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Differential Equations
● Introduction
● Order and Degree of Differential Equations
● Formation of Differential Equations
● Solution of Differential Equations
● First Order and First Degree Differential Equations
● Applications of Differential Equations
Introduction
An equation that involves dependent variables, independent
variables and derivatives of the dependent variables is called a
differential equation.
Order and Degree of Differential
Equations
Order - It is the order of the highest order differential
coefficient occuring in the differential equation.
For example,
The DE has Order =
The DE has Order =

Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring
in the differential equation, after it has been expressed as a
polynomial in derivatives (that is, the powers of all the
derivatives involved are whole numbers).
Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring
in the differential equation, after it has been expressed as a
polynomial in derivatives (that is, the powers of all the
derivatives involved are whole numbers).
For example,
The DE has Degree =
The DE has Degree =

Note
If the differential equation cannot be expressed as a
polynomial in the derivatives involved, then its degree is
undefined.
Question!
Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

equations.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d) (e)
Question!

equations.
(a)
Solution :
Question!
equations. (b)
Solution :
Question!

equations. (c)
Solution :
Question!

equations.
(d)
Solution :
Question!
equation. (e)
Solution :
Formation of Differential
Equations
Consider a family of curves. By forming its differential equation,
we mean developing a relation between x, y and the derivatives
of y which is satisfied by every member of the
given family of curves.

Algorithm for forming a differential equation
Say a family of curves f( x, y, c1, c2, …, cn ) = 0 is given,
where c1, c2, …, cn are arbitrary constants.
Step 1: Differentiate the given equation n times.
Step 2: Eliminate c1, c2, …, cn from total of n + 1
equations obtained.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Clearly, its order will be n.
Question!
Q
Form the differential equations of the following families of
curves.
(a) y = A cos(x + B), where A and B are arbitrary constants
(b) y = c(x - c)2, where c is an arbitrary constant
Question!
Q Form the differential equations of the following families of

curves.
(a) y = A cos(x + B), where A and B are arbitrary constants
Solution :
Question!
Q Form the differential equations of the following families of

curves.
(b) y = c(x - c)2, where c is an arbitrary constant
Solution :
Question!
Q Form the differential equations of the following.

(a) All concentric circles, centered at the origin.
(b) All the circles of radius r.
(c) All concentric ellipses with principal axes along the
coordinate axes.
Question!

(a) All concentric circles, centered at the origin.
Solution :
Question!

(b) All the circles of radius r.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(c) All concentric ellipses with principal axes along the
coordinate axes.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q The degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines to

the parabola y2 = 4ax is
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
Question!
Q The degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines to

the parabola y2 = 4ax is
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
Solution :
Question!
Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following.

(a) y = c1 cos(x + c2)
Remark
The order of a differential equation of a given relation is
equal to the number of independent arbitrary constants
in the given relation.
Question!

(a) y = c1 cos(x + c2)
Solution :
Question!

Solution :
Question!

Solution :
Solution of a Differential
Equation
The solution (or the integral or the primitive) of a differential
equation is a relation between the dependent and the
independent variables (free from derivatives) such that it
satisfies the given differential equation.
General Solution
The solution of a differential equation, involving exactly the same
number of arbitrary constants as is the order of the differential
equation, is called the general solution.
Particular Solution
A solution obtained by assigning values to the arbitrary constants in
the general solution is called a particular solution of the given
First Order and First Degree
First Order and First Degree Differential Equations
Let’s first see various types of first order and first degree
differential equations.
Then we will pick them one by one and learn how to solve them.
Variable separable
Reducible to variable separable

DE
Exact form
Linear differential equations and reducible to

linear differential equations
Variable separable form
If a differential equation can be expressed in the form

f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 , then it is said to be in variable separable form.
Question!
Q Solve the following differential equations.

(a) (1 + x) (1 + y2)dx + (1 + y) (1 + x2)dy = 0.
(b)
(c) 3ex tan y dx + (1 - ex)sec2 y dy = 0.
(d)
(e) y’ sin x = y ln y and

Question!

(a) (1 + x) (1 + y2)dx + (1 + y) (1 + x2)dy = 0.
Solution :
Question!
Q Solve the following differential equations. (b)

Solution :
Question!

(c) 3ex tan y dx + (1 - ex)sec2 y dy = 0.
Solution :
Question!

(d)
Solution :
Question!

