BQ;1; ‚ ^DFYÃKZ NDM KQYDGNLXKHD   \\ IKZDZ CD^FNFMÚOLJKZ ND MK

BFYCKJLÚG

^YKIKHF JFGR. FYNLGKYLK
LGNLJKJLFGDZ ODGDYKMDZ
Dm trkikhf nd dstk kslogkturk
kslogkturk ndid rdkmlzkrs d fimloktfrlkcdgtd dg orupfs nd : f >
rdkmlzkrsd
dstunlkgtds. Qkrk mk frokglzkjlúg nd mfs orupfs, ndidrëg sdoulrsd mks lgstrujjlfgds qud
dm prfbdsfr/k prfpfrjlfgd dg dm bfrf.

Zfmf pfnrëg rdkmlzkr nd ckgdrk lgnlvlnukm dm trkikhf kqudmmfs kmucgfs qud dgtrdoudg km
prfbdsfr/k mk hustlbljkjlúg jfrrdspfgnldgtd. Zl ug kmucgf dgtrdok nd bfrck lgnlvlnukm dm
trkik
trkikhf
hf slg jfgtkr
jfgtkr jfg mk kpkprfi
rfikjl
kjlúg
úg ndm prfbdsfr
prfbdsfr/k,
/k, gf pf
pfnrë
nrë fptkr k ugk gftk nd
dxjdmdgtd, sldgnf mk pugtukjlúg cëxlck qud pfnrë fitdgdr dg dm trkikhf ug 5/;1. Mk
jkpkjlnkn pkrk trkikhkr dg jfmkifrkjlúg ds ugk nd mks jfcpdtdgjlks trkgsvdrskmds qud
sd ndskrrfmmkg dg dm prforkck.

Dg prlcdr muokr, mfs kmucgfs ndidg mddr mk mdjturk8

¶Dxlstd dg mk uglvdrslnkn ugk prfbdslfgkmlzkjlúg nfjdgtd6

Lcidrgúg, B., & Oudrrdrf, J. (91;5). ¶Dxlstd dg mk uglvdrslnkn ugk prfbdslfgkmlzkjlúg nfjdgtd6
YDN. Ydvlstk nd Dnujkjlúg k Nlstkgjlk,
Nlstkgjlk, 91;5, gøc. 42 (Krt. ;;), p. ;-;9.

Dm tdxtf dstë nlspfglimd dg dm kpkrtknf ”Cktdrlkm nd trkikhf– nd mk pëolgk nfgnd sd

dgjudgtrkg dstks lgstrujjlfgds.
lgstrujjlfgds.

 K jfgtlgukjlúg, k pkrtlr nd mks rdbmdxlfgds

rdbmdxlfgds qud sd rdjfodg dg mk mdjturk, mfs jfgtdglnfs nd
mk kslogkturk y mks mdjturks fimloktfrlks,
fimloktfrlks, sd ndid ndblglr juëmds sdrãkg mfs dmdcdgtfs jmkvd
nd ugk prfpudstk nd bfrckjlúg nfjdgtd ndstlgknk k dstd jfgtdxtf8

Dg mk Bkjumtkn nd Jldgjlks Zfjlkmds nd mk Tglvdrslnkn U, dhdrjdg :1 prfbdsfrds. Mk

ckyfrãk
ckyf rãk pdrjlid
pdrjlid mk gdjdslnk
gdjdslnkn
n nd kjtukmlz
kjtukmlzkrsd
krsd jfcf prfbdsfrds.
prfbdsfrds. Zldgtdg
Zldgtdg qud, pfr 
ekidrsd bfrcknf dg ugk jfgjdpjlúg nd mk dgsdûkgzk trknljlfgkm,
trknljlfgkm, gdjdsltkg bfrckjlúg
dspd
dspdjã
jãbl
bljk
jk rd
rdmk
mkjl
jlfg
fgkn
knk
k jf
jfgg mks
mks jf
jfcp
cpdtdtdg
dgjl
jlks
ks nlol
nloltk
tkmd
mds
s y mk kpmlkpmljk
jkjl
jlúg
úg nd
 prfjdnlcldgtfs
 prfjdnlcl dgtfs cdtfnfmúoljfs
cdtfnfmúoljfs cës lggfvknfrds
lggfvknfrds qud mds pdrcltkg ktdgndr 
kndjuknkcdgtd k mks gudvks ndckgnks y jfcpmdhlnknds qud mds pmkgtdk su prëjtljk
nfjdgtd kjtukm.

Mfs prfbdsfrds sfg Nfjtfrds f tldgdg ug cëstdr dg dm ërdk nd jfgfjlcldgtf qud

dgsdûkg, pdrf pfjfs nlspfgdg nd bfrckjlúg dspdjãbljk dg nlnëjtljk (sfmf gudvd). Qfr 
ftrk
ftrk pk
pkrtd
rtd,, 91 prf
prfbds
bdsfrd
frds
s judgtk
judgtkgg jfg cës
cës nd ;1 kûfs
kûfs nd dxpdrl
dxpdrldgj
dgjlk
lk nfjdg
nfjdgtd
td
uglvdrsltkrlk,
uglvdrsltkrl k, cldgtrks qud mk ndm rdstf ds cdgfr.

;
 

Jfg dstfs nktfs, ndidg ndblglrsd mfs slouldgtds dmdcdgtfs jmkvd nd ugk prfpudstk nd
bfrckjlúg8

 Mfs fihdtlvfs nd mk kjjlúg bfrcktlvk.

