Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Slant shear bond strength between self compacting concrete and old
concrete
Ahmed M. Diab a, Abd Elmoaty M. Abd Elmoaty a, Mohamed R. Tag Eldin b,⇑
a
Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt
b
Civil Engineer, Master of Engineering Student, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

h i g h l i g h t s

This work presents factors affecting bond strength between SCC and old concrete.

Cylindrical specimens (150  300 mm) have minimum coefficient of variation.

Roughness of substrate concrete has a significant effect on bond strength.

Composition of SCC have a significant effect on bond strength.

Prism specimens represent more reliable bond strengths.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This experimental investigation aims to study the bond strength between old and new self-compacting
Received 17 January 2016 concrete (SCC). The first part presents the factors affecting slant shear bond strength between old con-
Received in revised form 19 August 2016 crete and new self-compacting concrete. The studied parameters are compatibility between old concrete
Accepted 5 November 2016
and new SCC through variation of concrete compressive strength and concrete stiffness, type of bonding
Available online xxxx
agent, roughness of old concrete, and the effect of adding latex and polypropylene fiber to self-
compacting concrete. In the second part, the proper specimen of slant shear test is studied. From the test
Keywords:
results, cylindrical specimens with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height have a minimum coefficient of
Self compacting concrete
Slant shear bond strength
variation compared with other studied shapes. The concrete compressive strength overlay self-
Concrete compressive strength compacting concrete, roughness of old concrete configuration, adding latex and using polypropylene fiber
Interface properties have a significant effect on slant shear bond strength. In addition, the prism specimen represents more
Latex and polypropylene fiber reliable value of slant shear strength than cylinder specimen.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction and research significance
Bond strength between old and new concrete is a very impor-
tant factor in repairing process. This topic was studied for tradi-
tional vibrated concrete for old and overlay concrete. There is a
lack of information about the behavior of self-compacting concrete
as an overlay concrete.
The success of repairing and strengthening process of reinforced
structure depends on the quality of bonding between old and new
concrete. So, it is important to evaluate the bonding strength
between old and new concrete [1]. There are a lot of available tests
that can evaluate bond strength between old-new concrete. Many
researches discussed this issue and most of them classify the tests
into three categories. These categories are direct tension stress test,
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: m.rtageldin@yahoo.com (M.R. Tag Eldin).
direct shear stress test and shear combined with compression
stress test (slant shear test). Slant shear test is the most popular
test method used in laboratory to estimate bond strength between
old and new concrete.
The slant shear test was proposed in 1976 using cylindrical
shape specimens of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm in height, in
1978 this test was adopted by Tabor using prismatic specimens.
Table 1 shows available standards for slant shear test. The test
was modified by Saldanha et al. [2]. Saldanha et al. suggested using
steel bars in both halves of the modified slant shear test.
Slant shear test is used to determine the bond strength between
two types of concrete. Also, this test method covers the determina-
tion of the bond strength of epoxy-resin-base bonding systems for
use with Portland-cement concrete.
There are many factors affecting bond strength between old and
new overlay concrete. These factors include concrete compressive
strength of old (base) and new overlay concrete, roughness of base

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.023
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: A.M. Diab et al., Slant shear bond strength between self compacting concrete and old concrete, Constr. Build. Mater.
(2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.023
2 A.M. Diab et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Table 1 Table 3
Available standards for slant shear test. Properties of used aggregates.

