The GlobalBeryllium10 Cycle

L. R. McHargueand P. E. Damon
NSF-Arizona FacilityforRadioisotope
Analysis
Department of Geosciences
University
of Arizona,Tucson

Abstract. Thecosmogenic radionuclide •øBehasgener- system, or locked in ice. Most of the beryllium is
atedmuchinterestbecauseof its potentialasa tracerin the transportedin the sedimentload and that which staysin
environmentand applicationsto geology,archaeology, solutionshows a strongpH dependenceand is highly
glaciology,andoceanography. Nevertheless,for•øBe tobe mobile in organic-richcontinentalwaters. Beryllium 10
usefulasa tool in theEarthsciences
its geochemical cycle from sedimentsand fiver wateris quicklydepositedin the
as outlined below needs to be understoodmore fully. nearshoresedimentalongthe coastlinesalongwith a small
Beryllium
10(t•a= 1.5x 106
years)
ismainly in amount
produced of •øBethatisreleased
anddispersed
tothedeep
the atmosphereby spallationof oxygen and nitrogen sea.In the open sea,mostof the beryllium is in solution
inducedby secondaryneutronsformed by cosmicray andtherestresideson particulatematter,muchof which is
interactions
with the atmosphere,
but someis producedin of biogenicorigin. Beryllium 10 that is addedto the sea
situonthesurface of theEarth.Depositionof •øBeonto may be scavenged by suchparticles,but as they settleout
thesurfaceof theEarthdependsprimarilyon precipitation. into deeperwaters the organicmatter may oxidize and
Deposited
•øBeis madeup of several
components,
calcareous
organisms
mayslowly
dissolve,
releasing
•øBe
primarily
•øBe•r•oduced
inthestratosphere
and inthebackintotosolution,
and "Berecycledfromdustandsoilparticles, the•øBe
troposphere
thoughfecal pelletsmay carry muchof
theseafloor.
Slow-growing manganese nodules
andsecondarily
•øBerecycled
fromtheocean
ashygro- absorb
some
•øBedirectly
fromthesurrounding
water,
but
scopic nuclei and from cosmic dust. Even though pelagicand slopesedimentsact as the ultimate sinksfor
paleoprecipitationdominated •øBedepositionat anyone •øBe as the residencetime for •øBe in the sediments
locationin the past,cosmicray flux andm•ajorchangesin approaches
thatofthemean lifeof •øBe,2.18x 106years.
theEarth's magnetic fieldalsoinfluenced
•øBedeposition.Nevertheless,
a smallportionof •øBeis subducted or
The•øBedeposited
onlandwilleither
befixedin soilsor accreted at the world's trenches, and it has been used as a
be carried away in overlandflow throughthe fluvial tracerfor the studyof island-arcvolcanism.

1. INTRODUCTION geochemical
cycle
for•øBeintheworld.
Forreviews
ofthe
applications
of •øBe,reference
is madetoBrown[1984,
The sensitivityof accelerator (AMS) 1987],Lal [1988],Faure [1986], and Morris [1990].
massspectrometry
in measuringminute quantitiesof certain elementshas
openedup new avenuesof researchin the Earth sciences. 2. PRODUCTION OF løBE
Recently,
thecosmogenic
radionuclide
•øBehasgenerated
much interestbecauseof its potentialas a tracer in the Berylliumhasseven isotopes, of whichonly9Beis
environmentand applicationsto geology, archaeology, stable[Everest,1964].Beryllium10 hasa half-life of (1.51
glaciology,and oceanography.For the pastseveralyears, + 0.06)x 106years
[Hofman etal.,1987].
Theonlyother
•øBeresearch on relativelyconcen- relatively
hasbeenconducted longlivedradiogenic isotope
besides
•øBeis7Be
trated
•øBein meteorites,
deep-sea
sediments, manganese (t•r•
'=
=
ß
53.2
10
days).
7
Beryllium 10 decaysby electron
7 ß
deposits,and soils.Currentresearchon the productionof emissionto B, and Be decaysby electroncaptureto L•.
6 8 11 12
•øBe within terrestrialmatterrequiresaddedsensitivity The otherisotopesof beryllium, Be, Be, Be, and Be,
from AMS techniques.The potential for Quaternary decaywithin a fractionof a second.Beryllium7 was first
research
maybesubstantial,
butfor•øBetobeused
asa detectedin monsoonrains in India [Goel et al., 1956] and
tool in theEarthsciencesits geochemical
cycleneedsto bein rains in Chicago [Arnold and Al-Salih, 1955] and has
understood morefully. This paper,then,is a summaryofsincebeenusedasa tracerfor cosmogenic berylliumin the
whatis presently
understood about •øBein theenviron-atmosphereand in surfacewaters.Beryllium 10 was first
ment. An attemptwill be made to presenta preliminary detectedin deep-seasedimentcores[Arnold,1956].

Copyright
1991by theAmericanGeophysical
Union. Reviews
of Geophysics,
29, 2 / May 1991
pages141-158
8755-1209/91/91RG-00072 $05.00 Papernumber91RG00072
ß 141 ß
142ßMcHargue
andDamon'
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

Beryllium 10 is a cosmogenic isotopethat is formedfrom scavengedby submicronparticles [Young and Silker,