 Dm cfndmf nd bfrckjlúg ndm prfbdsfrknf.

 Mfs tlpfs nd cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks.

 Mfs jfgtdglnfs nd mk bfrckjlúg.


Mk nurkjlúg nd mk kjjlúg nd mk bfrcktlvk.
Mk prfpudstk ndid kroucdgtkrsd  dg tfnfs mfs kspdjtfs.

Ydqulsltfs bfrckmds8

 Dxtdgslúg88 4 pëolgks (slg jfgtkr mks lgstrujjlfgds, mfs dgugjlknfs, mk ilimlforkbãk gl

Dxtdgslúg
mfs kgdxfs ‚sl mfs euildrk‚) (?11 pkmkirks kprfxlcknkcdgtd).

 ^lpf nd mdtrk8 Krlkm.

 ^kckûf8 ;; pugtfs.

 Lgtdrmlgdknf8 ;,4.

  Kmlgdkjlúg8 Hustlbljknf.
 Kmlgdkjlúg8

Dm trkikh
trkikhf
f nd
ndid
id mmmmdvk
dvkrsd
rsd k jkif
jkif dg ds
dstd
td nf
nfjuc
jucdg
dgtf
tf _frn
_frn slould
slouldgnf
gnf mks gfrcks
gfrcks nd
prdsdgtkjlúg y dnljlúg dg jukgtf k jltks y rdbdrdgjlks ilimlforëbljks sd rdbldrd (vìksd mk
Ouãk nd Dstunlf).

Mk dgdgtr
trdo
dok
k nd
ndid
id ekjd
ekjdrs
rsd
d sl
slou
ould
ldgn
gnf
f mfs
mfs prfj
prfjdn
dnlc
lcld
ldgt
gtfs
fs qud
qud sd ndsj
ndsjrl
rlid
idg
g dg dm
nfjucdgtf nd dvkmukjlúg nd mk kslogkturk y dg glgoøg jksf ndid dgtrdokrsd k trkvìs
ndm jfrrdf ndm prfbdsfr/k.

Qfr ftrf mknf, sd rdjudrnk qud dxlstdg ugfs jrltdrl

jrltdrlfs
fs nd dvkmukjlúg
dvkmukjlúg juyf sdoulcldgtf
pfr pkrtd
pkrtd ndm kmucgf
kmucgf sd jfg
jfgsln
slndrk
drk suc
suckcd
kcdgtd
gtd lcpfrt
lcpfrtkgt
kgtd.
d. Qkrk
Qkrk cës lgb
lgbfrc
frckjl
kjlúg,
úg,
jfgsømtdsd dm nfjucdgtf nd dvkmukjlúg nd mk kslogkturk .

Cuy lcpfrtkgtd8 dg mk pfrtknk qud kpkrdjd dg mk pëolgk slouldgtd ndidg lgnljkrsd

mfs nktfs pdrsfgkmds qud sd ndtkmmkg y dm tãtumf ndm trkikhf (dm trkikhf qud gf jucpmk
jfg mks jfg
jfgnlj
nljlfg
lfgds
ds nd lnd
lndgtl
gtlblj
bljkjlú
kjlúg
g gf sdrë jfrrdo
jfrrdolnf
lnf).
). K jfgtlg
jfgtlgukj
ukjlúg
lúg nd mk
pfrtknk, ndid lgjmulrsd dm Ãgnljd ndm trkikhf.

9
 

^YKIKHF8 J FGRFJK^FYLK
FGRFJK^FYLK F YNLGKYLK
YNLGKYLK

Gfcirds y kpdmmlnf/s nd mfs kmucgfs

Gfcird y Kpdmmlnf ndm lgtdorkgtd ;8 Hunny Hfekggk Yudnk Ikrrkgjf

98 Ckrãk Duodglk Ckrtlmmf Qlgjky

Gfcird y Kpdmmlnf ndm lgtdorkgtd 98 

 Gfcird y Kpdmmlnf ndm lgtdorkgtd :8 

:8  Ckrtek Ckrãk Xkcirkgf ^rdhf

 Gfcird y Kpdmmlnf ndm lgtdorkgtd >8 

>8 Muz Duodglk Qummkoukrl Dsplgfzk

Orupf8 21
Bdjek8 ;<-15-919;
^ãtumf8 Bfrckjlúg ndm prfbdsfrknf dg mk utlmlzkjlúg nd mks edrrkcldgtks tdjgfmúoljks
tdjgfmúoljks dg dm
slomf UUL

 Kslogkturk8 ^dfrãks ndm kprdgnlzkhd y iksds cdtfnfmúoljks nd mk bfrckjlúg .