(e) y’ sin x = y ln y and
Solution :
Solution :
Reducible to variable separable
1. Equations of the form
2. Using polar coordinates to make equations variable separable
3. Homogeneous differential equations and reducible to

homogeneous differential equations.
Let’s consider first.
If a differential equation is of this form, then it becomes

variable separable on substituting ax + by + c = t..
Question!
(a) (b)
Question!

(a)
Solution :
Question!
Q Solve the following differential equation.

(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q Show that any equation of the form yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0

can be reduced to variable separable form by using the
substitution xy = v.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q The solution of the differential equation

is
(where C is a constant of integration.)
A JEE Main 2020
D
Question!
Q The solution of the differential equation

is
(where C is a constant of integration.)
A JEE Main 2020
D
Solution :
Now let’s see how polar coordinates facilitate variable separation.
Observation
1. If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can easily be proved

that
(a) x dx + y dy = r dr
(b) x dy - y dx = r2 d θ
Observation
2. If x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ, then it can easily be proved

that
(b) x dx - y dy = r dr
(c) x dy - y dx = r2 sec θ dθ
Observation
1. If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can easily be proved

that
(a) x dx + y dy = r dr
(b) x dy - y dx = r2 d θ
x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
⇒ x2 + y2 = r2
⇒ 2x dx + 2y dy = 2r dr
∴ x dx + y dy = r dr
Observation
2. If x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ, then it can easily be proved

that
(a) x dx - y dy = r dr
(b) x dy - y dx = r2 sec θ dθ
x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ
⇒ x2 - y2 = r2
⇒ 2x dx - 2y dy = 2r dr
∴ x dx - y dy = r dr
Question!
(a) (b) x dx + y dy = x(x dy - y dx)
Remark
Whenever we have terms such as x2 + y2, x dx + y dy,
x dy - y dx, in a differential equation, we may try putting
x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.
Question!
(a)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(b) x dx + y dy = x(x dy - y dx)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q Solve the differential equation.
Remark
Whenever we have terms such as x2 - y2, x dx - y dy,
x dy - y dx, in a differential equation, we may try putting
x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ.
Solution :
Solution :
Now let’s pick homogeneous equations.
f(x, y) is said to be a homogeneous expression of degree n in the
variables x and y if f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y)
For example,
f(x, y) = x2 - 2xy is a homogeneous expression of degree 2
f(x, y) = 3x2 y + y3 + xy2 is a homogeneous expression of degree 3
is a homogeneous expression of
degree 0
Homogeneous Differential Equations
A differential equation of the form

where f and g are homogeneous expressions of the same
degree, is called a homogeneous differential equation.
Homogeneous Differential Equations
A differential equation of the form

where f and g are homogeneous expressions of the same
degree, is called a homogeneous differential equation.
Working Strategy
This equation is reduced to the form by dividing
the numerator and the denominator by power of x.
Then we put y = vx.
Question!

(a) (b)
(c)
Question!

(a)
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(c)
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(a) , given y|x = 1 = 0
(b)
Question!

(a) , given y|x = 1 = 0
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q Solve the differential equations
Remark
The concept of substitution in differential equations is
similar to that of indefinite integrals.
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q If a curve y = f(x), passing through the point (1, 2), is the

solution of the differential equation, 2x2 dy = (2xy + y2)dx, then
is equal to
JEE Main 2020

A
C 1 + loge2
D
Question!
Q If a curve y = f(x), passing through the point (1, 2), is the

solution of the differential equation, 2x2 dy = (2xy + y2)dx, then
is equal to
JEE Main 2020

A
C 1 + loge2
D
Solution :
Question!
Q The solution of the primitive integral equation

(x2 + y2) dy = xy dx is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e,
then x0 is
A IIT - JEE - 2005
D
Question!
Q The solution of the primitive integral equation

(x2 + y2) dy = xy dx is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e,
then x0 is
A IIT - JEE - 2005
D
Solution :
Solution :
Now let’s see an example of reducible to homogeneous
Question!
Q Solve the differential equation

Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Linear Differential Equations and reducible to Linear
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent

variable and its derivative occur in degree 1 only and are not
multiplied together.
Let’s take a few examples and understand how to identify it
first.
Identify which of the following are linear differential equations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Identify which of the following are linear differential equations.
1. LDE
2. LDE
3.
4.
5. LDE
6. LDE
Now, let’s see the general form of LDE and how to solve it.
Linear in y and
(where P and Q are functions of x)

Solution is given by
where is called the

integrating factor.
Linear in y and Linear in x and
(where P and Q are functions of x) (where P and Q are functions of y)

Solution is given by Solution is given by
where is called the where is called the

integrating factor. integrating factor.
Question!