nuclear reactions in matter induced by cosmic rays. 1974]. The submicronparticlesare composedmostlyof
Primary cosmicradiationis composedmostly of protons sulfatesthatwere eitherformedby gas-to-particle conver-
(90%), alphaparticles(10%), and heaviernuclei [Arnold sionsof sulfidespeciessuchas carbonylsulfide(COS) or
and Al-Salih, 1955]. The intensityof cosmicrays incident directinjectioninto thestratosphere by volcaniceruptions
uponthe Earth is dependentuponthe primarycosmicray [Meszaros,1981]. Afterwardthe particlessettleout of the
intensity,modulationby solarcycles,and fluctuationsof stratosphere and enter the tropospheredependingon
the geomagneticfield. The most abundantcosmogenic latitudinaland seasonal mixingpatterns.As an example,
nuclei productionoccursin the atmosphere from spalla- deposition
of løBeincreases in spring because thereisa
tion, a nuclear reaction processin which several light majortransfer of stratospheric
air to thetroposphereduring
particlesare emittedfrom an atomicnucleusafter it is that time.
struckby a cosmicray particle.Spallationof oxygenand Theratioof løBeto 7Behasbeenusedto measure the
nitrogenin the atmosphereby high-energycosmicray atmospheric residencetimesof theseisotopes.The initial
particlesformsløBe.Theproduction rateof løBein the production
valueof •øBe/7Be is approximately
0.5,and
atmosphereis still uncertain. It is now thought that thereafter
theratioincreases withtimeas7Bedecayswhile
production of løBein theatmosphere is duelargelyto løBe,asa resultof its longhalf-life,
decaysverylittle.
spallation induced by secondaryneutrons formed by Measurements madeof •øBe/7Be in the stratosphere
cosmicray interactionswith the atmosphereratherthanby showedratiosbetween2.6 and 3, andthatimpliesthatthe
primary protons[Tuniz et al., 1983; Nishiizumiet al., residencetime for theseisotopesin the stratosphere
is
1984]. Approximatelytwo thirds of the productionof between320 and 350 days on average[Raisbecket al.,
cosmogenicradionuclidesoccursin the stratosphere and 1981b;
K. Wahlen
et al.,unpublished
manuscript,
1987].
aboutone third in the troposphere[Lal and Peters, 1967] Theresidence
times
of theløBeand7Beproduced
in the
(Figure 1). troposphere
mayvarybetween15 and35 days.
Deposition
ofløBe
onto
thesurface
oftheEarth
depends
primarilyon precipitation.It may be transported to the
Earth by rainout, that is, precipitationby condensation
60 0•,• ,E.
......... withinclouds,or washout,wherefallingraindropsimpact
ontheløBe-carrying
particulate
matter
andthentransport
50 stratopouse themto the surfaceof the Earth.Thusthe deposition
rate
0.1 varies directly with the averageprecipitationrate as
E 40 indicated
instudies
of7Beinthesurface
layeroftheocean
[Youngand Silker,1980]and ½øSr
in rain on land
0.5
ß? 30 [Monaghan,1987].Nevertheless,
thereis widevariability
1.0 in the løBeconcentrations
betweenindividualrainfall
2o
1.5 tropopouse
events[Brownet al., 1989].In addition,asFigure2 shows,
theconcentration
of løBeinprecipitation
isa function
of
10 latitudinal
patterns
of rainfallandtransport
of 1øBefrom
the upperatmosphere to the troposphere [Lal and Peters,
o
90 60 30 o 30 60 90
1967]. In the tropics,high yearly rainfall ratesdilute the
North Lotitude (deg.) South løBe concentration
in precipitation,
but in the polar
regions, particularly over Antarctica, low rainfall or
Figure1. Beryllium10 production
ratein theatmosphere
at am- snowfall
concentrates
løBeinprecipitation.
A mid-latitude
bientpressure
andtemperature
in atoms/cm3yr.
Theproduction
increase
in theconcentration
of løBeis duetotheincreased
rateisbased
onanassumed
inventory
of1.23x 106atoms/cm2yr.
flux of løBefromthe mixingof stratospheric and
Calculated
fromBarryandChorley[1987]andfromFigure4 of troposphericair at these latitudesnear the break in the
Lal and Peters [1967]. Westerlies(W) and easterlies(E) are
tropopauseas shown in Figure 1. In addition, wet
locatedas if it is summerin the northernhemisphere.
precipitation
over land averages70% of that over the sea
[Berner
andBerner,
1987],andasindicated
by 7Bein
rainfall near the sea [Youngand Silker, 1980] the con-
centration
of løBemaybeproportionally
lessin thewet
precipitation
overthe sea.
3. BERYLLIUM 10 IN THE ATMOSPHERE DepositedløBe,
deposited
onthesurface
oftheEarth,
is
made upofseveralcomponents,
primarily
løBeproduced
Theresidence
timeof løBein theatmosphere
dependsin the stratosphere
and in the troposphere
and løBe
on scavenging,stratosphere-troposphere
exchange,and recycledfrom dustand soil particles[Monaghanet al.,
mixing [Lal and Peters, 1967]. Once 1985;
intertropospheric Brownetal., 1989],
andsecondarily løBerecycled
formed in theatmosphere, løBeand7Bearequicklyfrom the oceanas hygroscopicnuclei and from cosmic
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHarõue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß143
dust.The 1øBedeposition ratehasbeentheoreticallyminimumof3000
x10•22g/yrofdust
isgenerated
overthe
calculated
to be2.51x 10-2 atoms/cm2s
[O'Brien,1979]. land,
ofwhich
500x 10• g/yrmaybelosttothesea[Pye,
As measuredin rainfall, deep-seaand lake sediment,and 1987]. If it is assumedthat the averageconcentration
of
icecores,
theaverage 1øBedepositionratemayliebetween•øBeinthisfinefraction ofsoilmatter is4 x 10satoms/g
1.5 and 4.5 x 10-2 atoms/cm2s [Monaghan et al., (estimatedfrom Monaghanet al. [1983b, 1985], Pavich et
1985/1986].
Forthisstudytheaverage 1øBedeposition
rate al. [1986]andLiangandKu [1987]),thenthetotal•øBe
isassumedtobe3.9x 10-2atoms/cm2s. added totheatmosphereeachyearis 1.2 x 1024 atoms/yr
Onlya verysmallamount of 1øBe is addedto the orapproximately 20%ofthe•øBe produced directlyinthe
atmosphereby cosmicdust.Spallationof magnesiumand atmosphere. About 0.20x 1024 atoms/yr of thisrecycled
ironinmeteorites
inadditiontooxygen produces1øBe[Lal •0Be islost
permanentl•c
tothesea.
and Venkatavadran, 1967]. Because of more intense Theinventory of øBein thestratosphere andthe
exposurein spaceof cosmicdustto cosmicradiation,the tropospherecan be calculatedfrom M = TF, where T is
1øBeconcentrations
canberelatively with residence
highcompared timeof•øBe
(years),
F ismass
fluxof•øBe
tothe
those of most materialsonEarth, approximately 2 x 10lø reservoir
(atoms/cm2/yr),
andM is mass of •øBe(in this
atoms/g[Moniotet al., 1988]. As estimatedfrom iridium case, atoms/cm2) [Barth,1952].Taking theareaof the
in atmospheric material Earth
samples,the flux of extraterrestrial tobeA(5.1x 10•Scm2),thentheinventoryisI = MA.
to the Earth amountsto 11,000 tonsannually[Tunceland Thefluxof •øBe intothestratosphere
is takentobetwo
Zoller,1987].Thisresults in2.1x 102o atoms of 1øBe each thirds
oftheproductionrateof•øBeinthetotalatmosphere
yearbein•g raftedin on extraterrestrial material, or 42 (1.23x 10s atoms/cm2/yr).
Thenif theresidencetimeof
atoms/cm•yron the surfacearea of the Earth, nearly 5 •0Beinthestratosphere
istakentobe0.9years (335days),
ordersof magnitudesmallerthanthatobserved. thisresults
inaninventory
of•øBe of3.8x 1024atoms.
On
theotherhand,thefluxof •øBeintothetroposphere
includes
notonlyproductionof •øBein thetroposphere,
•0
E onethirdof thetotalproduction
rate in the atmosphere,
but
alsothefluxof •øBe fromthestratosphere.
Thusthetotal
o 8
amount of •øBeproduced in theatmospheretransits
the
6
troposphere,about1.23x 106atoms/cm2/yr. But the
residencetimeof•øBe inthetroposphere
isshort,about
3
weeks (0.07years),resultingin aninventoryof •øBeof
.S
only4.4x 1023 atoms. Theaverage yearlyfluxof non-
recycled•øBeis4.5x 1024 atoms/yrtotheoceans and1.8
x 1024atoms/yrtoland.
ø
•o 90 ' 6'0 3'0 0 30 60 90
South Lotitude (deg.) North 4. DEPOSITIONOF •øBEIN GLACIALICE
Figure2. Theconcentration
of •øBe
inprecipitation
asa function
of latitude.Calculatedfrom Lal and Peters [ 1967, Figure22] and Beryllium10 will be depositednot only from rain onto
Sellers[1974, p. 5].
land
butalso
from
snow
on•mountainous
anl•6polar
regions.Beryllium 10 was first detectedin 1.2 x
L of
ice water from 200-year-oldGreenlandglacial ice by
McCorkellet al. [1967]. Furtherwork by Raisbecket al.
Hygroscopicnuclei, primarily sea salt, can transport [1978b]foundthatin 1000-and5000-year-oldice at Dome
some
•øBefromtheseatotheland. when C, Antarctica,
Theyareformed the •øBeconcentrations
are2 to 3 x 104
smallair bubblesin foamburstuponthesurfaceof the sea, atoms/g,similarto concentrations
in rainwater.
injectingsea salt into the atmosphere.This is a major Iceis a goodreservoir for •øBestudies becauseof a
sourceof C1 that is depositedon the continents,which continuousrecord, good time resolution,independent
Eriksson [1960]estimates to be 100x 10•2g/yr.If the chronology[Hammeret al., 1978;Loriuset al., 1985], and
concentrationofC1intheseais3.3x 102o atoms/g-water, minimum interferencefrom other effects [Raisbeckand
andthe concentration
of •øBeis 1030atoms/g-water
Yiou,
1980].
A record
of•øBe
variations
in30,000-year-old
(derived in Section 7) and assumingno fractionation ice fromDomeC, Antarctica,
indicated
that •øBewas
between the chemical species, thenonly5.3 x 10•s concentrated2-3 timesmore duringthe Pleistocenethan
atoms/yrof•øBe isdepositedonthelandfromthesea. that in the Holocene [Raisbecket M., 1981a]. This was
A muchlarger fluxof recycled •øBein theoppositeattributedeither to less precipitationduring the Pleis-
direction,from land to sea,is producedby aeoliandust. tocene, a greater
fractionof theglobal•øBeproduction
Beryllium 10, when it first encounters
the surfaceof the going into the Antarctictroposphere,
or to reducedsolar
Earth, may be absorbedon clay or organicmaterialand activity, since productionof cosmogenicnuclidesby
then is reintroducedinto the atmosphereas dust. A galacticcosmicrays is inverselycorrelatedwith solar
144ßMcHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

activity [Lal and Peters, 1967]. Oxygenisotopedatatend [Raisbeck

et al., 1987].Ratherthanan abruptdecrease
in
tosupport theideathat•øBe wasconcentrated primarilyin precipitation,
theabruptincrease in løBeconcentration
the Pleistoceneice becausethe precipitationwas lower. A mayresultfroman increase in •øBeproduction from
modelfor løBedeposition in thepolarregions was severalpossiblesources.A geomagneticfield excursion
developed bystudying thebehavior of 9øSr in thetropo- mayreducethe dipolefield enoughto increase løBe
sphere [Monaghan, 1987]. The results show that the production;
however,
the indicated
increase
in the •øBe
concentration
of løBein recent
Greenland
iceis directlyconcentrationis greaterthan that predictedfor a zero
relatedprimarilyto theprecipitation
andsecondarily
to the dipolefield [Raisbeck
et al., 1987].Otherpossibilities
are
solaractivity. a long-periodchangein solaractivity,or an increaseof
There is evidence that the solar-activity-modulatedgalacticcosmicrays, perhapsfrom a supemovasource
production
ratesignal
of •øBeconcentrations
in icecanbe [Sonerret al., 1987].
resolvedfrom the paleoprecipitation
influence.A rough The concentration of dust in the Antarctic and Green-
11-yearsolar
cycle canbediscerned fromchanges in •øBe landicecapsis low enoughto be of littleconsequence
for
in the twentiethcenturyice fromtheDye 3 the•øBeconcentration
concentrations in theice.Theaverage dust
core,Greenland[Beeret al., 1983]. Antarcticsouthpole concentration
isonlyslightlymorethan1 x 10-7g/g-water
ice seemsto be a good transducerof the solar-modulated [Thompson
and Mosley-Thompson,
1981].If the løBe
concentration
productionsignal,yieldingresultsin excellentagreement in dustis 4 x 10s atoms/g,thendust
withtheAlnCrecord
of solaractivity
[Beer
etal., 1990] contributes
lessthan100atoms/g
ofløBetotheice.During
(seeFigure3). In addition,
twoprominent peaksof •øBe the Pleistocene, becauseof increased dustdeposition
on
occurin the Vestokice core.They occurat theiceanddecreased
concentration precipitation, theløBecontribution
around35,000 and60,000 yearsbeforepresent(B.P.) and fromdustmayhaveincreased to a few hundredatomsper
gram,still lessthan1% of the total.
I I I I I I I I I I Thein situproduction
of løBein iceis onlyof minor
a b c d e f
importance
unlessablationor accumulation
of ice is very
20 _ • slow(<1 cm/yr) [Lal et al., 1987].It is estimatedthat2000
km3ofmeltwater
isreleased
totheseaeach
year[Jacobs
et
al., 1979;Laberyieet al., 1986], and if the area of ice is
1.6x 10•7cm2,thenassuming
a steady
state
formass
accumulation
of ice, which is probablynot the caseat
-10 500 present,
andanaverage
density
(p)oftimtobe0.5g/cm
3,
-20
450•
thenthe
averageaccumulation
12.5g/water/yr.
rate(S)oficeis25cm/•
Theconcentration
ofinsituproduced
or
øBe
-30 400 m increases
with depthin the ice until a maximumconcentra-
tion is reachedas the cosmicmy intensitybecomes
-4O
3•0 •
•00
1000 1800 1600 1900 Depth (m)
Date (A.D.) 400 800 1200 1600 2000
i i i i I i i i i i i i i I i i i i 0.4