Standard Cross section Total height Angle with Properties Coarse aggregate Sand
(mm) the vertical
Pink Gravel
BS EN12615 100x100 mm 400 30° limestone
BS EN12615 40x40 mm 160 30°
Unit weight (t/m3) 1.51 1.69 1.70
NEP18-872 100  100 300 30°
Specific gravity 2.50 2.6 2.60
ASTM C882 75 mm diameter 150 30°
Percentage of fine material less than No. 200 1.0 1.0 1.7
sieve by washing
Percentage of absorption 1.8 0.4 –
Abrasion by loss angles 18.0 10 –
concrete, curing, moisture state of interface [1–7]. The effect of
using pozzolanic materials on overlay concrete and effect of bond-
ing agent were also studied by Zhifu Wan [7] and Adel Elkurdi [8].
and new concrete, substrate concrete surface roughness, effect of
SCC is a high performance concrete that can be placed into form-
using the bonding agents, effect of adding latex and effect of using
work between steel bars under own weight and it fills restricted
polypropylene fiber. The first parameter was done first to choose
section without the need of any mechanical compaction and
the most suitable test specimen which yields the minimum varia-
improve high workability, passing ability and high deformability
tion in slant shear strength test results. The selected specimen
[9]. The previous factors were studied only for old (base) and
shape was used for the rest studied factors. The details of these fac-
new concrete as traditional vibrated concrete and insufficient data
tors are presented in the following sections. All conventional base
about these factors for new overlay self-compacting concrete.
concrete specimens were left at least 28 days before overlay con-
This research work aims to study the effect of compressive
crete was cast.
strength of old and new overlay self-compacting concrete and
the roughness of interface on slant shear bond strength. Different
roughness configurations are proposed. The effect of coarse aggre- 2.2.1. Effect of geometry of test specimen
gate type (concrete stiffness), adding styrene butadiene rubber as a Two different shapes of specimen were used (cylinders and
latex and polypropylene fiber are also considered. The proper slant prisms). Two sizes of each shape were used. The standards of these
shear test specimen is captured using the experimental test results specimens and their details are presented in the Table 4. In this
of this research and literature using Walter mode of failure. parameter, the base concrete (old) was conventional concrete with
25 MPa cube compressive strength and overlay (new) was SCC
with 35 MPa cube compressive strength. The average flow diame-
2. Experimental program
ter of SCC mixes was 640 mm. Pink limestone was used as coarse
aggregate in conventional and SCC production. The interface sur-
2.1. Materails
face between base and overlay concrete was saturated state and
roughened by hand brush. Five specimens were used for each test.
Natural aggregate, ordinary Portland cement, chemical admix-
The testing ages were 7 days and 28 days.
tures, silica fume, bonding agents, polypropylene fibers and pota-
ble water were used throughout the research work. The used
coarse aggregates were crushed limestone stone with nominal 2.2.2. Effect of flow diameter of SCC
maximum size of 10 mm and gravel with nominal maximum size According to ACI 237 the flow diameter should be between 550
of 10 mm. Sand with 2.68 fineness modulus was used. The sieve and 750 mm. Three flow diameters were considered. These diame-
analysis, ASTM C 33 limits and properties of used aggregate are ters were 640 mm, 700 mm and 810 mm. Compressive strength of
given in Tables 2 and 3. An ordinary Portland cement according base concrete and overlay SCC were 25 MPa and 35 MPa. The used
to ASTM C 150 was used throughout this research. Type G chemical coarse aggregate for base concrete and overlay SCC was pink lime-
admixture according to ASTM C494 was used. Silica fume as a filler stone. Conventional vibrated compacted concrete was used as an
material was used in the production of self-compacting concrete. overlay concrete with 35 MPa compressive strength for
The used bonding agents in this study were latex based on styrene comparison.
butadiene and epoxy resin. Polypropylene fiber with 12 mm length
and 18-lm diameter was used to produce fiber concrete. 2.2.3. Effect of compressive strength of overlay SCC
Four grades of self-compacted concrete compressive strength
2.2. Studied parameters were studied. The used 28 days compressive strengths were
25 MPa, 35 MPa, 37 MPa and 42.5 MPa. The average flow diameter
The studied parameters in this research work were the effect of of SCC mixes was 640 mm.
specimen geometry, flow diameter of self-compacting concrete, The 28 days concrete compressive strength for base (conven-
concrete compressive strength, different stiffness between old tional concrete) concrete was kept constant of 25 MPa.

Table 2
Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate and Sand.

Sieve size (mm)/No. 12.5 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 No.4 No.8 No.16 No.30 No.50 No.100
Coarse aggregate grading Pink limestone passing % 100 99 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gravel passing % 100 100 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Coarse aggregate ASTM C 33limits Max. 100 100 30 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Min. 100 85 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sand grading Sand passing % 100 100 100 100 100 97.9 94.2 82.6 43.6 8.7 5.4
Sand ASTM C33 limits Max. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 85 60 30 10
Min. 100 100 100 100 100 95 80 50 25 10 2

