let ABCD be the quadrilateral such that <A = 125, LB =35° and 4C=2D
Solution
By angle sum property of a quadrilateral, we have
LA+2B+2C+LD =360°
125°+35°+2C+2C =360 :4C= 4D]
160° +22C = 360°
24C 360° -160°
22C =200°
125
35
4C =| 100
Hence, LC = LD =100° Fig. 16.9

Example 6 One angle of a quadrilateral is 180° and the remaining three angles are
equal. Find the three equal angles.
Solution Let ABCD be a quadrilateral such that LA
=
108° and 2B =2C = 2D
Further, let <B = LC =LD =
Now, by angle s u m property of a quadrilateral, we have
LA+LB+2C+LD =360°
108°+ x +*+* = 360°

108+3x =360°
3:x 360 -108°
3x = 252°

* 252-84
lence, the measure of each of the remaining three equal angles is 84.

16.6
EXTERIOR ANGLE PROPERTY
ecalle aquadrilateral
Consider qu ABCD. The angles LA, LB, LC and 2D of drilateral ABCD
Called
f thessidesits interior angles.
OT quadrilateral are produced in order as
shown in Fig. 16.10, then Z1, 22.
and 4 ar
are
8

called its exteri angles.

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HEOREM (Exterior angle property) Ifthe sides of
aquadrilateral are
Mathematics for Class
y
ne
1
sum of four exterior
sum

angles so formed is 360°. oduced in order, Un

ABCD be produced in ana

Proof: Let the sides of a quadrilateral der as shown in
and 24. of
F1g. 16.10, forming exterior angles 21, 22, 23
Since 21 and 2A form a linear pair and the s u m of the
angles of a linear pair is 180°.
41+2A =180°
Similarly, we have
42+LB =180°

43+2C =180°
and, 44+2D =180°
Adding the angles on either side, we get Fig. 16.10o

(L1+22+23+24)+(2A+LB+ 2C+ZD)=180° +180°+180°+180

L1+42+ 23+ 24+360° 720 :LA+LB 2C+ZD =360
+
L1+ 22+ 23+24 = 720°-360° = 360°
THEOREM 2 The sum of all the exterior
angles formed by producing the sides of a cone
polygon in the same order is equal to
four right angles.
Given: A convex polygon P
Pz Pa P Pg Its sides P P2, Pa P3, Pa P4 ,P, Ps,P,
duced in order, forming exterior P are pro
angles 21,22, 23, 24 and 25.
To Prove:
L1+42+23+24 + L5=4 right angles.
Construction: Take any point 0, outside the
polygon. Draw OA1, OA2, OAz, OA^ and OA;
parallel to and in the same sense as
P Pa Pa Pg, Pa P,P Ps, and Ps Pi
respectively.

d
.
P2
As
(i)
Fig.16.11
Proof: Since the arms of 21and La are parallel and drawn in the same sens
41=La
Similarly, 42= 2b, 23
2c, 24= Ld and 5= Le
=

21+22+23+24+25 =La+ 2b+ Zc+ 2d+2e 36

3600 : Sum of the angles at a po

=4x90°o
=
4 right angles.
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ngShapes-I (Quadrilaterals)
angles
theorems,
we proved that,the sum ofthe measur of the e x t e r i o r
have whatever
be

above eral and

h ea b a pentagon is 360°. In fact, this is true for any polygon.
of its sides.
number
360
Dach exterior angle
of a regular polygon of n sides is equal to
n

Remer

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
of r in the adjacent figure.
Example1 Find the value

90

50

110
Fig. 16.12
angles of a polygon is 360.
of the measures of exterior
We know that the
sum
Solution 360°
x+90°+ 50°-110°
=

+ 250° = 360°
x = 360°-250

x=110°
the following figures:
ofx in each of
Example 2 Find the measure

125 B
6

70

A
125

(i)
Fig. 16.13
agles of a polygon is 360°
of e x t e r i o r
Solution
measures
of the
Since the sum