Figure 3. Upper curve was obtainedby Fourieranalysisof the

residuals around a sixth-orderpolynomial fit to 1200 inter-
mediate
precision
A•4Cmeasurements
studied
duringanNSF
Workshop[Klein et al., 1980]. Open circlesare the originaldata 1.6 o
of deVries [1958] fractionationcorrected[Lerman et al., 1970].
Dots are high precisiondata of Stuiverand Quay [1980]. Error 2.0 o
x

barsarelc•.Lowercurve isløBedatafora south

polecore[Rais- '54
v

2.4 m
becketal.,1990].Letters
marktimesof(a)Smiver,(b)Medieval -56
Warm,
(c)Wolf,(d)Sparer,
(e)Maunder,
and(f)Dalton
solar• 2.8

epochs.
Notetheremarkable
agreement
of theløBedataforthis 0 -58
unique
aridpolarenvironment
withtheA14C
dataobtained
from• 3.2

dendrochronologically
datedtreerings. -6o
-62

2•0 4•0 6•0 8•0 11•0 1•0 lZ•0

were approximatelyof 1000 to 2000 years duration Age (x103 years)

[Raisbeck
et al., 1987](Figure4). A decrease
in precipita-
tionhasbeenruledoutasthecause
forthese•øBe
peaksFigure4. (a)TheløBeconcentration
asa function
of depthin
becausethe•SOcurve
does notcorrelate
withthese
peaksVestokicecoreand(b)õ•80asa function
of depth
[afterRais-
and there is no enhancementof aerosol componentsbecket al., 1987].
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß145
negligible.The depthof the maximumconcentration
of cumulation rate of ice would have to be increased 50%
•øBeX(Cmax)canbedetermined
fromequation
(3) of Lal with respectto the removalrate. So it hasbeendecidedto
et al. [1987]. leavethebudget for •øBein glacialice unbalanced.
SA
Presently,
thereis 29 x 106km3oficeontheEarth[Berner
X(Cmax) = pS- XAIn(pS/)•V) and Berner, 1987] and, at a roughaverage of 6 x 104
atoms/gof løBe,the•øBeinventory is 1.7x 1027atoms.
where)• = 4.59x 10-7 andtheabsorptionmeanfreepathis Two thousand km3/yr of thaticeis releasedtotheoceans
assumed tobe150g/cm 2atpolarlatitudes.Thenthedepth along with1.1x 1023 atoms of •øBe.Eventhough we
ofmaximum insituproduced •øBe isreachedatnearly 36 assume,as a first approximation,that the sameamountof
m in depthin the tim, assuming a constantdensity(p) of iceis accumulating asis lost,theconcentration of •øBe
0.5 g/cm 3 fromthesurface to theice to thatdepth. contained in theaccumulati•n•g iceis lower, 4 x 104
However, 90% of the maximum concentrationof in situ atoms/g, resultingin 7.2x 10" atoms of •øBeaccumulat-
produced •øBe isattainedatanapproximate depthof6 m. ing eachyear.Usually,for steadystatethe residencetime
Themaximum concentration
of thein situproduced •øBe ofløBe inthee
øicewould bedetermined bydi•idingthe
itself can be determinedfrom equation(1) of Lal et al. inventoryof Be in the ice capsby the flux of Be either
[1987]: intothereservoir
or outof it. However,
thefluxof •øBe
intotheicecapsis lessthanthefluxof •øBeout,sothe
Po (e_•lS
C(x)=(pS/A)-• - e-PX/A
) residence
timeof •øBein theentireice capmaybe
consideredto lie betweenthe two possiblevalues,16,000
where
Poistheproduction
rateof•øBe
atthesurface
ofthe and24,000 years.
ice for an averageelevationof the ice capsof 2 kin, taken Somayajulu [1977] suggested than an increased
to be 31 atoms/g-yr,and x is the depth in ice set here at introduction
of glacialmeltwaterduringthepastmayhave
C(max) or36m.Thenthemaximum concentration
of•øBe raisedtheløBecontent of seawater.
In thepast,during
atdepth duetoinsituproduction is3.6x 102atoms/g, and meltwater
events,asmuch as10,000km3ofglacial water
so2000km3 of meltwater will carryaway7.2 x 1020 wasadded to theoceans.Theresulting
•øBefluxof 5 x
atoms/yr ofinsituproduced •øBe. 1023
atoms/yrisalmost 10%ofthepresent-day
fluxtothe
Determining theaverage •øBeconcentration in iceis oceans
of5.9x 1024 atoms/yr
(derived
insection
1.7)and
difficult becauseof small numberof coresanalyzedand mayhaveraised the•øBecontent of theocean by a
thewidevariation of •øBeconcentrationsin theicealong correspondingamount.
thecore.Onaverage, though, the•øBeconcentration at
Dye 3, Vostok,Byrd, and Dome C duringthe Holoceneis
4.2x 104atoms/g
andduring
thePleistocene
is8.4x 104 5. BERYLLIUM 10 AND SOILS
atoms/g.
The•øBeconcentration
at eachsiteis directly
related to the precipitation,as evidencedby the 2.7-cm TheløBe
deposited
onland
may
spend
several
months
average
annual
precipitation
and9 x 104atoms/g
averageon vegetation,as indicatedby 'Be [Monaghanet al.,
•øBe content for the Holocene at Vostok and the 50-cm 1983a],but, eventually,it will eitherbe washeddowninto
annual
precipitation
and1x 104atoms/g
forDye3 [Beer
et the soil or cardedaway in overlandflow throughthe
al., 1984].At all sitestheconcentration
of •øBeincreasedfluvialsystem[Olsenet al., 1988].As suggested
by Moller
in the ice duringthe Pleistocene
by 50 to 100%.However, and Wagener[1967], the soil layer shouldbe able to fix
if thetimescales
based
on6•80arecorrect,
thenthe•øBe the•oBethatis deposited
by rain.Experimental
workhas
deposition slightlyin the shown
ratestayedthe sameor decreased that7Beisrapidlyabsorbed onsediments when the
Wisconsin.For example,the averagedepositionrate of pH is higher than 5.3 (J. N. Vallet-Silver et al., un-
•øBeduringtheHolocene at Vostokwas2.6 x l0s publishedmanuscript, 1989).Iron,particularlyin theform
atoms/yr,
during
theWisconsin
was1.9x 10• atoms/yr,of Fe(OH)a,isa strongscavenger
of beryllium,
evenmore
andduring
theSangamon
was2.4x 10• atoms/yr.
Perhapsso than aluminum.For a given pH, increasingsalinity
a latitudinalshift ofthe zone of stratospheric-tropospheric
increases
thesolubilityof berylliumasion competition
for
mixingtowardthe equatorduringtheWisconsindecreased exchangesitesis increased.Organicmaterial,clays,and
the•oBedeposition
ratenearthepolarregions. other fine aluminosilicatesprovide numerousexchange
The glacial ice eventuallyreachesthe sea and during sitesfor berylliumto be adsorbed.The temperature of the
meltingreleases thecontained •øBeintothedeep sea.If the surroundingsolutionand dissolvedsulfatesor carbonates
averagemeltwater contains •øBefrombothHolocene and seemto havelittle effecton the solubilityof beryllium
Pleistocene ice, then6 x 104atoms/g-water is being [Valette-Silveret al., 1989]. In soils,then,berylliumis
releasedto the sea.But if the averageHoloceneinputof usuallyinsolubleexceptundervery acidicconditionsand
•øBeto theicecapsis4 x 104 atoms/g-water andif the maybe adsorbedon aluminosilicates or organicmatteror
massbalancefor the ice capsis consideredin steadystate, mayprecipitatewith Fe asa hydroxyoxide.
•o
thenthe Be budgetfor glacialice is not in steadystate. Soils from terraces near Mendocino, California
•0
To balanceout the Be budget for glacial ice, the ac- [Monaghanet al., 1983b], and the Merced River, Califor-
146ßMcHargue
and
Damon:
THE GLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