(a) (b)
Question!

(a)
Solution :
Question!

(b)
Solution :
Question!
(a) (b)
Question!
(a)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation
A JEE Main 2019

y(x) is decreasing in
C y(loge 2) = loge 4
D y(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)

Question!
Q If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation
A JEE Main 2019

y(x) is decreasing in
C y(loge 2) = loge 4
D y(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)

Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q Let y’(x) + y(x) g’(x) = g(x) g’(x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R, where f ’(x)
denotes and g(x) is a given non-constant

differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the
value of y(2) is
IIT - JEE - 2011

Solution :
Question!
Q The function y = f(x) is a solution of the differential equation

in (−1, 1) satisfying f (0) = 0.
Then is equal to
JEE Adv 2014

A B
C D
Question!
Question!
Q The function y = f(x) is a solution of the differential equation

in (−1, 1) satisfying f (0) = 0.
Then is equal to
JEE Adv 2014

A B
C D
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Now, let’s see how the solution formula for LDE was derived.
Consider , where P and Q are functions of x

Now, let’s see how the solution formula for LDE was derived.
Consider , where P and Q are functions of x
Multiplying both sides by , we get
⇒ … (1)
⇒
Note
So, multiplying with makes the LHS a complete

derivative and that’s the reason it is called the integrating
factor.
Question!
Q If P(1) = 0 and then, prove that

P(x) > 0, ∀ x > 1.
IIT 2003
Remark
Whenever you see y and or linear differential stuff,
always try IF.
Solution :
Question!
Q Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such that

f(1) = 1, and for each x > 0.
Then f(x) is
IIT - JEE - 2007
A
D
Question!
Q Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such that

f(1) = 1, and for each x > 0.
Then f(x) is
IIT - JEE - 2007
A
D
Solution :
Now, let’s consider reducible to LDE.
Try to observe that in any equation of the form

Now, let’s consider reducible to LDE.
Try to observe that in any equation of the form

putting f(y) = t will make it LDE.
For example, in the differential equation

Putting tan y = t will make it LDE in t and .
Special Case
Bernoulli’s Equation :
Special Case
Bernoulli’s Equation :
Here, if we divide by yn and then put yn - 1 = t, we get LDE in t

and .
For example, in the differential equation , divide

it by y2
and realize that it becomes LDE upon putting .
For example, in the differential equation , divide
it by y2 and realize that it becomes LDE upon putting .
Question!

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Question!

(a)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(c)
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(d)
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(a)
(b)
Question!

(a)
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

(b)
Solution :
Solution :
Multiple Correct Type Question!
Q A solution curve of the differential equation

passes
through the point (1, 3). Then the solution curve
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Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
B Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two point
C Intersects y = (x + 2)2
D Does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

Question!
Multiple Correct Type Question!
Q A solution curve of the differential equation

passes
through the point (1, 3). Then the solution curve
A JEE Adv 2016

Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
B Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two point
C Intersects y = (x + 2)2
D Does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

Solution :
Solution :
Exact form
In this topic, basically we do variable separation by creation and
inspection. To understand this topic, first we need to observe a
few exact differentials.
Try to remember the following
5.
1.
6.
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
9.
Question!

(a) (x2 - ay)dx + (y2 - ax)dy = 0
(b)
(c)
(d) (1 + xy)y dx + (1 - xy)x dy = 0

(e) (x dy + y dx)sin xy + (x2 y dy + y2 x dx)cos xy = 0
Question!

(a) (x2 - ay)dx + (y2 - ax)dy = 0
Solution :
Question!

(b)
Solution :
Question!

(c)
Remark
Whenever you see ln y, look for

Solution :
Question!
Q Solve the following differential equation.

(d) (1 + xy)y dx + (1 - xy)x dy = 0
Remark
Dividing the equation by xy or x2 y2 is used quite often to

create exact differentials.
Solution :
Remark
You may attempt this question by substituting xy = v also.
Question!