1 2 5 ° + + 1 2 5 ° = 3 6 0 °

250°+x = 360°
3 6 0 ° - 2 5 0 ° =110° polygon is 360°
of a
measures
of e x t e r i o r angles
Since the sum of the ext L Q = 1 8 0 ° - 9 0 ° = 90°1
(1) :2Q=90°..
360°
+90°+
60°+90° +70° =

x+310° =360°
=50°
* =3 6 0 ° - 3 1 0 °
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16.10
of a regular polygon
whose each
exter
er Class
angle hasV
number of sides
Example 3 Find the
measure 45°. angle of n-sided
We know that the
measure of each
exterior
regullar polyg
Solution
360)
is
60
36045n
n
=

45
8

Hence, there are 8 sides of the polygon.

have if the measure
How many sides does a regular polygon af
Example 4
angle is 24°?
Let there be n sides of the regular polygon. Then, the meas
measure of
Solution
360
eact
exteriorangle is n

360
3-24=n=
n
=15
So, the polygon has 15 sides.
Examiple 5 What is the measure of each angle of a regular hexagon?
Solution Let the measure of each angle be x°. Then, sum of all the angles
=6:x
We know that the sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (2n-4
right-angles.
Sum of all interior angles of a hexagon =
(2 x6-4) right angles
=
8 right angles =
8x90° =720
. 6x 720°
720° = 120°
6
Hence, the measure of each angle of a
Aliter Let the measure of
regular haxagon is 120°.
each interior angle be x°.
exterior angle is Then, the measure ot
ea
(180-x).
Sum'of all exterior
angles 6x(180 x)° =
-

But, the sum of the measures all

exterior angles of a
6x(180-x)° =360 polygon is 360.
180-x 360
180-x=60
=180 60 =120
Example 6 The interior
the polygon. angle of a regular
polygon is 156. Find the
Solution Let there be n sides of the
numb
polygon. Then, its each interior angle is equ:
2n-4 ag
(2n-4
x90=156
eSandin ng Shapes-l (Quadrilaterals)
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180n-360 = 156n
24n = 360

n =15

Thus, there are 15 sides of the

polygon.
Let there be n sides of the
iter polygon. Then,
Measure of each exterior angle =|o
It is given that the measure of each interior angle is 156°.
Measure of each exterior angle =
(180-156)° =
24°

36024
n
24
360
=15

ample 7 How many sides has a regular polygon, each angle of which is of measure
108°?
olution Let there be n sides of the polygon. Then, each interior angle is of measure

(2n- x90
n
2n-4x90 =108
n

(2n-4)x90 =108n
180n-360 108n
180n-108n =360
72n72n =360
n =5
has 5 sides.
So, the polygon the of each
regular polygon. Then,
measure
the
liter Let there be n sides of
(360
exterior angle i s 7
interior angle is 108°.
of each
that the
measure
It is given 108° 72°
exterior angle = 180° - =

The measure of each

36072 3605
72 three times the exterior
n pentagon is
angle of a regular
e8 Prove that the interior
decagon.
angle of a regular
Solution A pentagon has
five sides.
regular
pentagon

Each interior
angle of a
Putting n =5in| x90
2x5-490-x90-108
sides. Puttingn=10
A decagon has 10 in(360
regular decagon
=|360=
10
36° in n
ofa
Exterior angle
 16.12
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Clearly, each interior angle ofa regular pentagon is three ti
mes Gaaa V
he ele
angle of a regular pentagon.
Example 9 Two regular ygons a r e such
that the ratioi between their num

1:2 and the ratio of measures of their interior angles is 3: 4, .

of sides of each
polygon. the nuv
Solution Let the number of sides of the regular polygons be n and 2
interior angles are hen, tee
2(2n)-4x 90|
22-x90 and2
n
It is given that the ratio
of measures of interior angles is 3:4.
2n-490o
2(2n)-4y90
2n
2n-4