Thefewdatathatexiston•øBein groundwater
nia [Pavichet al., 1986],differingin ageanddevelopment, would
wereanalyzed
for•øBe.
Theberyllium had seemto indicatethat •øBeis mobilizedfrom soilsand
fromrainwater
beenlargelyabsorbedinto the clay-richB horizon(Figure sedimentsto the groundwatersystem. Beryllium 10
5). The exposureagesof the surfacesweredetermined by t concentrations
intypical
wellwater rangesfrom102to10n
=-1/• In (1-33V/P),wheret is timein years,)• is thedecay atoms/g.Even thoughthe løBe concentration in
constant (yr-•),P is •øBe
precipitationrate(atoms/cm2yr), groundwater or in the unsaturated zone is low,
andN istotal•øBe perarea(atoms/cm2). Theinventory of groundwaterapparently can transportand concentrate
•øBein thesoilprofilefell shortof thetotal•øBethat •øBe,suchasjustabovea 9-m-deep
aquifer
in Virginia
wouldbe expectedfrom the inferredageof the soils.It was [Valette-Silver
et al., 1983] or locationsat depthbelowa
assumed thatthe•øBehadbeenlostin solution or by playa during periods of ponding [Osterkamp,1988].
erosionandthatthemeanresidence timeof •øBein soils Colloidal
particlesmaytransport •øBethroughthesoil,
wasI0n years[Monaghan et al., 1983b]to 105years throughthe vadosezone,and into the groundwaterbelow
[Pavichet al., 1986]. Beryllium 10 was also apparently [McCarthyandZachara,1989].Hot andacidicgeothermal
lost out of soils in Virginia [Pavich et al., 1985]. The waterssuchas thosein the SaltonSeageothermalsystem
authorsthoughtthat the loss may be due to chelationof can mobilize •øBefromthe surrounding sediments,
beryllium with organic material and subsequentmobi- elevating theconcentration of •øBeto 106atoms/g-solute
lizationfrom the spodichorizon.However,theycalculated or more [Valette-Silveret al., 1988].
thatthelossof •øBetogroundwaterfroma saprolite
was Directin situproduction of •øBein materials onthe
only103atoms/cm•yr, ascomparedwiththeprecipitationsurfaceof the Earth by cosmicrays also occurs.In situ
rateofapproximately106atoms/cm•yr,
because ofa high production of •øBeandother radionuclides
hasbeenused
solid-water
distribution
coefficient
(Kd)of 105.Some •øBe in thepastfor measuringtheexposuretimesof lunarrocks
absorbedonto clay particlesmay move furtherdown into onthesurfaceof themoonandof meteoritesto space.The
the soil profile by clay translocation.
As soilsevolve,their productionrate of cosmogenicradionuclidesin solid
permeability and infiltration capacity decreaseas clay, matterin the vacuumof spaceis muchhigherthanthaton
sesquioxides,and/or carbonatesincreasein percentage. theEarthby 1000or more.It wasdifficult,if not impos-
Hence
•øBe
translocation
todeeper
depths
inthesoilmay sible,to measureradionuclides
produced
by cosmicraysin
decrease.This may be offset when fracturesand cracksin the surface materials of the Earth until accelerator mass
the soil permit beryllium-containingsolutionsto pass spectrometrybecameavailable [Muller, 1977; Raisbecket
downward. al.,1978a].
Forexample,
•øBeproduction
fromoxygen,
as
calculatedin the St. Severin meteorite, is 44-50 atoms/
min-kg,whereasat sealevel it is only 0.0016 atoms/min-
%cloy 1øBeotoms/cj (x 108) kg [JhaandLal, 1981].
0 20 40 0 2 4 6 In the first few metersof a soil the most important
• I I • I I particlesfrom cosmicmy interactionsare fastand thermal
neutrons. At deeperlevelsin therockor soil,greaterthan
1000g/cm
•, production
of •øBefromfastmuons
becomes
dominantbut productionratesare very low [Jhaand Lal,
1981]. Productionrates of cosmogenicradionuclides on
the surfaceof the Earth vary with latitudeand altitude.
I
Theyincrease
by a factorof fourfromapproximately
the
/
/
/
equator
to500-90ø of latitude,
whereproduction
becomes
_ !
/ more or less constant[Yokoyama
et al., 1977]. Larger
/
differencesin productionratescan be seenas the altitude
/
/
increases.
The production rateincreasesby a factorof 7 as
I thealtitudeis increased
fromsealevelto 3000m andby a
! factorof almost10 from3000to 8000m. As thegeomag-
!

-
neticfieldvariesthrough time,production
ratesalsovary.
/
/
Nevertheless,for time spansover10,000yearsthesecular
!

variationsin the dipole field can be averagedout to a

relativelyconstantvalue.
In addition
toin situcosmogenic
production
of •øBe,
in
situproductionof •øBeby radioactivity
mustalsobe
considered.
Beryllium10 canbe formedby the interaction
Figure5. Distribution
of løBewithdepth soilprofile. 7 ß ß 7 ßparticle,
ina typical of an alpha
10
releasedby radioactive
decay,with
Weight percentclay is plottedfor eachsoil horizon.Soil profile L•, •.e., L•(o•,p) Be,orb neutron
reactions
with9Be,
is generalizedfrom the Merced River terraces,California [after •øBe,
and
•3C,
(gBe(n,)•)•øBYe,
•øBe(n,
p)•øBe,
•3C(n,
o0
Pavich et al., 1986]. •øBe) [Sharmaand Middleton,1989].Substantial
con-
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß147
centrations
of •øBeof up to 10? atom/g
mayformin producedin situ on the surface(x = 0) of the soil or rock
fine-grainedrockshigh in lithium, uranium,and thorium. andthenerodedaway. The atmospheric depthat sealevel
Typicalterrestrialrocks,though,rarelycontainmorethan is 1013g/cm 2. Theproduction rateP at sealevelwas
103 atoms/g of radiogenic •øBe[Sharma andMiddleton,assumedto be 5 atoms/g-yr,the absorptionmeanfreepath
1989]. The backgroundresolutionof mostacceleratorsis A tobe160g/cm 2,theaverage surfacedensityp of the
approximately
105atomsof •øBe,
andconcentrations
of world's rockandsoilis 1.8g/cm 3,thepreanthropogenic
•øBein rockslessthan105atoms/garedifficultto average erosion rate e was 0.004 cm/yr [Berner and
measure.Thereforein this studythe maximumconcentra- Berner, 1987], and A is equal to In 2 divided by the
tionof radiogenic •øBe inrockswasconservatively setat half-lifeof •øBe,1.5 x 106years.Obviously, while
105atoms/g. elevation increases the erosion rate at some unknown
The first indicationsthatmeasurablein situcosmogenic function onaverage, it lowerstheconcentration
of •øBein
production of•øBe hadtaken place[Yiou etal.,1984]was the removedsexliment,but this might be offset somewhat
fromthemeasurements of •øBe/26Al
intektites[Teraetal., by theincreased production rateof •øBeandincreased
1983; Raisbeck et al., 1983; Pal et al., 1982]. Tektites sedimentproduction.It was found that the net concentra-
werefoundtohave•øBe/26A1
ratiosdistinctive
fromthose tionof •0Bein sediment
dueto in situproduction
was2.7
of materialexposedto the vacuumof space.They are thus x 10• atoms/g.
Andif thepreanthropogenic
sediment
load
thoughtto havebeenformedfrom sediments on Earth,and thatwascarried
totheoceanswas7.1x 10• g/yr[Berner
the•øBewasthought
to havebeenproduced,
at leastin andBerner,1987],thenthetotalfluxof in situ•øBefrom
part,by in situcosmogenic
production. continentalsedimentsto the ocean was 1.9 x 102•
Directmeasurements
of •øBeand26A1
in quartz
from atoms/yr.
rock samplesdemonstrated the feasibilityof usingthese
radionuclidesfor the study of weathering and erosion
processes[Nishiizumiet al., 1986]. In order to determine 6. TRANSPORTATION AND SEDIMENTATION OF
theinsituproduction rateof•øBe, Nishiizumi etal.[1987] •øBE
measuredits concentrationin quartz from a glacially
polishedgranitein the SierraNevada.Thatestablished that Soils, alluvium, and sedimentseroded from a watershed
the date since inceptionof productionwas 11,000 years willcontain •øBefromatmospheric sourcesandfromin
B.P. and that no erosionhad takenplace sincethen. The situproduction. Theratioofthe•øBeinthesediment load
productionrate was foundto be 6.9 atoms/g-yr.However, from the watershed to the total •øBeincidenton the
Leavy
[1987]
found
frommeasuring
•øBe
concentrations
in watershed
isrelated
to theerosional
lossof •øBe[Brown,
several dated volcanic flows in the western United States 1987].Most of theberylliumis transported
in the sediment
thatthesealevelproduction
of •øBewascloser
to 4 load.The berylliumremainingin solutionshowsa strong
atoms/g-yr. pH dependenceand is highly mobile in organic-rich
The irradiationhistoryof mineralgroinscouldbe quite continental
waters.Organicmatterin the sedimentmay
complex. Exposure to radiation begins several meters contain
upto85%ofthe•øBe
[Lundberg
etal.,1983].
below the surfaceof a rock exposureduring weathering The sediment/waterdistribution
constant
(Kd) for •øBe
andcontinues duringtransportationfromitsplaceof origin variesinversely
withtheconcentration
of solids[Hawleyet
to its placeof deposition.Moreover,the mineralgrainsare al., 1986] and inverselywith time [Nyffeleret al., 1984].
irradiateduntil their depthof burial is beyondthe reachof The distribution
coefficient
mayrangefrom4 x 104
most cosmic radiation. Some mineral grains may be downward
to 104forparticle
concentrations
from27.5to
exhumedand transportedagain, adding to a complex 135 mg/L at constantpH. The variationof Kd with the
irradiationhistory. solidconcentration
may be explainedby the fact that at
Thetotalin situcontribution
of •øBe cycle lowconcentrations
totheglobal •øBeis adsorbed
ontocolloidal
material
canbe roughlyestimatedas follows.Equation(1) fromLal and at higherconcentrations,
becauseof more particle
and Arnold [1985] aggregation,
adsorptionis more restrictedto the larger
particles[Li et al., 1984]. For a givensedimentconcentra-
N = P(1013) exp [(1013-p - px)/A] [1/(3.+ pe/A)] tion, though,beryllium is more likely to be adsorbedon
clay-size material than on sand [Brown et al., 1981].
was used to determinethe averageconcentration(N) of Beryllium10 attachesitself to the particlesthroughion
•øBe in sediments beingremovedfrom the surfaceof exchange[Valette-Silveret al., 1985; Olsen et al., 1988],
continents. Sincetheinsituproduction of •øBe isdepend-and this may be followedby a lattice-transport reaction
ent on the atmosphericpressure(p), the land areabetween step[Nyffeleret al., 1984; Valette-Silveret al., 1988].
kilometer intervalsof elevation(six 1-km intervals)was Sedimentdepositedin freshwaterlakes containsa
determinedfrom a hypsographic curvefor the wholeEarth record of •øBe eroded andtransported fromthedrainage
[Strahler, 1960] along with a correspondingaverage basin. Thedeposition rateof•øBe maybeenhanced bythe
atmospherepressurefor that elevation. Beryllium 10 funneling effectof •øBefromthedrainage basins to the
contributedto the global cycle was assumedto be that smallerarea of the lake. At Mono Lake, California,Moniot
148 ß McHargueand Damon'THEGLOBAL10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