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Table 4 parameter, base and overlay concrete were made of crushed pink
Details of different geometries of used specimens. limestone proposed. Six specimens were used in each test. Fig. 1
Specimen Dimensions Angle with Standard shows the groves configuration. Also, it is important to mention
shape the vertical that the flow diameter of SCC in this section and the next sections
Cylinder Diameter = 150 mm 30° ASTM C881 was 640 mm.
Height = 300 mm
Cylinder Diameter = 75 mm 30° ASTM C882
Height = 150 mm 2.2.5. Effect of relative stiffness between old and new concrete
Prism Base = 100x100 mm 30° BS EN 12615 Two types of coarse aggregate were used in this parameter to
Height = 400 mm
obtain different stiffness. Two different base concrete mixtures
Prism Base = 200x200 mm 30° Suggested
Height = 500 mm were conducted using pink limestone and gravel as a coarse aggre-
gate to achieve two different levels of concrete modulus of elastic-
ity (stiffness). The 28 days concrete compressive strength of base
2.2.4. Effect of roughness of old concrete concrete was kept constant of 25 MPa using crushed pink lime-
Roughness is considered an important factor on performance of stone. SCC was used in overlay concrete with 28 days concrete
bonding between old and new concrete. ACI 546 reported that one compressive strengths of 35.0 MPa, 37.0 MPa and 42.5 MPa.
of the most important steps in repair or rehabilitation of concrete
surface is preparation of the surface. There are many researchers 2.2.6. Effect of bonding agent types
studied roughness parameter such as Eduardo et al. [3], Behfarina In this parameter, three different types of bonding agents
et al. [4] and Pedro Miguel et al. [5]. In these researches, the base between base and overlay concrete were considered. These bond-
and overlay concrete are conventional (traditional) concrete not ing agents were epoxy adhesive, latex paint and cement mortar.
SCC. In this parameter, four different roughness types were consid- The mix proportion of used cement mortar (cement: sand: water)
ered. These types were hand brush, mechanical roughness, groves was 3:1:0.5. This type of bonding agent was selected according to
with 3 mm depth and 3 mm width and groves with 6 mm depth ELKurdi, et al. [8]. The used compressive strength for base concrete
and 6 mm width. The used concrete compressive strength for base and overlay SCC were 25Mpa and 35Mpa respectively. The used
concrete was 25 MPa and overlay concrete was 35 MPa. In this coarse aggregate in this section was pink limestone.

Fig. 1. The groves configuration of slant shear specimen.

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2.2.7. Effect of adding latex to overlay SCC 25

Coefficient of variation %
In this parameter, the effect of modifying new self-compacting
20
concrete with latex was studied. The latex content on overlay SCC
were 5% and 10% by weight of cement. The used concrete compres- 15
sive strength for base concrete and overlay SCC were 25 MPa and
35 MPa respectively. In this parameter base and overlay concrete 10
were made of crushed pink limestone.
5

2.2.8. Effect of using overlay fiber reinforced SCC 0

The used volume fractions of Polypropylene fiber were 0.1% and Prism200x200x500 Prism100x100x400 Cylinder Cylinder diameter =
mm mm diameter=150 mm 75 mm and height =
0.2% in overlay self-compacting concrete. In this section, all speci- height=300 mm 150 mm
mens were cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. Specimens size and shape
Substrate and new SCC were of crushed pink limestone. Concrete
Fig. 2. The coefficient of variation of different sizes and shapes.
compressive strengths were 25 MPa and 35 MPa for base and over-
lay concrete respectively. Six specimens were used in each test.
7 days 28 days
2.3. Mix proportions
18
Conventional Self-

Slant shear bond strength (Mpa)

16
Table 5 summarizes the mix proportions of used traditional vibrated compacting
concrete concrete
concrete and self-compacting concrete and 28 days concrete com- 14

pressive strength test results. 12

10
3. Results and discussions 8 15.4
6 12.5
11.4 10.96 11.22
3.1. Effect of specimen geometry 9.9
4 8.91
7.85
2
The main objective of this section is to study the effect of geom-
etry on the variation of experimental test results. The experimental 0
slump = 160 mm 640 mm 700 mm 810 mm
test results are given in Table 6. The calculated coefficient of vari-
Diameter of flow (mm)
ation of test results is shown in Fig. 2.
From these test results, it is clear that the minimum achieved Fig. 3. Effect of flow diameter of SCC on slant shear bond strength compared with
coefficient of variation is obtained when cylinders of 150 mm traditional vibrated concrete.
diameter 300 mm height are used. Also, the value of slant shear
bond strength is significantly affected by the geometry of used 3.2. Effect of flow diameter of SCC
specimens where cylindrical specimens yield higher slant shear
bond strengths. The considered specimens in the following sec- Fig. 3 shows the effect of flow diameter on slant shear bond
tions were cylinders 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. strength after 7 days and 28 days. From this figure, it is clear that

Table 5
Mix proportions of traditional concrete and SCC/m3, and compressive strength.