Gfcird ndm jktdnrëtljf8 Nr. @kclm Olomlf

Orupf8 BQVCCDV919;-12VdsV9

Ãgnljd
Qrds
Qrdsdg
dgtk
tkjl
jlúg
úg :

Mfs fihdtlvfs
fihdtlvfs nd mk kjjlúg
kjjlúg bfrcktlvk
bfrcktlvk…………
……………………
……………………
……………………
……………………
……………....
…....
…..>

Dm cfndmf nd bfrckjlúg ndm prfbdsfrknf…………………………………………… .……….>-

4
Mfs tlpfs nd cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks 4-2-?
Mfs jfgtdglnfs nd mk bfrckjlúg ?-5

Mk nurkjlúg nd mk kjjlúg nd mk bfrcktlvk…………………………………………….………… 5

Ydbdrdgjlks ilimlforëbljks…………………………………………………………………….…..<

:
 

Fihdtlvf odgdrkm

 Kgkmlzkr dm jfgjdptf nd prfbdslúg nfjdgtd uglvdrsltkrlk

uglvdrsltkrlk qud prdnfclgk dg mk sfjldnkn
kjtukmm y dg mk cdgtkmlnk
kjtuk cdgtkmlnkn
n ndm prfbdsfr
prfbdsfrknf8
knf8 quì prlgjlpl
prlgjlplfs
fs sfg ndrlvknfs
ndrlvknfs ndm dgtfrgf
sfjlfdjfgúcljf, nd mks jrddgjlks y vkmfrds y nd mks nlsjlpmlgks jldgtãbljks, ksã jfcf ndm
cfndmf prfbdslfgkm y nd bfrckjlúg y nd mks bugjlfgds dspdjãbljks ndm prfbdsfrknf.

Fihdtlvfs dspdjãbljfs

;. Lndgtlblj
Lndgtlbljkr
kr mks jkusks
jkusks qud jfgmmdvkg
jfgmmdvkg km prfbdsfrkn
prfbdsfrknf
f k mk mlcltkjlú
mlcltkjlúg
g nd kjtukmlz
kjtukmlzkjlú
kjlúg
g
dg jukgtf k mk dgsdûkgzk.

9. Lcpmdcdg
Lcpmdcdgtkr
tkr jkpkjltkj
jkpkjltkjlfgd
lfgds
s jfg edrrkcldg
edrrkcldgtks
tks tdjgfmúolj
tdjgfmúoljks
ks kjtukmlzknk
kjtukmlzknk pkrk dm
cdhfrkcldgtf nd mk dgsdûkgzk kprdgnlzkhd.

:. Ydkm
Ydkmlz
lzkr
kr sd
sdou
oulc
lcld
ldgtf  y irlg
gtf irlgnk
nkrr kjtu
kjtukm
kmlz
lzkj
kjlf
lfgd
gds
s sfir
sfird
d gudv
gudvfs
fs cfnd
cfndmf
mfs
s nd
bfrckjlúg km prfbdsfrknf, qud lgjmuykg dm usf nd ^LJ

Dm cfndmf nd bfrckjlúg ndm prfbdsfrknf.

Mk bfrckjlúg pdnkoúoljk nd mfs prfbdsfrds uglvdrsltkrlfs jfgstltuyd ugk prlfrlnkn pkrk mks
lgstltujlfgds
lgstltujlfgds uglvdrsltkrlks.
uglvdrsltkrlks.

Tg pugtf jmkvd dg mk clslúg nd mks uglvdrslnknds, ds dm jucpmlcldgtf nd mks tkrdks qud sd

kjfcdt
kjfcdtdg
dg pk
pkrk
rk dmdvk
dmdvkrr mk bfrck
bfrckjlú
jlúg
g pdnko
pdnkoúol
úoljk
jk nd mfs prfbds
prfbdsfrd
frds,
s, qud lcpkrt
lcpkrtdg
dg
nfjdgj
nfjdgjlk
lk dg mks
mks nlbdr
nlbdrdg
dgtds
tds jkr
jkrrdr
rdrks,
ks, mf jukm
jukm lcpmlj
lcpmljk
k ugk jfgstk
jfgstkgtd
gtd lggfvk
lggfvkjlú
jlúg
g nd
jfgfjlcldgtfs.

 Mk tkrdk nd lgtdorkr mks ^LJ k ug cfndmf pdnkoúoljf, sd ekjd gdjdskrlf brdgtd k mfs
jkcilfs nd mk vlnk cfndrgk y mks cfnkmlnknds nd dgsdûkgzk, jfg mk lcpmdcdgtkjlúg
nd mk vlrtukmlnkn. Ndsnd dm dstunlf nd mfs cfndmfs nd bfrckjlúg pdrckgdgtd pkrk dm
prfbdsfrknf,, dg prlcdrk lgstkgjlk ndsnd dm cfndmf edrcdgìutljf-rdbmdxlvf,
prfbdsfrknf edrcdgìutljf-rdbmdxlvf, pfndcfs
kprdjlkr qud dm nfjdgtd ds prftkofglstk dg su prfjdsf nd bfrckjlúg, mf jukm pdrcltd
qu
qud
d dg dm pksf
pksf k pksf
pksf nd su jfgf
jfgfjl
jlcl
cldg
dgtf
tf nd mks
mks gudv
gudvks
ks td
tdjg
jgfm
fmfo
foãk
ãks
s qud
qud md
bkvfrdzjkg pkrk dm trkikhf nd kumk, sd nì dm dspkjlf k mk lgljlktlvk d lggfvkjlúg ndgtrf
nd sus prëjtljks pdnkoúoljks. Kquã dm ckdstrf pudnd rdbmdxlfgkr sfird sus cdtks nd
bfrckjlúg brdgtd km kprdgnlzkhd d lcpmdcdgtkjlúg nd mks gudvks tdjgfmfoãks, kutf
dv
dvkm
kmuk
ukrr y ekjd
ekjdrr sdou
sdoulc
lcld
ldgt
gtf
f nd su prfj
prfjds
dsf
f nd kprd
kprdgn
gnlz
lzkh
khd
d y cfnd
cfndrg
rglz
lzkr
krsd
sd
trkgsbfrckgnf
trkgsbfrckgnf mk ckgdrk nd lcpkrtlr
lcpkrtlr sus dgsdûkgzks.
dgsdûkgzks. Nd tfnf dstf surod dgtfgjds,
dgtfgjds,
ug nfjdgtd jfg gdjdslnknds jknk vdz ckyfrds pfr knqulrlr nfclglf dg dm ckgdhf nd
mks edrrkcldgtks tdjgfmúoljks qud md pdrcltkg kcpmlkr su pfrtkbfmlf nd dstrktdolks

pdnkoúoljks dg dm qudekjdr nlkrlf dg sus kumks vlrtukmds (pmktkbfrcks, dgtfrgfs y

sltlfs wdi nd kpfyf k su cfcdgtf nd dgsdûkgzk kprdgnlzkhd).