4n-4
2n

2 (n-2)22-
1 4 (n-1)
3

4n-8 3n-3
4n-3n = 8-3
n=5
Thus, the number of sides of the polygons are 5 and 10
Example 10 The exterior angle of a respectively.
regular polygon is one-third of its interior angle. Ho
many sides has the polygon?
Solution Let there be n sides of the
polygon. Then,
Each
exterior angle =360 n
, Each interior angle = x90
We have,
Exterior angle = (Interior
3 angle)
36
(2n-90
n
360
60 -2)
n n
360 60 (n-2)
6 n -2
n=8 Dividing both sides by 60
Thus, the polygon has 8
sides
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hapes- (Quadrilaterals) 16.13
16.14, determine ZP+
In Fig. 16.14

that the sum of the 2Q+ZR+2S+ LT.

E r a n p l e
1 7

know
now the of
We exterior angles formed by producing the sides
vex
aconvex polygon
p01ygon same oorder is
in the same
equal to four right angles.

4 1A

10

Fig. 16.14
/122+23+24+L5=4 right angles
and, 26+27+ Z8+29+ 210 =4 right angles
21t 22t23+ 24+25+46+47+28+29+ 410 = 8 right angles.
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 2 right angles.
(ZP+ 25+ 210) +(ZQ+41+49)+ (LR+22+28)+(2S+ 23+27)
+(2T+4 +26) =5x2 right angles.
(LP+2Q+2R+4S+LT)
+(21+22+23+24+45+26+L7+28 +49+ Z10)=10 right angles
(LP+2+2R+2S+LT)+8 right angles =10 right angles Using
LP+2Q+2R+2S +2T 2 right angles.
1s a regular pentagon. The bisector of 2A of the pentagon meets the
Cvample 12 ABCDE
side CD in M. Show that 2AMC = 90°.
We know that the measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagon is
Solution
108

LBAM =(108°) =54°

Since the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. Therefore, in
quadrilateral ABCM, we have
LBAM + ABC +2 BCM+2AMC=360
54° +108°+108°+2AMC =360°
LAMC =90°
D

Fig.16.15
 Mathematic
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tor Class
the bisecto rs of
the

LAa and
are
B0
and A
AO
16.14 ABCD,
= ; ( Z C + 2 D )

q u a d r i l a t e r a l

Example13 In a

Prove
that 2 AOB
espectively

we
have
In AAOB,
Solution

2/
B
Fig. 16.16

L A O B + 2 1 + 2 2 = 1 8 0

LAOB =180°-(L1+22)

LAOB =180°-
414Aand 42.1
AOB=180°-(A +LB)
:LA+2B+2C +ZD=3t
LA0B=180°-1960°-(ZC+2D)) LA+B =360° (ZC+ D

LAOB=180°-180°+4C+4D)

LAOB-LC+4D).
bisector of 2BAE meets CD at M
Example 14 ABCDE is a regular pentagon and
find 2CPM.
bisector of 4BCD meets AM at P,
We know that the measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagoni
Solution
108°.

BAM=;a08)=54*
Since the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is
360°. Therefore, in quadrilateral ABCM, we have
LBAM+ LABC+2BCM+2CMA = 360°

64°+108°+108°+ 2CMA =360°

LCMA =90°
Since CP is the bisector of 2BCD.
LPCM=54
Now, in ACPM, we have
Fig. 16.17
LPCM+2 CMP +ZCPM =180°
54+90+LCPM =180 TFrom (i) ZCMP = Z CMA
=

2CPM =180°-144 =36°

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uadrilaterals)
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Mpe
115
5
In Fig.
16.18,
bisectors of 2B and 16.15
ed at P and Q ZD of
pr