Mix Mix description Mix proportions (kg /m3) Compressive

No. Strength (MPa)
Cement Coarse Sand Water Chemical Silica Latex Fiber Required Achieved
aggregate Admixture fume
1 Traditional concrete using limestone coarse aggregate 325 1015 825 180 5 – – – 25.0 26.4
2 Traditional concrete using gravel coarse aggregate 300 1190 750 175 5 – – – 25.0 24.8
3 SCC (640 mm flow diameter) 300 825 825 183 14.4 40 – – 25.0 28.0
4 SCC (640 mm flow diameter) 350 825 825 183 14.4 40 – – 35.0 36.5
5 SCC (700 mm flow diameter) 350 825 825 183 15.1 40 35.0 36.2
6 SCC (810 mm flow diameter) 350 825 825 183 16.0 40 35.0 36.0
7 SCC with latex (640 mm flow diameter) 350 820 820 174 14.4 40 17.5 – 35.0 36.0
8 SCC with latex (640 mm flow diameter) 350 825 825 165 14.4 40 35 – 35.0 35.8
9 SCC with 0.1 % fibers (640 mm flow diameter) 350 825 825 183 14.6 40 – 0.9 35.0 35.9
10 SCC with 0.2 % fibers 350 825 825 183 14.9 40 – 1.8 35.0 34.9
11 SCC (640 mm flow diameter) 400 820 820 183 14.4 40 – – 37.0 37.5
12 SCC (640 mm flow diameter) 425 815 815 180. 14.4 40 – – 42.5 43.0

Table 6
Slant shear strengths and corresponding coefficient of variation after 28 days.

Shape and dimensions Shear area Slant shear strength (MPa) Standard Coefficient of
mm2 deviation variation (%)
Sample (1) Sample (2) Sample (3) Sample (4) Sample (5)
Prism200  200  500 mm 80000 5.93 5.49 5.55 5.86 5.38 0.24 4.26
Prism100  100  400 mm 19500 6.54 4.56 6.72 4.61 6.94 1.19 20.18
Cylinder diameter = 150 mm height = 300 mm 34754 13.03 12.83 13.52 13.2 12.58 0.36 2.74
Cylinder diameter = 75 mm and height = 150 mm 8541 10.67 10.3 11.94 11.46 9.86 0.85 7.82

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the flow diameter has a significant effect on slant shear bond is the same for both 7 days and 28 days strength. Finally, it is clear
strength where the increase in flow diameter increases the value that the choice of concrete compressive strength of SCC on repair
of slant shear bond strength. This may be attributed to the increase process is affected by the concrete compressive strength of old
of the filling effect of SCC as a result of flow diameter increase. This concrete (base concrete).
enhancement is not remarkable at 7 days as a result of the retard- The relation between overlay SCC/substrate concrete compres-
ing effect of used Type G chemical admixture. The required dose of sive strength and slant shear bond strength is given in Fig. 5. From
Type G chemical admixture increases with the increase of required this figure, it is clear that the slant shear strength is affected by the
flow diameter of SCC. Finally, it is obvious that all overlay SCC value of overlay/substrate compressive strength ratio where the
mixes achieved higher value of slant shear bond strength com- significant effect is more pronounced up to the ratio of 1.4 and
pared with vibrated traditional overlay concrete. there is an insignificant effect more than this ratio.

3.3. Effect of concrete compressive strength for overlay (new) SCC on 3.4. Effect of substrate concrete surface roughness on slant shear bond
slant shear bond strength strength