>
 

  Jfcf sdougnf kspdjtf pfndcfs rdtfckr mk bfrckjlúg iksknk dg jfcpdtdgjlks jfg

mk blgkmlnkn nd prdpkrkr k mfs nfjdgtds pkrk qud pudnkg frldgtkm k sus dstunlkgtds,
uskgnf
uskgnf mks edrrkcldg
edrrkcldgtks
tks tdjgfmúo
tdjgfmúoljks
ljks jfg ekilmln
ekilmlnkn
kn y ndstrdzk,
ndstrdzk, trkgsbfrc
trkgsbfrckgn
kgnf
f
pfsltlvkcdgtd mk rdkmlnkn nd su dgtfrgf mkifrkm. Mk dsdgjlk nd dstk prdpkrkjlúg,
rknljk dg mk bfrckjlúg nd jlunknkgfs nloltkmds, nfgnd mfs nfjdgtds k trkvìs nd su
ndskrrfmmf pdrsfgkm y nd su jkpkjlnkn trkikhf dg dqulpf bfcdgtdg rdnds nd kpfyf y
sdkg bkjlmltknfrds pkrk mk knqulsljlúg nd ndstrdzks y ekilmlnknds gdjdskrlks pkrk mk

kp
kprf
rfpl
plkj
kjlú
lúg
g d lclcpm
pmdc
dcdg
dgtk
tkjl
jlúg
úg nd mks
mks ^L
^LJ
J dg sus
sus cfcd
cfcdgtgtfs
fs nd dgsd
dgsdûkûkgz
gzk
k
kprdgnlzkhd y tkcilìg bkvfrdzjkg prfjdsfs nd kjtukmlzkjlúg nd mfs jfgtdglnfs .

Mfs tlpfs nd cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks.

Dm prfbds
prfbdsfrk
frknf
nf rdquld
rdquldrd
rd ug
ugk
k bfrckj
bfrckjlúg
lúg pd
pdrck
rckgd
gdgtd
gtd kjfrnd
kjfrnd jfg sus gd
gdjds
jdsln
lnknd
knds
s
prfbdslfgkmds.

Jkid cdgjlfgkr qud dm prfjdnlcldgtf nd bfrckjlúg, prdsdgtk vkrlks ndckgnks pkrk

ktdgndr mks nlbdrdgtds prfpudstks nlrlolnks k ug pmkg nd cdhfrks y qud rdspfgnkg k mks
nlvdrodg
nlvdrodgtds
tds gdjdslnk
gdjdslnknds
nds nd mfs nfjd
nfjdgtds
gtds,, bkjlmltk
bkjlmltkgnf
gnf sus kprdgnlz
kprdgnlzkhds
khds,, cdnlkgtd
cdnlkgtd mfs
nlstlgtfs jursfs nd bfrckjlúg jfgtlguk qud gfs fbrdjd dm Clglstdrlf nd Dnujkjlúg, jursfs

fg-mlgd y prdsdgjlkmds,
prdsdgjlkmds, sdclgkrlfs, orupfs nd trkikhfs, jfgordsfs, hfrgknks, jfgbdrdgjlks
jfgbdrdgjlks
y sdslfgds bfrcktlvks, mljdgjlkturks,
mljdgjlkturks, ckstdrknfs,
ckstdrknfs, QEN0 mfs
mfs clscfs qud gfs
gfs pdrcltdg
kpmljkr
kpmljkr cìtfnfs
cìtfnfs pdnkoúol
pdnkoúoljfs
jfs d lggfvknf
lggfvknfrds,
rds, jkcilkg
jkcilkgnf
nf mk cfnkmln
cfnkmlnkn
kn trknljlf
trknljlfgkm
gkm dg
pdrspdjtl
pdrspdjtlvks
vks vlodgtds
vlodgtds,, frldgtknk
frldgtknks
s km jkcilf
jkcilf prfordsl
prfordslvf
vf dg idgdbljlf
idgdbljlf nd mk lgtdorln
lgtdorlnkn
kn
prfbdslfgkm ndm nfjdgtd.

Cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks
Dm Qmkg nd Bfrckjlúg prdsdgtk ugk fbdrtk nd cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks pkrk ktdgndr mks
gdjdslnknds ndrlvknks ndm pmkg nd cdhfrk y qud rdspfgnd k mk nlvdrslnkn nd sltukjlfgds
ndtdjtknks dg mfs jdgtrfs.