APBC, have
respectively. Prove thatquadriZP+lateral
we
et CD
and.AB

In
P+L4+2C=180 LQ=(ZABO
A
LP+B+2C =180
In AQAD,
we havve
LQ+LA+ 21=180
LQ+LA + D=180 .. i ) 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
Fig. 16.18
P+2Q+LA+ 2C+4B+D=1s0°+180 2

P+LQ+LA+2C+B+4D
But, quadrilateral ABCD, have
in
=
360° we
..i)

LA+B+ 2C+ D=360 ..(ii)

From (i) and (1i), we have

P+2Q+ LA+2C+ B+D) =LA+ ZB+2C +2D

4P+ LQ-(ZB+4D)
LP+ 2Q-uABC+4ADC)
EXERCISE 16.1
terms:
Define the following
Quadrilateral (ii) Convex Quadrilateral
)
define each of the following:
2 In a quadrilateral,
(i) Sides i ) Vertices (ii) Angles (iv) Diagonals
sides (vii) Opposite sides(vii) Opposite angles
() Adjacent angles(vi) Adjacent
(ix) Interior (x) Exterior
to make a true statement:
Complete each of the following,
so as
3.
sides.
) A quadrilateral has . .
i) A quadrilateral has . . angles. .(olincay
(1) A quadrilateral has . . vertices,
no three ofwhich. are

iv) A quadrilateral has diagonals.

. quadrilateral is..
number of pairs of adjacent angles of aa is . .
The of quadrilateral
he number of pairs of opposite angles is..,.00
quadrilateral
(vii) The sum of the angles of a that joins two .X.vertices of the
line segment
quadrilateral is a
agonal of a
quadilateral.
a quadrilateral
is A right angles.
T h e sum of the angles of
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Mathematics
16.16 for Class VI
(x) The measure of each angle of a convex quadr1lateral is . . 180.
(xi) In a quadrilateral the point of intersection of the diagonals lies in... of the
quadrilateral.
(xii) A point is in the interior of a convex quadrilateral, if it is in the . . of its two

opposite angles.
(xii) A quadrilateral is convex iffor each side, the remaining... ie on the same side of
bf
the line containing the side.
4. In Fig. 16.19, ABCD is a quadrilateral.
i) Name a pair of adjacent sides.
(ii) Name a pair of opposite sides.
(ii) How many pairs of adjacent sides are there?
iv) How many pairs of opposite sides are there?
(v) Name a pair of adjacent angles.
(vi) Name a pair of opposite angles.
(vii) How many pairs of adjacent angles are there?
Fig. 16.19
(vii) How many pairs of opposite angles are there?
The angles of a quadrilateral are 110, 72, 55° and r'. Find the value ofz31
6. The three angles of a quadrilateral are respectively equal to 110°, 50° and 40°, Find its
fourth angle.
7. A quadrilateral has three acute angles each measures 80°. What is the measure of the
fourth angle?
8. A quadrilateral has all its four angles of the same measure. What is the measure of
each? 90
9. Two angles of a quadrilateral are of measure 65° and the other two angles are equal.
What is the measure of each of thesetwo angles?|1S
10. Three angles of a quadrilateral are equal. Fourth angle is of measure 150°. What is
the measure of equal angles. 1 0
11. The four angles of a quadrilateral are as 3:5:7:9. Findthe angles. 4 S, 7S, 1o3, 12s
12. If the sum of the two angles of a quadrilateral is 180°. What is the sum of the
remaining two angles?
13. In Fig. 16.20, find the measure of ZMPN,

45
M
Flg. 16.20
14. The sides of a quadrilateral are produced in order. What is the sum of the four
exterior angles?
15. In Fig.16.21, the bisectors of A and B meet at a point P. If 2C=100° and
LD =50°, find the measure of LAPB.
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Anding Shapes-ll(Quadrilaterals) 16.17

D C

50 100

Fig.16.21
16
16.
In a quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B, C and D arein the ratio 1:2:4:5. Find the
measure of each angle of the quadrilateral.