rate,0.17to0.66 10-2 atoms/cm2s,

et al. [1981]foundthe•øBedeposition or twicethecalculated depositionrate
atoms/cm2s,tobe10times higher
thantheglobalaverage.from the atmosphere.
In addition, other studiesof sedi-
Lundberget al. [1983]foundthedeposition
ratein lakesin mentsfrom rivers worldwide [Brown et al., 1988; Yiou et
New Jersey
to be approximately The al., 1988]indicate
1 atom/cm2s. thattheworldwide
removalof 1øBe
concentration
of •øBein sediments
is lessvariedthanthat from the continentsis approximately twice that of
in the soils in the watershedowing to averagingof the atmospheric
deposition
of •øBe,reflecting
increased
morevariable
•øBeconcentrations
fromthesoil[Kleinet erosioninducedby man.
al., 1983].The•øBeconcentrations
mayrange from3 x Calculation
of the inventoryof 1øBein soilsand
107to2 x 10øatoms/ginsoil,butfrom1x 108to4 x 108 sediments
onlandandtheflux of •øBeto theseais based
atoms/gin continentalsediments. on the assumption
that the flux onto and from the conti-
Sedimentsdepositedin estuariesand lakes may be a nents was insteadystateprior toanthropogenicinfluences
sensitiveindicatorof the erosionalhistoryof the drainage inthelateHolocene.Thetotalinputof øBetothesurface
basinfrom whichtheycame.A studyof the relationship of ice-freelandfromrainfallandin situproductionis 1.7 x
betweenthe historyof land use in the adjacentland and 1024 atoms/yr,
which should equalthefluxoutin steady
•oBe in thesediments
of Chesapeake
Bay [Valette-Silver
et state. The above calculations showed that the dissolved
al., 1986] indicatedthat duringland clearingfor agricul-•øBelossinfreshwatertotheseais0.4x 1024 atoms/yr
turethesedimentation rateincreasedalongwiththe•øBe andlossby dustis 0.2 x 1024atoms/yr. Thenif the
concentration as erosion cut through the •øBe-rich B preanthropogenic
fluxofsediments
totheseais7.1x 10•s
horizon in the soils from the drainagebasin. As erosion g/yr,
onehalfoftheanthropogenic
fluxof 15.2x 10•sg/yr
proceededbelow the B horizon,the sedimentation rate [Milliman
andMeade,1983],theaverage •øBeconcentra-
remained highbutthe•øBe contentdecreased. tionis constrained
by the •øBewhichdecays in the
Berylliumfrom sedimentsand fiver water is quickly sediment on land and the amount removed to the sea. The
depositedin the nearshoresedimentalongthe coastlines decayof •øBein thesoilsandsediments is further con-
and smined
alongwith a smallamountof berylliumthatis released by thetotalinventory of •øBeabove theback-
dispersedto the deepsea [Brownet al., 1981;Measures ground setearlieratl0satoms/g. Theinventory of•øBe is
and Edmond, 1983]. Beryllium 7 was found to have a calculated
fromthetimethe•øBedecays
fromitscon-
shorter residence time in fresh water than in salt water and
centrationon the surfaceof averagesoilsor sedimentsto
may be more reactivetoward particlesin fresh water backgroundlevel and integratedto find the average
[Krishnaswamiet al., 1980]. However, scavengingin the concentration.The total weight of continentalsediments
estuarinemixingzoneremoves •øBefromsolutionasthe during
thattimeperiod (16x 106 years) wasestimated
pH increases,thusreducingberyllium'savailabilityeven fromBudyko etal. [1987]tobe3.7x 1022g.Theaverage
thoughthe solid-waterdistributioncoefficientdecreases decay
of •øBeeachyearcanthenbe derived fromthe
slightly[Hawleyet al., 1986]. For example,duringthe inventoryof •øBeonthecontinents.Thesolutionthatbest
estuarinemixingin the AmazonandOrinococonfluences fitsa steady statewasaninventory of 7.9x 1029atoms,
theberylliumconcentrationfell fromanaverageof 1470to decayof 3.6 x 1023atoms/yr, andan average surface
150 pmol/kgby the time the waterreachedtheopenocean
[Measuresand Edmond,19831(Figure6).
8O
If theaverage
concentration
of løBein freshwaters
is i

103atoms/•g
[Valette-Silver
1.25x 102gofwater
etal.,
andrivers
1985]and
1.7x 1018
lakes
contain
g [Berner
and
Berner,
1987],thenthetotalinventory
of •øBein fresh 60-
water
isnearly
1.3x 1023atoms. Thetotalannual
runoff
fromlandis 37,000km3 [Berner
andBerner,1987],and
thusthetotalaverage
discharge
of •øBein solution
tothe
oceanis3.7x 1022
atoms/yr.
Theaverage residence
timeof
dissolved
•øBein theworld'sfreshwatersis lessthan3.4
years.
Mostof the•øBeistransported
withinthesediments
in
the fluvial systemand thendepositedfartherout on the
continentalshell Beryllium 10 concentrations in the
surfacesedimentsalong a transectfrom the Atchafalaya
River to the Gulf of Mexico varied within a narrow limit I I I•
5 6 7 8
averaging
(3.62+ 0.94)x 108atoms/g
[Brown
et al., pH
1981].The areaof the Mississippidrainagebasinis 3.24 x
10•6cm2,andthedischarge
ofsediment
is0.2x 10isg/yr
[Milliman and Meade, 1983]. Then that wouldimply that Figure6. Be/Si(gmol/mol)
versus
pH in esmarine
systems
[after
thepresent
average
•øBe
removal
rateonthebasin
is7.4x Measures and Edmond, 1983].
29, 2.! lIEVIEWS OF GEOPHY$1œ$ McHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß149
concentration
of aøBein soilsandsediments
of 1.6x 108 sediment-rich areas [Measures and Edmond, 1983].
atoms/g.
Thusthefluxof løBecarriedin suspended
and Conversely,hydrothermal circulationin theoceanmayadd
bedload
sedimentstotheseawas1.1x 1024 atoms/yr.
The aøBeto sulfides,hydrothermal minerals,and waters
average
residence
timeof1øBeinthesoils
andlateTertiary[Valette-Silveret al., 1987].
sediments
onthecontinents
is4.7x 105years. The study of Bourles et al. [1984] indicatedthat the
1øBe/9Be ratiois smaller for plankton thanfor young
petroleum.If organic matter is the primary sourcefor
7. BERYLLIUM
DEPOSITS
10 IN SEAWATER AND AUTHIGENIC
petroleum,
then
formation.
detrital
Theauthors
9Be
islargelYl_eXcluded
postulated
during
that øBeis introduced
into the organic moleculesduring formation of crude
Uponreachingthe estuarieson the marginsof the land, petroleumfrom a dissolvedphaseof berylliumthatis more
the suspendedsedimentand bedloadfrom the world's enrichedin løBe. The initial ratiosof •øBe/OBe
in
fluvialsystemfirstencounter themoresalineandalkaline petroleumare similar to thosein coralsand manganese
environment of the sea.The clayfiocculates,andmuchof nodulesthat are believedto obtain their beryllium from
the sedimentis depositedin the estuaryor fartherout on solution.In studyingthe potentialfor dating petroleum,
the continentalshelf. At increasingdistancesfrom the Yiou
etal.[1983]
measured
the1øBe
inacarbon-rich
layer
coastline,the mean residencetimes for beryllium in the in an off-coastalsedimentand foundit to be 4 x 107
surfacewaterincreases sharplyas theresultof the decrease atoms/g.
in particleconcentrationsin the openocean[Aaboeet al., On theotherhand,mollusks
havelow •øBe/OBe
ratios
1981] due to less remobilizationof particlesfrom sedi- showingdetrital contamination[Kaufmanet al., 1983].
ments and less biologicalactivity. Aaboe et al. [1981] Depending
onthespecies of mollusk,theOBe
concentra-
foundthatthe7Beconcentration in the surfacewatersof tions
varied
byfour,(3 to 13.5)x 10•3atoms/g,
andthe
the sea declinedsharplynear the land. Berylliumin the •øBeconcentrations
variedby 25, (0.8 to 22) x 10s
oceanexistsmainlyin the solubleform,i.e., in a form that atoms/g. Each species of mollusk had a distinctive
canpassthrougha 0.4-gm filter [Kusakabe et al., 1982]. •oBe/0Beratiodepending
ontherelationship
ofitshabitat
Sixty-eightpercentof thetotalberylliumis in solutionand with respectto land and detrital sediments.As organic
the other32% resideson particulatematter[Merrill et al., mattercontained
in carbonate
increases,the •øBecon-
Much of theparticulatematternearthesurfaceof thesea, centration
increases
[Bourleset al., 1984].The løBe
95 to 98%, is of biogenic origin, organic matter and content increasedfrom mollusk, to starfish, and then to
calcareous siliceousorganisms[Krishnaswami and Sarin, corals,which had the highestconcentration
of organic
1976]. Beryllium 10 that is added to the sea may be matter.
However,
the•øBeconcentration
mayalsovary
scavenged by suchparticles,but as they settleout into inversely
withthegrowth
rate.The•øBeflBe ratiosfor
deeperwaters,the organicmatter may oxidize and the mollusks and starfish were similar to the ratio for sediment
calcareousorganismsmay slowly dissolve[Lal, 1980], (104 to 10-•),andtheratiofor corals(1.7 x 10-•) was
releasing
løBebackintosolution. However,
theprime similarto thatof seawater.Even thoughberylliuminhibits
scavenger
of løBe,
clayparticles,
canbeencased
inlarger conversionof aragoniteto calcite (Bennett, 1972), its
downward concentration
particulatesof biogenicorigin and transported in coral is so low (2 ng/g Ca) that it should
in the sea [Bloom and Crecelius, 1983; Southon et al., have little effect.
1987]. Mostof the•øBetransported
through
theseais of
The beryllium concentrations in plankton,a potential atmospheric origin. Theinputof atmospheric •øBetothe
precursor of petroleum,variedin relationto theirdistance surfacelayer of the oceanis expected
to vary with latitude
from the shoreline [Bourles et al., 1984]. Near the shore, becauseof stratosphericproductionand tropospheric
detrital material had a more substantial effect on the precipitationpatterns.Becauseparticlescavengingtakes
plankton
asevidenced
by a higher place,
9Beconcentration. the øBeconcentration
in thesurface
of theocean,
Beryllium9 sourcesto the oceanare mainly of fluvial, 1030 atoms/g(averagedfrom data collectedfrom until-
hydrothermal,
and eolian origin [Ku et al., 1990]. The tered samplesof Segl et al. [1987] and Kusakabeet al.,
nonradiogenic
9Beis largely
derived
fromerosion
of the [1987a, b] and from 3-1xmfiltered samplesof Raisbecket
landsurface,
wheretheOBeconcentrations
varyfrom3 al. [1979]),
islessthanthatinprecipitation,
104atoms/g.
ppmor morefor graniticrockto 1 ppmfor basaltsto much Horizontalmixing of the surfacewater is vigorousand
less for ultrabasic rocks [Sandell, 1952; Ryan and may be importantin averagingout latitudinalvariationon
1
Langmuir,1988].For example,thelargerfluvialinputinto thetimescales inwhichøBeresides inthesurface layer,
the North Atlantic as opposedto the North Pacific has on the orderof severalyears.
raised theOBe valuesin theNorthAtlantic withrespect to The berylliumconcentration
increaseswith depthaftera
the North Pacific [Measuresand Edmond, 1983; Measures minimumat the depth of 20-400 m [Segl et al., 1987;
et al., 1984]. Hydrothermalsolutionsfrom the rift zones Kusakabe et al., 1982], dependingon geographical
[Weiss etal.,1977] mayaddupto3x 106moles/yr ofOBe, location and scavengingof particulate matter in the
or aboutone half of the total globalflux to the oceansin euphotic zone.Theconcentration of •øBein deepwater
150ßMcHargue
andDamon:
THE GLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