Ksdsfrkcldgtf k mfs jdgtrfs

Mfs jdgtrfs dnujktlvfs tldgdg kslogknk ugk pdrsfgk ksdsfrk nd rdbdrdgjlk qud pudnd
kyunkr k mfs dqulpfs nfjdgtds dg sus prfjdsfs nd ndskrrfmmf jurrljumkr fbrdjldgnf ug
ks
ksds
dsfr
frkc
kcld
ldgt
gtf
f sfir
sfird
d kspd
kspdjt
jtfs
fs jfcf
jfcf mk dmki
dmkifr
frkj
kjlú
lúg,
g, ndsk
ndskrr
rrfm
fmmf
mf y dvkm
dvkmuk
ukjl
jlúg
úg nd
prforkckjlfgds nlnëjtljks0 mk kpmljkjlúg km kumk nd prfpudstk surolnks nd kjtlvlnknds
bfrcktlvks f cktdrlkmds nlnëjtljfs0 tdcks pdnkoúoljf dcdrodgtd, dtj.

Qfr mf tkgtf, dg dm ndskrrfmmf nd dstks kjtlvlnknds, dm prfbdsfrknf nd ug jdgtrf pudnd

dgjfgtrkrsd jfg nunks f nlbljumtknds y rdqudrlr mk jfmkifrkjlúg nd ug ksdsfrkcldgtf
dx
dxtd
tdrg
rgf
f qu
qud
d md frld
frldgt
gtd
d mk iøsq
iøsqud
udnk
nk nd pfsl
pfslim
imds
ds sfmu
sfmujl
jlfg
fgds
ds.. Qkrk
Qkrk kt
ktdg
dgnd
ndrr dstk
dstks
s
sltukjlfgds sd fbdrtk dstk cfnkmlnkn dg tfnfs mfs glvdmds dnujktlvfs y ërdks jurrljumkrds.
jurrljumkrds.

4
 

;. Jurs
rsf
fs

Mfs jursfs
jursfs sd prforkck
prforkckg
g jfg mk blgkmlnk
blgkmlnkn
n nd jfgtrliul
jfgtrliulrr k mk kjtukmlz
kjtukmlzkjlú
kjlúg
g jldgtãblj
jldgtãbljk,
k,
tìjgl
tìjgljk,
jk, nl
nlnëj
nëjtlj
tljk
k y prfbds
prfbdslf
lfgkm
gkm ndm prfbds
prfbdsfrk
frknf,
nf, pf
pfrr cdnlf
cdnlf nd mks
mks kpfrtk
kpfrtkjlf
jlfgd
gds
s nd
dspdjlkmlstks.

9. Zd
Zdcl
clgk
gkrl
rlfs
fs

Dm Zdclg
Zdclgkrl
krlf
f ds ugk kjtlvl
kjtlvlnk
nkn
n bfrck
bfrcktlv
tlvk
k qud jfcil
jfcilgk
gk pd
pdrlf
rlfnf
nfs
s prdsdg
prdsdgjlk
jlkmd
mds
s y gf

prdsdgjlkmds, nlrlolnk pfr ugk pdrsfgk dxpdrtk dg mk cktdrlk, dg mk qud sd prfbugnlzk dg

ug tdck dnujktlvf, jfg ugk ckyfr kpmljkjlúg nlnëjtljk y ug ckyfr orknf nd lcpmljkjlúg
ndm prfbdsfrknf.
prfbdsfrknf.

Dg dstk
dstk cfnkml
cfnkmlnk
nkn
n bfrckt
bfrcktlvk
lvk sd jfc
jfcilg
ilgk
k dm ndskrr
ndskrrfm
fmmf
mf nd jfgtdg
jfgtdglnf
lnfs
s tdúrlj
tdúrljfs
fs jfg
prfpudstks dclgdgtdcdgtd prëjtljks, dg mks qud sd nkg frldgtkjlfgds pkrk dm nlsdûf,
kpmljkjlúg y dvkmukjlúg ndm jfgtdglnf ndm sdclgkrlf, qud pfnrëg sdr kpmljknfs km kumk.

Zu fihdtlvf
fihdtlvf iësljf ds sdr ug ckrj
ckrjf
f nd pdrbdjjl
pdrbdjjlfgk
fgkcldg
cldgtf.
tf. Km blgkmlzkr
blgkmlzkr mk kjtlvlnkn
kjtlvlnkn sd
prdsdgtkrë ugk Cdcfrlk qud nì judgtk ndtkmmknk ndm trkikhf rdkmlzknf.

:. Or
Orup
upfs
fs nd ^
^rki
rkikhf
khf

Dm Orupf nd ^rkikhf ds mk cfnkmlnkn nd bfrckjlúg jkrkjtdrlzknk pfr dm cëxlcf orknf nd

kutfgfcãk y jfgstltuyd ug dspkjlf nd bfrckjlúg jfcpmdcdgtkrlf k mfs dqulpfs nfjdgtds
qud dxlstdg dg mfs jdgtrfs. Ds ugk cfnkmlnkn ndstlgknk k pdrsfgks qud pdrtdgdjdg k
ug
ugf
f f vkrl
vkrlfs
fs jdgt
jdgtrf
rfs
s dnuj
dnujkt
ktlv
lvfs
fs ndm
ndm cl
clsc
scf
f f nd nlbd
nlbdrd
rdgt
gtd
d glvd
glvdmm qud
qud jfcp
jfcpkr
krtd
tdg
g
ndtdrclgknks lgquldtunds rdmkjlfgknks jfg mk dmkifrkjlúg nd cktdrlkmds jurrljumkrds f
jfg dm trktkcldgtf nlnëjtljf nd tdcks dspdjãbljfs.