7. In a quadrilateral ABCD, CO and DO are the bisectors of ZC and 2D respectively.

Prove that 2COD =5(2A+2B).
18, Find the number of sides of a regular polygon, when each of its angles has a
measure of
(i) 160°1 (ii) 135 6 (ii) 175° 71 (iv) 162° 30 (v) 150°1
19. Find the number of degrees in each exterior angle of a regular pentagon.
20. The measure of angles of a hexagon are x', (x-5", (a-5", (2x-5', (2x-5, (2x +20
Find the value of x.
21. In a convex hexagon, prove that the sum of all interior angle is equal to twice the sum
of its exterior angles formed by producing the sides in the same order.
22. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is three times the sum of its exterior
angles. Determine the number of sides of the polygon.
23. Determine the number of sides of a polygon whose exterior and interior angles are in

theratio1:5.|°|,
24. PQRSTU is a regular hexagon. Determine each angle of APQT.

ANSWERS

3. ) four i) four Gii) four, collinear iv) Two (v) four (vi) two

(vii) 360 (vii) opposite ix) four x) less than xi) theinterior(xii)interiors
(xii) vertices
4. ) AB, BC or BC, CD or CD, DA or AD, AB i) AB, CD or BC, DA Gi) 4

(iv) 2 LA, ZB or LB, LC or 2C, ZD or ZD, LA

(vi) ZA, 2C or 2B, 2D (vi) 4 (vii) 2

5. 123 6. 160 7. 120 8. 90 9. 115 10. 70

11. 45°, 75°, 105°, 135 12. 180 13. 135 14. 360 15. 75
16. 30°, 60°, 120°, 150° 18. ) 18 )8 Gii) 72 iv) 20 (v 12

20. 80 22. 8 23. 12 24. 2P =90, 2Q = 60, LT = 30°

19. 72
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Mathematics for Class VI
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
15. We have,
LA+ 2B+2C+2D =360° LA+ 4B+100°+50°=360° LA+ LB =210
In AAPB, we have

AB+2APB
2 =180°
LAPB =180-(ZA+ LB) = LAPB =180°x210=75
22. We have,

360
(2n-4)x 90° =3x xn (n-2) x180=3x360 >n-2=6 n =8
23. Let there be n sides of the polygon. Let the exterior and
Since the interior angles be *° and 5x°
sum of an interior and the
corresponding exterior angle is 180°. Therefore,
r+5:x =180°*=30.
The polygon has n sides.
So, sum of all exterior angles (30n° =

But, the sum of all exterior angles of

a polygon is 360°. Therefore, 30n =
360 n=12.

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. IfA,B, C, D are four points in a plane such that (i) no
three points are collinear, and
segments AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect (ii) the
up of the four segments is called the except their end-points; then the figure made
at

2. In quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C and D.

a
quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C and D. The four line
called its sides. segments AB, BC, CD and DA are
Iftwo sides have a end-point, they are called
common
Iftwo sides do not havea common end-point, they are adjacent sides.
called opposite sides.
The line segments AC and BD are
called its diagonals.
The angles 2DAB, ZABC, 2BCD and 2CDA are called its angles and are
by 2A, 2B, 2C and ZD respectively. generally denoted
The angles having a common arm
The angles which are not
are
adjacent angles.
3. A
adjacent are opposite angles.
quadrilateral is convex, if for any side the
remaining vertices on the same side of it. of quadrilateral, the line
containing it has the
4. The sum of the angles
ofa quadrilateral is 360
5. If the sides of a quadrilateral are
formed is 360. produced, in order, the sum of the four exterior angles s0
6. The sum ofall interior angles ofan n sided
polygon is (2n-4) right angles.
7. Each interior angle
of a regular polygon of n sides is 2n-4
| x90|
8. The sum
of exterior angles of apolygon is 360°.
9. The measure
of each exterior angle of an n sided
regular polygon is 3