(e) (x dy + y dx)sin xy + (x2 y dy + y2 x dx)cos xy = 0
Solution :
Question!
Q The general solution of the differential equation

(y2 - x3)dx - xydy =0 (x ≠ 0) is
(where c is a constant of integration)
A JEE Main 2019

y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0
C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
Question!
Q The general solution of the differential equation

(y2 - x3)dx - xydy =0 (x ≠ 0) is
(where c is a constant of integration)
A JEE Main 2019

y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0
C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
Solution :
Application of Differential
Equations
1. Finding the equation of a curve from given conditions.
2. Solving certain rate of change problems such as growth and
decay problems.
3. Finding the orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves.
Let’s consider them one by one

Question!
Q At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is

twice the slope of the line segment joining the point of
contact to the point (-4, -3). Find the equation of the curve,
given that it passes through (-2, 1).
Solution :
Question!
Q (a) Find the curve, not passing through the origin, for which
the length of the normal at any point P on the curve is equal
to the magnitude of the radius vector of point P.
(b) Show that the curve passing through (1, 2) for which the
segment of the tangent between P (the point of tangency)
and T (the X intercept of the tangent) is bisected at its point
of intersection with Y-axis is a parabola.
Question!
Q (a) Find the curve, not passing through the origin, for which
the length of the normal at any point P on the curve is equal
to the magnitude of the radius vector of point P.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q (b) Show that the curve passing through (1, 2) for which the
segment of the tangent between P (the point of tangency)
and T (the X intercept of the tangent) is bisected at its point
of intersection with Y-axis is a parabola.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q (a) Suppose the growth of a population is proportional to the

number of individuals present. If the population of a colony
doubles in 50 months, in how many months will the
population triple.
(b) A doctor took the temperature of a dead body at 11 : 30
PM, which was 94.6 oF. He took the temperature of the body
again after 1 hour and found it to be 93.4 oF. If the
temperature of the room was 70 oF, estimate the time of
death. Take the normal temperature of the human body as
98.6 oF.
Question!
Q (a) Suppose the growth of a population is proportional to the

number of individuals present. If the population of a colony
doubles in 50 months, in how many months will the
population triple.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q (b) A doctor took the temperature of a dead body at 11 : 30

PM, which was 94.6 oF. He took the temperature of the body
again after 1 hour and found it to be 93.4 oF. If the
temperature of the room was 70 oF, estimate the time of
death. Take the normal temperature of the human body as
98.6 oF.
Note
Newton’s law of cooling states that the temperature of
a body changes at a rate which is proportional to the
difference in the temperature between that of the
surrounding medium and that of the body itself.
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves

x2 - y2 = c2
Solution :
Question!
Q The orthogonal trajectory of xy = c2 is_____.
A x2 - y2 = C
B x2y2 = C
C x2 + y2 = C
D xy = C
Question!
Q The orthogonal trajectory of xy = c2 is_____.
A x2 - y2 = C
B x2y2 = C
C x2 + y2 = C
D xy = C
Solution :
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Test series and analysis

Test series and analysis

The DE has Order =

The DE has Order =

The DE has Degree =

The DE has Degree =

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

Q Find the order and the degree of the following differential

given family of curves.

Q Form the differential equations of the following families of

Q Form the differential equations of the following families of

Q Form the differential equations of the following.

Q Form the differential equations of the following.

Q Form the differential equations of the following.

Q Form the differential equations of the following.

Q The degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines to

Q The degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines to

Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following.

Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following.

Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following.

Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following.

Reducible to variable separable

Linear differential equations and reducible to

If a differential equation can be expressed in the form

Q Solve the following differential equations.

(c) 3ex tan y dx + (1 - ex)sec2 y dy = 0.

(e) y’ sin x = y ln y and

Q Solve the following differential equations.

Q Solve the following differential equations. (b)

Q Solve the following differential equations.

Q Solve the following differential equations.

Q Solve the following differential equations.

1. Equations of the form

2. Using polar coordinates to make equations variable separable

3. Homogeneous differential equations and reducible to

If a differential equation is of this form, then it becomes

Q Solve the following differential equations.

Q Solve the following differential equations.

Q Solve the following differential equation.

Q Show that any equation of the form yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0

Q The solution of the differential equation

(where C is a constant of integration.)

A JEE Main 2020

Q The solution of the differential equation

(where C is a constant of integration.)

A JEE Main 2020

1. If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can easily be proved

2. If x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ, then it can easily be proved

1. If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can easily be proved

2. If x = r sec θ and y = r tan θ, then it can easily be proved

Q Solve the following differential equations.