Dm Orupf nd ^rkikhf pkrtd nd mk lgljlktlvk ndm prfbdsfrknf y su fihdtlvf ds mk dmkifrkjlúg y

kgëmlsls
kgëmlsls nd prfydjtf
prfydjtfs
s y cktdrlkm
cktdrlkmds
ds jurrljum
jurrljumkrds
krds,, ksã jfcf
jfcf mk dxpdrlcd
dxpdrlcdgtkjl
gtkjlúg
úg nd mfs
clscfs jdgtrknk dg mks nlvdrsks sltukjlfgds dnujktlvks. Fjkslfgkmcdgtd pfnrë jfgtkr 

jfg mk jfmkifrkjlúg nd pdrsfgks dxpdrtks.

 Km blgkmlzkr mk kjtlvlnkn sd prdsdgtkrë ugk Cdcfrlk qud, nd judgtk ndtkmmknk ndm trkikhf
rdkmlzknf,, qud sdrë dm rdbdrdgtd pkrk mk dvkmukjlúg ndm clscf.
rdkmlzknf

>. Jfg
fgor
ords
dsf
fs y hfrg
hfrgkn
knks
ks

Mfs Jfgordsfs y mks hfrgknks sfg cfnkmlnknds bfrcktlvks nd jkrëjtdr pugtukm juyf
prlgjlpkm fihdtlvf ds nlbugnlr jfgtdglnfs sfird ug tdck cfgforëbljf prdvlkcdgtd blhknf,
lgtdrjkcilkr dxpdrldgjlks f ndiktlr sfird mfs kvkgjds qud sd vdgokg rdkmlzkgnf dg ug
jkcpf jldgtãbljf f nlnëjtljf. Dg su nlsdûf sd pudndg lgjmulr jfgbdrdgjlks nd pdrsfgks
dxpdrtks, prdsdgtkjlúg nd dxpdrldgjlks y jfcugljkjlfgds, tkmmdrds, cdsks rdnfgnks y

dxpfsljlfgds
dxpfsljlfgds nd cktdrlkm.

2
 

4. Jfg
Jfgbdrd
bdrdgjl
gjlkk y Zds
Zdslúg
lúg Lgb
Lgbfrc
frcktl
ktlvk
vk

Mk Jfgbdrdgjlk ds ugk nlsdrtkjlúg f dxpfsljlúg dg pøimljf qud rdkmlzk ugk pdrsfgk

dxpdrtk sfird ug jkcpf jldgtãbljf f nlnëjtljf jfg dm blg nd dgsdûkrmf f nlvumokrmf
nlvumokrmf..

Mks Zdslfgds lgbfrcktlvks sfg kjtlvlnknds pugtukmds nd jfrtk nurkjlúg. Ekiltukmcdgtd

dstëg ndnljknks k lgbfrckr sfird kspdjtfs dnujktlvfs, ksã jfcf prdsdgtkr cktdrlkmds y

rdjursfs jfgjrdtfs nd kumk y kgkmlzkr sus pftdgjlkmlnknds

pftdgjlkmlnknds nlnëjtljks.
Mfs jfgtdglnfs nd mk bfrckjlúg.

Zd dg
dgtld
tldgnd
gnd pfr jfgtdg
jfgtdgln
lnf
f dm jfghu
jfghugtf
gtf nd jfgfjl
jfgfjlcld
cldgtf
gtfs,
s, ekilml
ekilmlnkn
nknds,
ds, nd
ndstr
strdzk
dzks
s y
kjtltunds qud jfgtrliuydg dm mforf nd mfs fihdtlvfs nd jknk dgsdûkgzk y dtkpk dnujktlvk
y k mk knqulsljlúg nd jfcpdtdgjlks.

Dm nf
nfjdg
jdgtd
td nd
ndid
id sdr ug bkjlm
bkjlmltk
ltknf
nfrr nd
ndmm nd
ndskr
skrrfm
rfmmf
mf nd mfs
mfs prfyd
prfydjtf
jtfs
s nd vlnk
vlnk nd jknk
jknk
dstunlkgtd, lgjmuydgnf dm clscf pkrk nlgkclzkr mfs prfjdsfs nd kprdgnlzkhd, pfr dgnd,
mfs jfgtdglnfs nd mk bfrckjlúg, ds ug dmdcdgtf dsdgjlkm pkrk dm ndskrrfmmf prfbdslfgkm nd
ug nfjdgtd, dg mf jukm gfs nkrdcfs judgtk dm jfgfjlcldgtf qud yk dstë knqulrlnf y qud

sd mf ek pudstf dg prëjtljk, y ksã clscf prdjlskr qud gfs ekjd bkmtk pfr jfgfjdr pkrk
irlgnkr ugk cdhfr dgsdûkgzk-kprdgnlzkhd, nd kjudrnf k mk gdjdslnkn nd jknk dstunlkgtd.