Fig. 4 presents the results of slant shear bond strength at 7 days Fig. 6 shows the slant shear bond strength test results for differ-
and 28 days for overlay SCC with different compressive strengths. ent techniques of roughness after 7 days and 28 days. Referring to
From these test results, it is clear that the value of shear bond these test results, the surface roughness of substrate concrete is
strength significantly affected by the grade of compressive very effective parameter on slant shear bond strength. It is clear
strength of overlay SCC. The slant shear bond strength increases that the slant shear bond strength increases with all situations of
with the increase of the compressive strength of overlay self - surface roughness especially mechanical wire brush and groves
compaction concrete. The increase of slant shear bond strength (6 mm width and 6 mm height). Surface roughness with groves
with the increase of concrete compressive strength may be due 6 mm width and 6 mm height ensures the highest value of slant
to the reduction in autogenous shrinkage of higher strength con- shear bond strength. This behavior may be attributed to the higher
crete mixes [7]. These results agree with Eduardo [3] test results. interaction between old and new concrete which enhances slant
Also, it is clear that the increase of slant shear bond strength is pro- shear bond strength. Also, this interaction reduces the differential
nounced when concrete compressive strength of overlay SCC relative autogenous shrinkage between old and new concrete. This
increases from 25 MPa to 35 MPa. This increase is limited when result meets with ACI 546 which reported that deeper roughening
concrete compressive strength is more than 35 MPa. This behavior is needed for strong bond and reliable performance of critical
may be due to that the failure occurs in the base concrete at the structure repair. Also, it clear that the use of groves 3 mm width
high level concrete compressive strength of overlay SCC. This trend and 3 mm height does not yield the expected performance. This

7 days 28 days
14
13
Slant shear bond strength ( Mpa)

12
11
10
Base concrete
9
13.13 13.38 13.43 with
8 compressive
10.45 10.52 strength
7 10.18
6 7.74 interface surface
6.64
5 saturated and
roughed
4
25 MPa 35 MPa 37 MPa 42.5 MPa
Overlay compressive strength

Fig. 4. Effect of concrete compressive strength of overlay SCC on slant shear bond strength.

14
Slant shear bond strength

13
12
11
(MPa)

10
9
8
7
6
1 1.4 1.48 1.7
Overlay/ substrate compressive strength ratio

Fig. 5. The relation between overlay SCC/substrate compressive strength and slant shear bond strength.

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7 days 28 days
16

Slant shear bond sterngth MPa

14
12
10
8
14.4
6 11.4 12.4 13.1 11.7 12.6
9.9 10
4
2
0
Hand brush Mechanical wire Groves with 3 Groves with 6
( control) brush mm width and mm width and
3mm height 6mm height
Roughness configration

Fig. 6. Effect of roughness of substrate concrete on slant shear bond strength.

may be due to the size of used coarse aggregate is greater than the
dimensions of groves. These results agree with Pedro et al. [5] Pink lime stone/pink lime stone Pink lime stone/Gravel
research work. Pedro et al. studied the effect of surface roughness 14

Slant shear bond sterngth MPa

of old concrete on slant shear bond strength in case of conventional
13
vibrated and base concrete. Pedro et al. concluded that the bond
12
strength increases with the increase of the surface roughness. Also
Momyes et al. [1] studied the effect of roughness on bond strength 11

between old and new concrete. Momyes [1] reported that the 10
roughen amplitude in the range of 7–8 mm increases slant shear 9
bond strength than amplitude of 3–4 mm. 8
10.18 10.45 10.2 10.52 10.55
9.9
7
3.5. Effect of stiffness of base concrete on slant shear bond strength 6
5
The modulus of elasticity of used concrete mixes are tabulated 35 MPa 37 MPa 42.5 MPa
in Table 7. From these results, the modulus of elasticity of gavel Compressive strength of overlay SCC
concrete is lower than that of pink limestone concrete although
a- at 7 days
they have the same concrete compressive strength. This trend is
also observed by Iravani and Mehta [10,11]. Fig. 7 shows the test
results of slant shear bond strength at 7 and 28 days. From this fig- Pink lime stone/pink lime stone Pink lime stone/Gravel
Slant shear bond sterngth (Mpa)