variesfrom 1000 to 3000 atoms/gas measuredin several 1982; Kusakabe and Ku, 1984]. It was determined that
studies [Raisbeck et al., 1980; Kusakabe et al., 1982, diffusion
of •øBeintomanganese
nodules
wasnota
1987a, b; Segl et al., 1987], with an averageof 1580 problemin tryingto measuregrowthrates[Manginiet al.,
atoms/g.Sedimenttrapsplaced at variousdepthsin the 1986].The growthrate of severalmillimetersper million
easternPacific Ocean [Sharma et al., 1987] show that the yearsdid presenta problem,sincethe sedimentationratein
flux andconcentration of •øBein particulate matter thedeepsea,thoughslow,wason the orderof millimeters
increasewith depth.Near theoceanbottoma largeincrease per thousand years,whichshouldcoverup the nodules.It
in the •øBeconcentration indicated resuspension of wasdecidedthatbenthicorganismsmustremovesediment
particlesfrom the seafloorby currentsor by the destruction fromthesurface ofnodulesaspartoftheirfeeding•,•fivity
of organics[Edmond,1988] and renewedscavengingof [Paul, 1976].
dissolved
•øBe.The beryllium
seemed
to havebeen Eventhough
manganese
nodules
arerichin •øBe,
over
transported by particleslargerthan80 grn, probablyfecal 10•øatoms/g, theystore onlyone-thousandththeamount
matter,as deducedfrom a notedseasonaltime dependence of •øBe asin themorevoluminous deep-seasediments
in all traps.The sedimentsin the seabottommay act as a [lnoue et al., 1983]. If the average diameter of the
sourceof beryllium to the water aboveit, and this main- manganese noduleis 3 cm andthe growthrate (s) is 3 mm
tainsthe profile againstscavenging.Beryllium 10 may go per106 yrs,then theaverage ageofthemanganese nodules
throughseveralcyclesof sedimentation andreleasebefore of the world is 5 million years.An averageconcentration
being finally removedto the bottomsediments[Measures of •øBe fora typical manganese nodule ontheworld's
andEdmond, 1982].Figure 7 shows several•øBe profilesseafloorwasfoundby integratingfor radioactivedecay(N
in seawater at stations in the Pacific. = Noe-XO
over5 x 106years
t, where
Noistheaverage
concentration
of •øBeatthesurface
of thenodules,
2.8x
10•øatoms/g.
Thentheaverageconcentration
of •øBein
1øBe(103otoms/g) 9Be pM 1øBe/9Be(10-7 ) thenodule
is1.1x 10•øatoms/g.
Theaverage
fluxratefof
o 1 2 o 10 20 30 o 1 2 3 4 •0Beintothenodules,
calculated
fromf = NoS
p,where
the
o
%
i i •-.-r i
averagedensityp is 2 g/cm3, is then1.7 x !04
\\
atoms/cm2yr,
orbetween
1and2%oftheworld's average
1 •øBedeposition
rate.In someregions
of thePacific,10to
20% of the oceanfloor is coveredby nodules[Gross,
2-
1972],while in theAriantictheyarefew in number.So, to
calculate
theinventory
of 1øBein manganese
nodules,
it
3-

I I

100 10
4

Figure7. Vertical
profiles
ofløBe,
9Beconcentrations,
andløBe/
9Betypicalof thePacificOcean[afterKusakabe
etal., 1987a].

Manganese
nodules
absorb
some
of the1øBe
fromthe
water column above. Beryllium 10 was first measuredin
manganese crestin the deepseaandwasusedto determine
the rate of growth of the crust [Somayajulu,1967].
Nodules were found to grow at severalmillimetersper
million years(Figure8). The growthratesvariedover the • • t 0.1 • • •
past 10 million years in responseto major oceanic 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
circulationchangesrelatedto climateand formationof the
Antarcticbottomcurrent[Ku et al., 1982].Beryllium10 is
Depth (ram) Depth (ram)
scavengedfrom the water aboveit and then in exchange-
able form is released at the seawater-solid interface and is Figure8. Plotof logløBeversus
depth
in manganese
nodules
transferredinwardand fixed in the oxidephase[Ku et al., from thePacific[afterlnoue et al., 1983].
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß151
was assumedthat on averagethey cover 1% of the ocean second), )• thedecayconstant(literspersecond),
andx the
floor,about3 x 10•6 cm2, or 4.2 x 10•5 nodules. The depth(centimeters)tAminet al., 1975].
resultingmassof noduleson the oceanfloor is then 1.2 x Age dataof deep-sea sediments derivedfrom magnetic
1017g,which leadstoatotalinventoryof1.3x 1027 atoms.stratigraphywere foundby someauthorsto be in reason-
Inorder
toobtaina steady
state
thefluxof•øBe intoallthe ableagreement
withthose
fromløBe[Tanaka etal.,1977;
nodules,
2 x 10matoms, must
equal thefluxout.About6 Tanaka and lnoue, 1979]. However, subsequentwork
x 1020
atoms/yrislosttodecay;
thentheremainder, 1.4x showed thatagesderivedfromløBecanbeasmuchas
10matoms, or4.5x 109nodules,
is lostwhenthenodules20% older than the age of the paleomagnetic record
are cardedto the world'strenches.This wouldimply that [Manginiet al., 1984].In thiscasetheerrormaybe caused
slightly
over3km2/yr ofseafloor,or3km3/yrofsediment,by the delay in fixing of the magneticrecord in the
reachesthe trenches,which agreeswith someotherlower sediment
column. In contrast,errorsin dating
by •øBe
estimates(seeTaylor and McLennan[1985, p. 242] for a caused
bydiffusion ofløBedown intothesediments
would
review).Incorporation of løBein Fe hydroxyoxides at
hydrothermalvents [Valette-Silver et al., 1987] would
serveas another
sinkfor 1øBe.
Duringsubduction
of
oceanic
ridgesmore1øBemaybelost,implying
a greater
subruction rate than calculated. 020

! !
8. BERYLLIUM 10 IN DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT
i! i!
II ! I
•15 iI iI
ThefluxofløBetothedeep-sea
bottom
depends
onthe o ,I. 0e ,,
differences
in the scavenging
process,
bottomtopography, i I ...•? iI
and other characteristics in the marine environment iI • iiI
[Tanakaet al., 1982].It mostlyvariesbetween1 x 10-2 iI1"•
0 ii
U. 10 II !

and3 x 10-2 atoms/cm2s

[Raisbeck
et al., 1979].The !
iI
!
iI
principal
•øBecarrieris the accumulating
sediment II
Dilution by /
I
[Tanakaandlnoue, 1979],andasa result,highersedimen- i! "inert" /
tationratesincrease
theløBeflux [Tanaka
et al., 1977] !
!
!
component /
unlessdiluted by volcanicsediment[Inoue and Tanaka, i!
i!
1976].Figure9 shows
thatthedeposition
of løBeis i!
!
directlyrelatedto thesedimentation
rateexceptat deep-sea !
!

locations
where•øBe-bearing
sediment
is diluted
by a !