Jukg
Jukgnf
nf ek
ekjd
jdcf
cfs
s ug kjdr
kjdrjk
jkcl
cldg
dgtf
tf dg jukg
jukgtf
tf k mfs
mfs jfgt
jfgtdg
dgln
lnfs
fs nd mk bf
bfrc
rckj
kjlú
lúg,
g,
gdjdskrlkcdgtd gfs dstkcfs rdblrldgnf k mk pkrtd dstrujturkm nd ug jursf f cfnumf
uglvdrsltkrlf
uglvdrsltkrlf y dstk mkifr ds jfcpdtdgjlk nlrdjtk ndm dstunlkgtknf uglvdrsltkrlf.
uglvdrsltkrlf. Ndidcfs
jfgslndrkr mfs pugtfs budrtds y mfs pugtfs nìilmds qud ktrkvldsk mk dnujkjlúg supdrlfr.
Efy
Efy dg nãk mk bfrckj
bfrckjlú
lúg
g ug
uglvd
lvdrsl
rsltkr
tkrlk
lk ndid
ndid dst
dstkr
kr k mk pk
pkrr jf
jfg
g mks
mks dx
dxlod
lodgjl
gjlks
ks nd mk
sfjldnkn kjtukm dg dstd pugtf lgtdrvldgd mk prdpkrkjlúg nd tfnf dm pdrsfgkm nfjdgtd, dmmfs
ndidg
ndidg dstkr
dstkr dg jfgstkgtd
jfgstkgtd jkpkjltkjlú
jkpkjltkjlúg,
g, iusj
iusjkr
kr mk cdtfnfmfo
cdtfnfmfoãk
ãk kndjuknk
kndjuknk pkrk pfndr 
pfndr 
mmdokr k jknk ugf nd mfs dstunlkgtds qud iusjkg ugk prdpkrkjlúg y ksã kmjkgzkr su cdtk
prfpudstk tdgldgnf ugk bfrckjlúg jfedrdgtd, jkpkz nd nkr rdspudstks k mk prfimdcëtljk
nd mk sfjldnkn qud tfnfs dstkcfs lgcdrsfs. Mk dgsdûkgzk ndid sdr nd ckgdrk nlrdjtk y
vljdvdrsk.

Mfs jkcilfs dg mk dgsdûkgzk uglvdrsltkrlk ekg slnf nd ckgdrk vdrtlolgfsk y dstd ds dm

ndskbãf pmkgtdknf y ds keã dg nfgnd lgtdrvdglcfs nd ckgdrk uglmktdrkm. Cd vldgd k mk
cdgtd mk slouldgtd brksd qud ildg sd khustk k dstd pmkgtdkcl
pmkgtdkcldgtf.
dgtf. Qfrqud ugf gf kprdgnd
nd gknk dg dm jfgtdxtf dnujktlvf. Zdgjlmmkcdgtd mfs cìtfnfs qud cujeks vdjds sfg
dcpmdknfs ekg pksknf nd sdr jknujfs. Zd ekimk nd ugk jfgtdxtukmlzkjlúg y nd ugk
cdhf
cdhfrk
rk dg dm jk
jkcp
cpf
f dnuj
dnujkt
ktlv
lvf.
f. ”E
”Edc
dcfs
fs vl
vlst
stf
f jfcf
jfcf sd ek lnf
lnf juds
judstl
tlfg
fgkg
kgnf
nf dm 

jfgfjlcldgtf lgcutkimd nd mks jldgjlks y sd kirdg ftrks jfgjdpjlfgds dg mks jukmds mk

lgtdrprdtkjlúg, mk jfcprdgslúg nd mk rdkmlnkn, mk lgjdrtlnucird y mk jfcpmdhlnkn (Ikrgdtt,
9119) tldgdg ug pkpdm lcpfrtkgtd dg mk rdkmlnkn jldgtãbljk y sfjlkm–. Ftrk bkmdgjlk qud sd

?
 

ek ndtdjtknf dg mk dgsdûkgzk supdrlfr ds dg jukgtf k mk lgbrkdstrujturk, kugqud dg dstd

pugtf pudndg dxlstlr nlvdrodgjlks, pdrf kqudmmf ds ugk orkg rdkmlnkn qud sd md ndid
prdstkr cujek ktdgjlúg, yk qud ds ugk pkrtd nlrdjtk dg mk bfrckjlúg ¶dg quì sdgtlnf6
Qfndcfs tdgdr ugk dxjdmdgtd dgsdûkgzk, prfbdsfrds jfg ugk kmtk bfrckjlúg kjknìcljk,
pdrf jfg ugk ckmk lgbrkdstrujturk tfnf sd vdgnrãk kikhf, dstf ndid lr k mk pkr. Mk
 huvdgtun nd efy dg nãk ndid ndspdrtkr nd dsd mdtkrof y kmjkgzkr dm pftdgjlkm ndsdknf
qud ds dm skidr, dm ekjdr y dm sdr. Dstfs trds plmkrds ndidg dstkr jfgjktdgknfs, ekjdr 

budrzk y mforkr mks cdtks ndsdknks.

Efy dg nãk mfs dstunlfs uglvdrsltkrlfs sd ekg odgdrkmlzknf y su nlvdrslnkn ds ug slogf nd
rlqudzk, pdrf
pdrf tkcilìg fimlok
fimlok k ug trktkcldgtf nlbdrdgtd
nlbdrdgtd nd su bugjlúg sfjlkm. Dm skidr yk
yk
gf dstë øgljkcdgtd dg mk Kjkndclk slgf dg mks rdnds y ftrks edrrkcldgtks nloltkmds.

Mk nurkjlúg nd mk kjjlúg nd mk bfrcktlvk.

Tgk vdz ndtdjtknk mk gdjdslnkn rdkm nd rdkmlzkr ugk ndtdrclgknk kjjlúg bfrcktlvk ekirë
qud pmkglbljkr ndtkmmknkcdgtd pkrk qud dm rdsumtknf sdk pfsltlvf0 ugk nd mks jfsks cës
lcpfrtkgtds nd jknk kjjlúg bfrcktlvk ds mk prdvlslúg ndm tldcpf gdjdskrlf pkrk mk clsck.