ure, the increase in concrete compressive strength increases the 14

slant shear bond strength. This trend is the same for both types 13
of base concrete. Also, it is clear that the use of self-compacting 12
concrete (repair concrete) made with the same aggregate type of 11
base concrete yields higher value of 28 days slant shear bond 10
strength (base concrete and overlay concrete are made with pink 9 13.13 13.38 13.43
12.4
limestone aggregate). The use of gravel with low concrete modulus 8 10.9 11.13
of elasticity increases the resulting strain during loading that 7
affected negatively in slant shear bond strength. 6
5
3.6. Effect of bonding agent type on slant shear bond strength 35 MPa 37 MPa 42.5 MPa
Compressive strenght of overlay SCC
Fig. 8 presents the results of slant shear bond strength at 7 days b- at 28 days
and 28 days. From these test results, it is evident that using bond-
ing agent enhances slant shear bond strength. The increase of slant Fig. 7. Effect of stiffness of base concrete on slant shear bond strength.
shear bond strength with epoxy resin and latex is pronounced. On
the contrary, the use of cement paste has a negligible effect on surface is considered. Finally, the bonding agent has a significant
slant shear bond strength after 7 days and 28 days. These test effect on mode of failure as shown in Fig. 9. The epoxy specimens
results agree with Abdo et al. [8]. Also, Julio et al. [12] reported that do not fail in the interface surface. This may be due to the good
the application of the bonding agent on substrate surface improves adhesion of epoxy compared with others different bonding agent
the bond strength of interface if only a high roughness of substrate types.

Table 7
Modulus of elasticity of used concrete mixes.

Item Base concrete fc = 25 MPa Overlay concrete

Crushed pink limestone concrete Gravel concrete Crushed pink limestone concrete
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 25 22 fc = 35 MPa fc = 37 MPa fc = 42.5 MPa
26 28 30

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7 days 28 days
14

Slant shear bond strength (Mpa)

12

10

8
13.04
6 11.4 12 12.2 11.6
9.9 10.3 10.4
4

0
Without Epoxy resin Latex paint Cement paste
Type s of bonding agent

Fig. 8. The effect of using different types bonding agent between substrate and new SCC.

slant shear bond strength after 7 days and 28 days. According to

these test results, it is pronounced that using latex modified new
self-compacting concrete increases the slant shear bond strength.
SCC with 5% latex slightly increases slant shear bond strength
whereas the addition of 10% latex has noticeable effect. Also, the
effect of latex is pronounced at 28 days more than 7 days. This
may be attributed to the presence of latex which decreases the rate
of cement hydration [13].

3.8. Effect of adding polypropylene fiber to SCC on slant shear bond

strength

The effect of using overlay fiber reinforced self-compacting con-

crete on slant shear bond strength is studied in this parameter.
Fig. 11 summarizes the effect of using different volume of fractions
of Polypropylene fiber on slant shear bond strength after 7 days
and 28 days. From these test results, it is clear that the use of
Polypropylene fiber in self-compacting concrete increases the slant
shear bond strength. The slant shear bond strength enhances with
the increase of fiber volume fraction. The increase of slant shear
bond strength is 10% and 14% for SCC with 0.1% and 0.2% respec-
tively compared with control specimen. The good performance of
Fig. 9. Failure mode of epoxy resin bonding agent. fiber SCC may be attributed to the effect of fibers on controlling
deformation between old and new concrete.

after 7 days after 28 days2 4. Which slant shear specimen represents the actual shear
16
Slant shear bond strength

strength?
14

12 In present study, the cylinder with diameter of 150 mm and

(MPa)

10
300 mm height was considered as the lowest coefficient of varia-
14.3 tion, but which slant shear model represents the actual shear
8 11.4 12 strength? In this part there is not enough available slant shear
9.9 10.5 10.8
6

4 after 7 days after 28 days

Slant shear bond strength (MPa)

Control SCC with latex (5% of SCC with latex (10% 14

cement) of cement)
12
Modified overlay self compacting concrete
10
Fig. 10. The effect of using different types of new SCC. 8
6 11.4 11.8 12.5 12 13
3.7. Effect of adding latex to SCC on slant shear bond strength 9.9
4
2
In this section, two dosages of latex are considered and com-
pared with control specimens. These dosages are 5% and 10% by 0
Control SCC + Polypropylene SCC+ Polypropylene
weight of cement. Substrate (old) and new SCC concrete are made fiber (0.1%) (0.2%)
of crushed pink limestone. Concrete compressive strength is kept Overlay fiber reinforced self compacting concrete
constant at 25 MPa for substrate concrete and 35 MPa for new
SCC. Fig. 10 summarizes the effect of using latex modified SCC on Fig. 11. The effect of using Polypropylene fiber SCC on slant shear bond strength.