•øBe-poor
sediment
fromvolcanic,
calcareous,
orbiogenic ['/ I I I I

silica sources. 2 4 6 8 10 12
TheløBe/$
Beratio,asmeasured
byTanaka
andlnoue Sediment occumulotion rote (mm/1000yr)
[1979], displayeda symmetricaldistributionabout the
equatorof the Earth. The decreaseof the ratio poleward Figure9. Dependence of the•øBe precipitationrateP onmarine
sediment accumulation rates S. The "no dilution" curve shows
may be due to a decreaseby an orderof magnitudeof the
løBeprecipitation with therobeprecipitation
rateto theArcticOceansediment asa function
of theaccumulation
of ter-
rigenousroBe-rich
sediments.
Theaddition
of a •øBe-poor
vol-
respectto sedimentin more temperatelatitudes.Several
canicor biogenic
"inert"component
dilutes
theløBeconcentra-
factorsmay accountfor this: a latitudinalvariationin the tionin marinesediments
[afterTanakaandlnoue,1979].
løBedelivery
ratefromthestratosphere
to thesurface
of
thesea,hindrance
by seaiceto transport
of •øBeto the
ocean water below, or lower scavengingefficiencyof maketheageof thesediments
appearyounger.Also,lower
sedimentary particles
forløBein thepolarsea[Finkel et magneticfield strengthsin the past [Bard et al., 1990]
al., 1977].In addition,thelowerløBe/ø Beratioathigher could lower•øBe ageestimates.
Inspite ofthese potential
latitudesmay be causedby a larger influx from the problems, good agreementbetween •øBeandpaleomag-
continents ofdetrital
particleswithlower•0Be/$Beratios. neticchronologyhasbeenshown[Ku et al., 1985].
Bymeasuring thedecay of•øBe indeep-sea sedimentsit The deep-seasedimentcores containa record of the
was determinedthat pelagicsediments were depositedat variations in thedepositionrateof •øBethrough time.
therate of severalmillimetersper 1000 yearstAminet al., Tanaka andlnoue[1980]noted a dropin 1øBe concentra-
1966]. Asaresult ofradioactivedecay, the•øBe concentra- tionin twoNorthPacificcoresat approximately 3 million
tion decreases
with depthin the sediments.
C•, the years(m.y.) B.P. that was thoughtto be due to either
concentration
of•øBeatdepth, can
becalculatedfrom C•= changesin sedimentaccumulation
ratesor dilutionby a
P/Sexp(-3,x/S),whereP is theprecipitation
rateof loBe •øBe-free
carrier
froma volcanicsource.Otherdeep-sea
(atoms/cm2s),
S thesedimentation
rate(centimeters
per cores
show
thatthedeposition
of •øBe
wasenhanced
by
152ßMcHarõue
andDamon:
THE GLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

highersediment
accumulation overthat 32x 106km2,andof thecontinental
in thePleistocene shelfis27 x 106km2
of the Pliocene and Miocene [Ku et al., 1985]. The [Walsh,
1984],then
ofthe7.1x 10•5g/yroffluvial sediment
measuredsedimentationratewas2 mmper103years down and 0.5x 10•5g/yrofdust, approximately
4 x 10•5g/yrof
to1.1millionyears ago(Ma),1.1mmper103years down terrigenousmatterwill be sequestered
into the continental
to 3.3Ma,and0.5mmper103years downto 14.5Ma shelf, 3.1x 10•5g/yrwillsetfieoutorbecarried tothe
[Mangini et al., 1984]. Thesebreaksin sedimentation continental
slopes
byturbidity currents,
and0.5x 1025 g/yr
correspondroughly with changesin growth rates of will eventuallysettleoutontothedeepseafloor.
manganese nodulesandare thoughtto recordthe onsetof Theaverage
•øBe
concentration
interdgenous
sediments
Antarcticglaciationat 14 Ma and northernhemisphere initially broughtinto the mixed layer of the sea, both
glaciationat 3.3 Ma, andvariationsin theglobalice cover fluvialsediments
anddust,is calculated
to be 1.7 x l0g
between 0.9 and 1.4 Ma resulting in changesin the atoms/g.
Bourles
[1984]found
theaverage
•øBe
concentra-
Antarcticbottom current [Ciesielskiet al., 1982]. tion of particulatematternear the oceansurfaceto be 2 x
The•øBe inputintothemixed layeroftheseahasbeen 108atoms/g, andSharma et al. [1987]foundtheløBe
calculatedpreviouslyin this paper to be from several concentrationforparticulatematter500 m deepin the
sources:1.1x 1024atoms/yr fromthecontinental land oceanto be 3 x 10øatoms/g.Thereforefor furthercalcula-
sediments,4.5x 1024 atoms/yr fromrainfall,0.2x 1024 tions it is assumedthat the particulatematter near the
atoms/yr fromdust,and3.7x 1022 atoms/yrfromthe surfaceof theoceanandthatsequestered intothecontinen-
dissolvedloadinfreshwater.Glacialmeltwater,1.1x 1023 tal shelfsediments
havea •øBeconcentration of 3 x 10•
atoms/yr,goesdirectlyintothedeepsea.In situproduction atoms/g,someof which is inheritedfrom land and some
of løBebelowthe surfaceof the seacouldbe likenedto that has been scavengedfrom the surfacelayer of the
thatiniceexcept thatthe•øBe produced israpidlycarriedocean.Biogenicparticulatematter,which is 90% or more
off by currentsand doesnot accumulate. This sourceof of the particlesin the oceans'mixed layer, may havea
løBeisnegligible,
4 x 1020atoms/yr. concentrationof løBeontheorder of 1.0x 107atoms/g,
Indetermining
thetotalfluxof•øBe
fromthelandtothe similarto that in planktonandcorals.This wouldindicate
seacarriedin terrigenous
sediments,
the sedimentflux was that the terrestrialfractionof the particulatemattermay
setat a preanthropogenicvalueof 7.1 x 10• g/yr. haveadsorbed fromthesealøBeconcentrations
in excess
However, the terdgenousparticulatematter now trans- of 109atoms/g.
In addition,
lessthan50%of biogenic
portedto the oceanreflectshumaninput,and it hasbeen matteron average[Lisitsyn,1982] is finally sequestered
calculatedthat the anthropogenic inputto the into the oceans' sediment. Dissolution of calcareous
terdgenous
seais now15.2x 1025 g/yr[BernerandBerner, 1987]. biogenicmatteras it settlesdown into the deepseawill
Howmuchmankind haschanged theløBeinputto the result inreleasing
løBe
backintosolution,
andeventually
terdgenous theløBeis scavenged
deepseais unknownat present.The increased by theterrestrial
andremaining
input to the sea may be depositedon the continental biogenic matter. In addition, experimentsthat released
shelves,little affectingthe deep sea.Whetherany addi- berylliumfrom the authigenicphasesof deep-seasedi-
tionalløBeis remobilized fromcontinental soilsbyacid mentssuggestthatmostof the berylliumis not incorpo-
rainandtransported to theseaawaitsfurtherstudy.Earlier, ratedin the sediments duringtransitof surfacewatersbut
during the Pleistocene,the sea was as much as 130 m duringtransitof deep-ocean watersor duringdeposition
lowerthanit is now. Continentalsediments weredeposited [Bourleset al., 1989].
in estuariesnearthe continentalshelfbreakor directlyinto Anadditional inputofløBeintothemixed layerofthe
the deepsea.In addition,the influx of terrestrialmaterial oceanis broughtup from the deepoceanby "upwelling."
to the deepseawas accelerated by the loweredbaselevel At 3 m/yr,thiscancontribute 1.4x 1024 atoms/yr of løBe
of the continentsand the increaseddust activity of the tothesurface layer.Mostof the•øBeadded tothemixed
Pleistocene. In thisstudy the•øBe fluxtotheseahasbeen layer in this way is either in solutionor adsorbedon
normalized to a time in the Holocene before man had had particulate
matterlessthan0.4 gm in size.
muchimpacton the world'sresources. And for simplicity, The data indicate that sedimentsdepositedon the
theaveragethickness of the mixedlayerof theoceanswas continental shelf removed 1.2x 1024atoms/yr ofløBe from
takento be 130 m, corresponding with thecontinentalshelf thesurface layerof theocean,andanother 1.1 x 1024
break. atoms/yrwere removed to the deep sea on terrestrial
Sediments eroded from the continents were distributed sediment.
Theremaining
5.0x 1024
atoms/yr
arecarried
to
in the seaby approximatelytheaveragesedimentation
rate the deepseain solutionor absorbedin biogenicmatter.
onthecontinental
shelf(approximately
30 cmper103 Theinventory of•øBeinthemixedlayeroftheoceanwas
years),
thecontinental
slope(20cmper103years),
and 4.9x 1025 atoms calculated
fromanaverage løBecon-
pelagic
sediments
(lessthan1 cmper103years)
[Gross,centration
takentobe 1.0x 103atoms/g.Theresidence
1972],
assuming
anaverage dry-bulk
density
of0.5g/cm3 timeof løBein thepreanthropogenic
mixed layerof the
and neglecting the contribution from calcareousor oceanwasthen6.7 years.
Theinventory
ofløBe
siliceousbiogenicmatterfor the moment.If the areaof the inthedeepseacalculated
froman
open
ocean
is310x 106km2,ofthecontinental
slopes
is average
løBe
concentration
of1.6x 103atoms/g
was1.8x
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHargue
andDamon'
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß153
1027atoms, whichincludes an additional
inputof løBe may be either accretedon the continentalmargins or
fromglacial
meltwaterof 1.1x 1023
atoms/yr.Thefluxof subducted.Those sedimentsthat are subductedmay be
•øBeto thecontinental
slopeanddeep-seasedimentswas incorporatedlaterintomagma along withtheløBecontent,
4.8x 1024atoms/yr,
whilea minoramountislosttodecay andthe•øBewhich survives
decay mayagain reachthe
(8.1x 102o atoms/yr)
andto manganese nodulesor Fe surfaceof theEarthincorporatedinto volcanicrocks.
hydroxyoxides(2.0x 102•atoms/yr).
Theresidencetime In theJapanese island
arcthe•0BefiBeratioofvolcanic
of •oBe in thedeepseais thuscalculated
to be about280 rocksdecreasedwith distancefrom the trench,as would be
years,whichis lower thanthe previousestimatesof 330 to expected
fromthedecay of •øBeduring movement of the
4100 years [Segl et al., 1987; Measures and Edmond, subductedplate [Tera et al., 1986; Imamura et al., 1987].
1983; Raisbeck et al., 1980; Kusakabe et al., 1987a, b]. Concentrations
of løBein island
arcvolcanic
rocks
vary
The residencetime calculatedin this paper is shorter fromlessthan1 x 106atoms/gtoover20x 106atoms/g
because
thefluxof løBeintotheseahasbeen
increased
by [Brown et al., 1982; Tuniz et al., 1984; Tera et al., 1986].
adding additionalterrestrialsourcesand also becauseof Rear-rank
or nonarcvolcanics
havelowerløBeconcentra-
themore
rapidløBedeposition
onthecontinental
marginstions ofless
than1x 106atoms/g. AnomalouslyhighløBe
andslopes.
In thismodelabout60%of theløBethat readingsmay resultfrom weatheringandincorporation
of
reachesthe deep sea is depositedin continentalslope •0Befromtheatmosphere [Teraetal., 1986].
sediments.Beryllium 10 in the deepseamay be carriedto It isapparent
thatsome ofthe•øBe insedimentsisbeing
the continentalslopesduring oceaniccirculation.In the recycledat subductionzones,but how much is uncertain.
open
seatheremaining
løBemaybemore
slowly
removedSeveral
scenarios
for theincorporation
of •øBeintothe
from the watercolumnowing to a decreasein aluminosili- risingmagmaunderislandarcshavebeenproposed[Tera
cates.
TheresidencetimeforløBemaybemuch longerin et al., 1986].Sincemostof the•øBeresidesin thesurface
theopensea,about
750yearsif theremoval
of løBetothe layerof thesedimentpile, decoupling
of thissurfacelayer
continental slope sedimentsis neglected.In addition, from the sedimentpile would result in the maximum
becauseof the different mixing times of seawater in amount of løBebeingrecycled, butthisis considered
individual
oceanbasins,
theresidence
timefor løBecan unlikely.
Another
possibility
is thatthe•øBeis mixedin
varyconsiderably
[Ku et al., 1990]. withthewholesediment
pileduringsubduction
andpartof
Of the3.6x 10•5g/yrof terrestrial sedimentthathad themixtureis incorporated
intothemagma.Only 1 to 10%
entered thedeepseaduring prehistoric
times,3.1x 10•5 of sedimentcontaminationis neededto give the observed
g/yr were partitionedbetweenthe continentalslope and valuesof •øBein thevolcanicrocks,assuming complete
pelagic sediments,respectively.We decidedto partition mixingof thesediment pile.Lastly,no •øBemaybe
løBe betweenthe slope sediments
and the pelagic subducted
but insteadis addedfrom a sedimentary
layer
sediments by assuming theconcentration of løBein the duringmagmaascent.The latter casemay not be likely,
slope sedimentsto be two thirds of that in the deep-sea since
recent
research
hasshown that•øBeis incorporated
sediments, or close to that observed in a submarine fan priorto crystallization
[Monaghan,1988;Morris and Tera,
studied by Jansen et al. [1987].Then,if 4.8 x 1024 1989].
atoms/yr of løBearelosttothese sediments, theaverage Higher •øBe concentrations inisland-arcvolcanicrocks
concentrationof løBeinthesurface slopesedimentsofthe are associated more with youngerand more seismically
worldis 1.2x 109atoms/g and,in surfacepelagicsedi- active subruction zones [Tera et al., 1986]. Moreover,
ments, 1.9x 109atoms/g, somewhat lowerthaninpelagicthick sedimentpiles outboardof the trenchare correlated
sedimentsstudiedat somelocationsin thedeepsea. withhigherløBeconcentrations in volcanic rocks.But
In the case of both pelagic and slope sedimentsthe more important,highconcentrations of løBeareassociated
averagelifetimeofløBe approachesthatofthemean lifeof withregions where dilution
ofløBe-rich sedimentsbythe
løBe,2.18x 106years. These reservoirsactastheultimatetotalsedimentpile is minimal.
sinkforløBeexcept forthatsmall portionthatissubducted Forevery 3 km2of ocean flooranddeep-sea sediment
or accreted at the world's trenches. thatreaches
thetrench,
2.0x 1022
atoms
of •øBeareeither
subducted
or accretedto the continentalmarginsor in the
accretion
prism
oftrenches.
Only102o
to102•atoms/yr
are
9. VOLCANISMAND løBE neededto be subducted
to providethe necessarycon-
taminating
løBeinthevolcanic
rocks.
Beryllium 10 hasbeenusedfor the studyof islandarc
volcanismbecauseits half-life is long enoughto act as a
tracerof tectonicactivitybut is shortenoughto disappear 10. THE GLOBALløBECYCLE
fromlonger-term
recycling
[Brown
etal.,1980].
If løBeis
subducted
alongwithsediments,
thendecayof løBewill Figure10illustrates
theglobal
cycleof løBeascalcu-
reduceits concentrationby a factorof 10 or more,but it lated in this paper.The numbersfor the flux and inven-
Beryllium10 alongwith ocean toriesof •øBein thetexthavebeenconverted
shouldstill be detectable. to molesto
sedimentis raftedalongon top of the oceanicplatesand simplifyan alreadycomplexdiagram.In addition,mostof
154ßMcHargue
andDamon:
THE GLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE 29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS

