CHAPTERS 1 N 2

We process things differently, makes someone appear more intelligent on a certain point.

Spearman 1904, “Intelli ability which involves ability to perceive how things are interrelated in the
environment.”

“relations between past exp and newer exp”

“Judge well, understand well” by Binet-Simon.

“Intelli was smthg determined by sensory organs, “ by Galton. There were devices to measure the
reaction time.

Theory of 7 primary abilities:

 Comprehension: read n write

 Word fluency
 Work w numbers:
 Inter connections
 Special relations

3/3/21

GARDNER AND THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES: there are now 9 intelligences.

In a task, there are multiple intelligences used.

following seven natural intelli have been substantially confirmed: linguistic, logical-mathematical,
spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Three of these seven types of
intelli are well known—linguistic (i.e., verbal) intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial
intelligence—and numerous formal tests have been devised to measure them, so we will not discuss
them further here. The other four variations of intelligence are somewhat novel and, therefore,
require more detailed presentation.

8/3/21

Imp TESTS:

• Intelligence: current ability to deal properly w environment.

• Aptitude: the potential to acquire a certain skill AFTER training. Defined on the basis of the
potential being able to turn into an acquired skill. 8 kinds of aptitudes.

• Achievement: to see the lvl that is acquired by s person with a bit of training

INTRO N MEANING OF APTITUDE:

• Potential/ability to prefer work/duty/acquire a skill AFTER training.

•
10/3/21

APTITUDE TESTING DBDA

 multiple aptitudes, may not be interrelated to each other.

Differential aptitude tests:

 very old tests which are still used. Some norms are changed at times. This means the basic
mechanism for aptitude is the same.
 DAT (most common) and DBDA (shorter version and popular) they work on the same
blueprint.
 Dat probs: vv long. It has 8 subtests and, 1 subtest is almost 30 min. And it is preferred that
the test is to be done in a single sitting.
 DBDA is 45 mins to hour

DBDA

 8 subtests-measure 9 diff abilities

Verbal Ability

 VA 1 (4min) n VA 2 (3 min 30 sec)

Numerical ability

Assessment of interest:

 Interest is the preference that we have to select one task over the other.
 WE also talk about the range of selection when we talk abt interest.

12/3/21

Value testing

• Morality (general good/bad) moves to ethicality (specifications of right and wrong)

• Internalized cog structures that guide choices by evoking sense of principles of right n wrong

17/3/21

PERSONALITY TESTING

 Self: is the eternally unchanging aspect of me as I see from my eyes. It is reported through
my perception.
 Self is my own inner world, personality is an interaction-based mechanism, it is revealed in
the presence of another person.
 Self is more inner, and personality is wrt another person. Personality is not only
psychological, it has some physiological aspects too.
  Personality is supposed to remain constantly same over a period of time, but it can change a
little.

TYPE THEORIES

 Hippocrates- humoral theory: sanguinine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric

 Cahark Samhita: dosha theoy, vatta, pitta, kapha and three prakiritu- sattva, rajas, tamas
 Sheldon- endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic (if you are thin, you’re artistic and
brainy)
 Friedman and Rosenman- Type A ( high lvl of motivation but lack of patience), Type
B(relaxed, avg lvl of motivation, more casual)
 Morris: Type C, Type D

26/3/21

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY

 Projective techniques
 Self-report inventories
 Behav assess
 This is fairly structured: whatever tools are used for this assess, there’s only one specific
bundle of stimulus and defined response.
 Unconscious is by n large unreachable.

PROJECTIVE HYPOTHEIS:

 We make sense of world around, by projecting our unconscious on it. I rely on my

unconscious to make sense of it and it projects its contents onto the blank space.
 This projection is to be interpreted by the psychologist.
 All subjective tech has unstructured material.
 There is no right/wrong way of interpreting the unconscious
 Once the unconscious is projected
 When the response is detailed, the interpreting process in very lengthy.
 Challenge for projective tech: diff scoring patterns for the same test
 Diff ways of eliciting projection (Lindsay): Give some sort of material to associate.

ASSOCIATION TECH

 Most popular is the word association tech. Other ppl except Freud have also contributed to
this tech.

COMPLETEION TECH

 Instead of eliciting association, only half stimulus is given and the person is supposed to
complete it. Free to write anything which comes in the mind.
 Sometimes there are words, phrases and then they are interpreted in a systematic manner.

CONSTRUCTION TECH

 Show a picture and ask them to think and form a story about what happened before, what
will happen after. Then tell about the construction and this then interpreted specifically.
EXPRESSION TECH

 Begin w no stimulus at all

 Blank sheet of ppr
 Ask to draw something
 We are interested in looking WHAT you’ve drawn and not the quality.