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bond strength test results for SCC concrete are available, so the 1 1 2
q2 ¼  f cu  f ð1Þ
analysis depends on the test results of conventional concrete in 2 16 tu
additional to the available test results of SCC in the present study.
where q and f represents shear stress and normal stress at Mohr,s
Walther [14] studied the relation between shear strength (q) and
failure curve.
normal strength of concrete. Walther used Mohr’s failure criterion
The general relation between shear stress (qxy) and normal
and assumed that the ratio between tensile strength (ftu) and com-
stress(fx and fy) according axis X, Y as shown in Fig. 12 can be pre-
pressive strength (fcu) equal to 1/8 to estimate the following equa-
sented as:-
tion that represent the failure of concrete: -
2
f þ q2  ðf x þ f y Þf þ f x f y  q2xy ¼ 0:0 ð2Þ

From Eqs. (1) and (2), Walther derived the failure criterion (at
fy = 0) as shown in Fig. 13. These relations can be presented as
the following equations.
 2      
fx fx 2qxy 2 fx
 þ ¼ 0:0 where > 0:25 ð3Þ
fcu fcu f cu fcu

     
8qxy 2 8fx fx
 þ 1 ¼ 0:0 where < 0:25 ð4Þ
f cu fcu fcu
Shear strength on failure mode (q) of different slant shear mod-
els can be calculated using Eqs. (3) and (4) and compared with
experimental shear strength of these models. Two models of slant
shear test specimen were considered in present study and other
Fig. 12. Shows normal and shear stresses in plan (X, Y). studies with different sizes; cylinder and prism. Tables 8 and 9

Fig. 13. Failure criterion at fy = 0 by WaltherTable 1. Available standards for slant shear test.

Table 8
Comparison between experimental and calculated slant shear strength for current study.

Overlaya concrete Experimental slant Experimental shear/ Calculated shear/ Shapes and sizes (mm) q/qexpb q/qexpb
compressive shear bond strength compressive strength compressive strength (substrate) (overlay)
strength fcy (MPa) qexp (MPa)
Substrate Overlay q/fcy Subs. q/fcy Over.
25 7.74 0.335 0.335 0.200 0.200 Cylinder 150  300 0.595 0.595
35 13.13 0.569 0.406 0.235 0.212 Cylinder 150  300 0.413 0.522
37 13.38 0.579 0.391 0.236 0.209 Cylinder 150  300 0.407 0.535
42.5 13.43 0.582 0.342 0.236 0.201 Cylinder 150  300 0.406 0.587
35 5.64 0.244 0.174 0.182 0.168 Prism 200  200  500 0.747 0.963
35 5.94 0.257 0.184 0.185 0.170 Prism 100  100  400 0.719 0.925
42.5 11 0.476 0.340 0.223 0.200 Cylinder 75  150 0.469 0.589
Base gravel concrete and overlay pink limestone concrete
35 10.9 0.472 0.337 0.223 0.200 Cylinder 150  300 0.472 0.593
37.5 11.3 0.489 0.331 0.225 0.199 Cylinder 150  300 0.460 0.601
42.5 12.4 0.537 0.316 0.231 0.196 Cylinder 150  300 0.431 0.621
Average (calculated/experimental) for cylinder 0.455 0.576
Average (calculated/experimental) for prism 0.733 0.821
a
Concrete compressive strength for substrate concrete = 25 Mpa.
b
Mode failure is slant shear.

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 A.M. Diab et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 9

Table 9
Comparison between experimental and calculated slant shear strength for other studies.