 K jknk kspdjtf eky qud ndnljkrmd dm tldcpf gdjdskrlf pkrk knqulrlr mfs jfgfjlcldgtfs
jfgfjlcldgtfs
rdqudrlnfs pfr dm pøimljf pftdgjlkm, gl cës gl cdgfs.

Dm tdgdr jmkrf mfs fihdtlvfs sdrë nd vltkm lcpfrtkgjlk pkrk fitdgdr ug rdsumtknf pfsltlvf,
kndcës0 dg bugjlúg ndm gøcdrf nd fihdtlvfs qud sd tdgokg qud kmjkgzkr, mk bfrckjlúg
ndidrë sdr nd ckyfr f cdgfr nurkjlúg.

Jukmquldr prfbdslfgkm pudnd sdr mmkcknf dg kmoøg cfcdgtf nd su jkrrdrk k pmkglbljkr,

ndskrrfmmkr d lcpkrtlr kjtlvlnknds bfrcktlvks, y dstf dxlod ugk prdpkrkjlúg cãglck pkrk
ekjdrmf jfg rdspfgskilmlnkn y dbljkjlk.

Nd mk pr
prfor
forkck
kckjlú
jlúg
g y dm nlsdû
nlsdûf
f nf
nfjdg
jdgtd
td sd ek dsjrlt
dsjrltf
f cujef
cujef,, pdrf
pdrf nd mk nurkjl
nurkjlúg
úg
dstlcknk qud lcpmljkg dstd tlpf nd tkrdks sd ek dsjrltf pfjf f cdgfs, sldgnf pfr tkgtf
ugk mkifr ikstkgtd lgvlslilmlzknk y pfjf rdjfgfjlnk, mf qud prfvfjk qud mks pdrsfgks qud
jfgtrktkg k pdrsfgks bfrcknfrks f nfjdgtds vkmfrdg su trkikhf dg bugjlúg ndm gøcdrf nd
efrks k lcpkrtlr, jlûìgnfsd pfr tkgtf k mk cdrk dxpfsljlúg rutlgkrlk nd jfgtdglnfs.

Ftrf bkjtfr k jfgslndrkr ds mk dstrujturk ndm pdgsuc kjknìcljf dg dstf jrdf yf qud eky
bkmdgjlks y jukgnf sd ndtdjtk nljek prfimdcëtljk lgcdnlktkcdgtd lgtdrvldgd mk pkrtd
pdnkoúoljk y mk hugtk kjknìcljk, dstfs nfs frokglscfs sfg prlcfrnlkmds pkrk ekjdr 
mf
mfs
s kh
khust
ustds
ds gd
gdjds
jdskrl
krlfs
fs dg juk
jukgtf
gtf k mks
mks cktdr
cktdrlks
lks k nd
ndskr
skrrfm
rfmmkr
mkr pfr pkrtd
pkrtd nd mfs
nfjdgtds. Eky cktdrlks qud sfg lggdjdskrlks sustltulr pfr ftrks qud vkg kyunkr km
 hfvdg qud sd dstë
dstë prdpkrkgnf
prdpkrkgnf pkrk dm buturf.
buturf.

Mfs fihdtlvfs nd kprdgnlzkhds

kprdgnlzkhds pfr jknk kslogkturk qud sd lcpkrtd sfg vltkmds yk qud dstf
ds mk jfgsdjujlúg nd mfs mforfs k kmjkgzkr hugtf jfg mks cdtks pmkgtdknks y dm jkcpf
nd kjjlúg k dhdjutkrsd pfr pkrtd ndm dstunlkgtd, jukgnf sd jfcldgzk ugk jkrrdrk k blg
5
 

k sus prfplfs lgtdrdsds gf sd md ndid rdstkr lcpfrtkgjlk, pfrqud dm ndsdf nd kqudmmk

pdrsfgk ds skidr dg quì ërdks dspdjãbljks pudnd ndsdgvfmvdrsd.

Ilimlforkbãk.

ettps8//hukgckrtlgdzndskmlgks.jfc/9115/;1/99/nurkjlg-kjjlfgds-bfrck
ettps8//hukgckrtlgdzndskmlgks.jfc/9115/;1/99/nurkjlg-kjjlfgds-bfrcktlvks/
tlvks/

ettps8//lgckjumknksfm.jfc/91;4/;1/;?/jukgtf
ettps8//lgckjumknksfm.jfc/91;4/;1/;?/jukgtf-tldcpf-sd-tkrnk-dg-prdpkrkr-ugk
-tldcpf-sd-tkrnk-dg-prdpkrkr-ugk--
kjjlfg-bfrcktlvk/

ettps8//sfybfrcknfr.gdt/fihdtlvfs
ettps8//sfybfrcknfr.gdt/fihdtlvfs-nd-ugk-kjjlf
-nd-ugk-kjjlfg-bfrcktlvk/
g-bfrcktlvk/

ettp8//www.uc.ds/dkn/rdn/42/lcid
ettp8//www.uc.ds/dkn/rdn/42/lcidrgfgVoudrrd
rgfgVoudrrdrf.pnb 
rf.pnb 

ettp8//rdvcdnclmltkr.smn.ju/lgnd
ettp8//rdvcdnclmltkr.smn.ju/lgndx.pep/clm/krtljm
x.pep/clm/krtljmd/vldw/:54/:95
d/vldw/:54/:95

<