Cosmic Dust

3.6x10
-4
M/y
6.3M
(p) 7.0M/y
= Stratosphere
0.9y 3.0x10
'•

0.71•
InSitu
(P) (p)3.SM/y
_ Troposphere
O.ly
In Situ (e)
j Precipitation
Sea Salt 8.8x10
-GId/y I Precipitation
1.3x10
4Id/y
Soils
&:Late
•
[Rivers
• 'Lake•/I , t
Idissolved_l
Mixed
Layer811d
.6x10'4
Glacial
2.9x104U
Ice

Tertiary1'3x106M]
0.SMIø'•/y"--I ofthe
Sea6.7y 3.7xl•/%•M/'y 1.6xlO4y
Sediments
4.7x105y]
3.4yI I •
O.61a/y
1 lsuspended
&:
bedload
I tter.Dissolved
&•pwel.ling
sediments
1.9M/y
io_clenic II•eltwater
.4M/y 1.5x10
-3
M/y 2.0M//¾ • 1.SM/y

2.0M/y
.4rvl/y
Continental 4.3x10•M Deep Sea
Shelf 2.2x10• 2.9x 10
Sediments Y
6.4M//¾ 285y

Nodules3.4x10-3 Id/y

Continental
Slope
Subducted
6•
1'4x107M
Sediments2'2x10fy
o•Accreted
'
1• Deep
:Sea
5.4xl
06M Sediments 2.2x106
y
-3x• o-• M/y

Figure
10.Thecycle
ofcosmogenic
løBe
innature.
Theinventory
foreach
reservoir
isexpressed
in moles(M), theresidence
timein years(y), andthefluxin molesperyear(M/y). Cosmogenic
production
ofløBe
isindicated
byaP.Thedecay
ofløBeisrepresented
byawavy
line.

themagnitudes
usedin thetext,generally
around
10•4 may be deposited,eroded,retransported,transferredto
atoms,
aresimilarto thatof a mole,6.02x 1023atoms. differentcarriers,andredeposited
severaltimesbeforeit is
Magnitudes
ofonlya fewmoles ofiøBe
insome reservoirsfinallysequestered
intodeep-seasediments.
emphasize
therarityof ]øBe asa component
intheglobal At the beginningof this studythe productionrate of
geochemicalsystem.An attemptwasmadeto balancethe ]øBewassetat 3.9x 10 -2 atoms/cm2s,
orslightly
more
flux into and out of each reservoir. As discussedearlier, in thanthe averagefoundby Monaghanet al. [1985]. This
thecase of•lacialice,that
isdifficult
hasstoredøBeat moreconcentrated
to do,since
levels
ice production
thethe
during
ratecanfit theconstructed •øBe budget tothe
]0
publisheddataif it is assumedthatmostprior studies
have
andis nowreleasing Be at a ratethatexceeds been
Pleistocene aimed at iøBe-rich microenvironments,thusbiasing
thepresentinputof iøBe.TheløBebudget forcontinentalthedatatowarda viewof a moreiøBe-rich world.Other-
sedimentswas assumedto be in steadystate with the wise, a higher
production rateofløBe
during thepresentor
anthropogenic
flux of sedimentsfrom the continents.That past[Bardet al., 1990]will moreeasilyconformto some
probablyhappensonly rarely. As in the glacialice caps, ofthedata.
Forexample, theaverage]øBe concentration
in
]øBe is storedat timesand releasedat others,suchas deep-seasedimentswas constrainedby the initially
during the present time, when human activities have introduced production
ratetobelessthan2 x 109atoms/g,
acceleratederosionor modifiedthe pH of min. Errorsin buttheaverageof thepublished
dataismorethan3 x 109
the cycle also occur from rounding off the calculated atoms/g.However,manyregionsof theseahaveyet to be
valuesthat may be of severalordersof magnitudeapart, tested
for]øBe,andtheactualaveragemaybelower.
and, in addition,someminor contributionsof radiogenic
]0Be were not accountedfor.
Thepartitioning
of løBebetween
thevarious
types
of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This researchwas supported by
sediments in the ocean and between the reservoirs is still
NSF grantEAR 85-12761,theStateof Arizona,anda gift from
uncertain.
In thismodel,
]øBeisassumed
tobedeposited
HenryP. Dart HI. We are gratefulto NathalieValette-Silverand
intothereservoirs
of oceansediments
asdetermined
by the Teh-Lung
Ku for theirhelpfulreviewsandcomments
concerning
netaccumulation
ratesandremainthere.In reality,•øBe thefirstdraftof thispaper.
29, 2 / REVIEWSOF GEOPHYSICS McHargue
andDamon:
THEGLOBAL
10BE
CYCLE
ß155
H. Jay Melosh was the Editor in chargeof this paper.He Brown, L., G. J. Stensland,J. Klein, and R. Middleton, Atmos-
thanksRichardKu for his assistance in evaluatingits technical phericdeposition of ?Beand•øBe,Geochim. Cosmochim.
contentand JamesIngle for serving as a cross-disciplinary Acta, 53, 135-142, 1989.
referee. Budyko,M. I., A. B. Ronov,andA. L. Yahshin,Historyof the
Earth'sAtmosphere, Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1987.
Ciesielski, P. F., M. T. Ledbetter, and B. B. Ellwood, The
development of Antarctic glaciation and the Neogene
palcoenvironment
of the Mawice Ewing Bank, Mar. Geol.,
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Edmond,
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