Reference Experimental slant Experimental shear/ Calculated shear/ Shapes and sizes(mm) q/qexp q/qexp
shear bond strength compressive strength compressive strength (substrate) (overlay)
qexp (MPa)
Substrate Overlay q/fcy q/fcy
Substrate overlay
Pedro-2011 [5] 10.47 0.114 0.137 0.155 0.160 Prism 150  150  450 1.351 1.169
8.74 0.095 0.111 0.150 0.154 Prism 200  200  400 1.572 1.389
Juio et al.[12] 13.01 0.376 0.376 0.207 0.207 Prim 200  200  400 0.550 0.550
D.maams. Hassan et al. [15] 9.1 0.263 0.402 0.186 0.211 Cylinder 100  200 0.708 0.526
D.maams. Hassan et al. [16] 8.8 0.254 0.331 0.184 0.199 Cylinder 100  200 0.725 0.600
Anna Halicka et al. [17] 18.8 0.601 0.589 0.238 0.237 Cylinder 75  150 0.396 0.402
22.2 0.712 0.478 0.246 0.224 Cylinder 75  150 0.346 0.467
Ayoub et al. [18] 8.46 0.147 0.147 0.162 0.162 Cylinder 75  150 1.105 1.105
Behifarnia et al. [4] 8.5 0.210 0.210 0.176 0.176 Prism 55  100  150 0.835 0.835
Shing Li et al. [19] 20.86 0.444 0.265 0.218 0.186 Prism 75  100  200 0.492 0.703
21.94 0.467 0.292 0.222 0.191 Prism 75  100  200 0.475 0.657
21.16 0.450 0.409 0.219 0.213 Prism 75  100  200 0.487 0.519
Rashmi Ranjan Pattink [20] 21.33 0.438 0.258 0.217 0.185 Cylinder 75  150 0.496 0.718
21.23 0.428 0.276 0.216 0.188 Cylinder 75  150 0.504 0.684
21.4 0.436 0.281 0.217 0.190 Cylinder 75  150 0.498 0.674
15.39 0.308 0.284 0.195 0.190 Cylinder 75  150 0.631 0.669
20.22 0.390 0.304 0.209 0.194 Cylinder 75  150 0.536 0.638
21.05 0.441 0.420 0.218 0.214 Cylinder 75  150 0.494 0.511
17.79 0.351 0.365 0.202 0.205 Cylinder 75  150 0.576 0.562
Rashmi Ranjan Pattink [20] 17.91 0.292 0.224 0.192 0.178 Cylinder 75  150 0.657 0.796
20.72 0.328 0.354 0.198 0.203 Cylinder 75  150 0.605 0.573
10.77 0.167 0.218 0.166 0.177 Cylinder 75  150 0.997 0.813
20.34 0.349 0.420 0.202 0.214 Cylinder 75  150 0.579 0.510
Rui Saldanha et al. [2] 11.1 0.271 0.296 0.188 0.192 Prism 150  150  600 0.693 0.650
Average (calculated/experimental) for cylinder 0.616 0.640
Average (calculated/experimental) for prism 0.807 0.809

present the comparison between calculated (q) and experimental
shear strength (qexp) for the present study and other studies
respectively. Tables contain also the ratio of shear strength (q) to
compressive strength of both substrate and overlay concrete. From
these tables, the use of prism specimens yield a more reliable slant
shear bond strength compared with cylindrical specimens because
the ratio of q/qexp should be 1.0.
7. The use of overlay polypropylene fibers self-compacting con-
crete with 0.1% and 0.2% volume of fraction increases the slant
shear strength about 9% and 14% respectively.
8. The use of prism specimens yields a more reliable slant shear
bond strength compared with cylindrical specimens.
5.1. Recommendations and research need

5. Conclusions The following recommendations are proposed:

Based on the results from the experimental program and theo-
retical analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The value of slant shear bond is affected by geometry of used
specimen. Cylinder with diameter of 150 mm and 300 mm
height has lowest coefficient of variation compared with that
of prism or cylinder of other geometry.
2. Flow diameter of overlay self-compacting has a significant
effect on slant shear bond strength.
3. The slant shear bond strength between old concrete and new
self-compacting concrete are affected by the overlay self-
compacting concrete compressive strength and affected by
the ratio between new and old concrete compressive
strength.
4. It is clear that, substrate concrete surface roughness has a sig-
nificant effect on slant shear bond strength. An increase of
26% was obtained when groves with 6 mm height and width
was considered as roughness technique.
5. It is preferred to use the same type of coarse aggregate for
repairing works (the same stiffness). The use of the same coarse
aggregate enhances slant shear strength by 15% compared with
the use of different coarse aggregates.
6. Adding latex of 5% and 10% by cement weight to overlay self-
compacting concrete enhances slant shear bond strength.
1. Self-compacting concrete can be used as a repair concrete spe-
cially modified with latex (10% of cement weight) or with
polypropylene fibers with volume of fraction of 0.2%.
2. Substrate concrete must be roughened by large groves size
(greater than or equal 6 mm depth and height).
3. It is preferred to use new concrete of higher strength than old
concrete; the proposed increase is 40% more than old concrete
strength.
4. It is recommended to use new concrete of the same coarse
aggregate type used in old concrete.
5. An extensive study is needed using large numbers of specimens
to study the effect of specimen’s shape and size in the slant
shear strength. Also, the correlation between slant shear bond
strength of each specimen and others have to be determined.
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