AREPORTONSTUDENTWORKEXPERI

ENCEPROGRAMME(
SWEP)2018/2019

OLADAPOSTEPHENADEKUNLE
(
170201066)

BEI
NGSUBMI
TTEDI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTSFORTHE
AWARDOFBACHELOROFSCI
ENCE(
BSc)DEGREEI
NELECTRI
CAL&ELECTRONI
CS
ENGI
NEERI
NGATTHEOLUSEGUNAGAGUUNI
VERSI
TYOFSCI
ENCEAND
TECHNOLOGY,
OKI
TIPUPA,
ONDOSTATE,
NIGERI
A

Febr
uar
y,2020
 CERTI
FICATI
ON
Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hatt
hisSWEPr
epor
twaswr
it
tenbyOLADAPOSTEPHENADEKUNLE
(
Mat
ri
cul
ati
onNumber
:170201066)i
nthedepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
Facul
tyof
Engi
neer
ing,
OlusegunAgaguUni
ver
sit
yofsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
,oki
ti
pupa.

OLADAPOSTEPHENADEKUNLE ………………….
.……………….
.
(
SWEPSt
udent
) Dat
eandSi
gnat
ure

Dr
.ISSACOLANI
YAN ………………….
.……………….
.

(
SWEPCoor
dinat
or) Dat
eandSi
gnat
ure
DEDI
CATI
ON

Idedi
cat
ethi
spr
ojectt
oGodAl
might
ymycr
eat
or,
myhel
per
,mysour
ceofi
nspi
rat
ion,
mysour
ceofwi
sdom,
knowl
edge,
andunder
standi
ng.Hehasbeent
hesour
ceofmy
st
rengt
hthr
oughoutt
heSWEPpr
ogr
am andonHi
swi
ngsonl
yhav
eIsoar
ed.Ial
so
dedi
cat
ethi
spr
ojectt
omypar
entbecauset
heyal
way
ssuppor
tmei
nany
thi
ngam
doi
ng,
myl
ovef
ort
hem cannev
erbequant
if
ied.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Mydeepestgr
ati
tudet
oal
might
yGod,
whohaspr
ovi
dedal
lthatwasneededt
o
compl
etet
hispr
ojectandt
hepr
ogr
am f
orwhi
chi
twasunder
takenf
or.Ther
ewasnev
er
l
ackorwantt
hroughoutt
hisent
ir
epr
ogr
am,
Het
ookcar
eofev
ery
thi
ngt
hatwoul
dhav
e
st
oppedmef
rom myt
racksandst
rengt
henedmet
hroughmymostdi
ff
icul
tti
me.

Isi
ncer
elywantt
ouset
hismedi
um t
oappr
eci
atet
hemanagementoft
heOl
usegen
AgaguUni
ver
sit
yofSci
enceandTechnol
ogy
,Oki
ti
pupa(
OAUSTECH)f
ort
hei
r
i
mmeasur
abl
ehel
pandcont
ri
but
iont
owar
dst
hest
udentwor
kexper
iencepr
ogr
am
(
SWEP)
.

Iwantt
othankt
heAg.deanoft
heFacul
tyofEngi
neer
ingDr
.Isr
aelO.Megbowon,Ag.
H.
O.Doft
heci
vi
lEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment
,Dr
.I.
O.Ol
ani
yan,
Ag.H.
O.Doft
heMechani
cal
Engi
neer
ingDept
,Dr
.D.A.OPEYEMI
,Ag.H.
O.D oft
hedepar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
caland
El
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing,
ENGRTundeI
yamol
ereal
ltheLect
urer
sandst
affoft
heFacul
ty
f
ort
hei
rsuppor
t,cont
ri
but
ionsandt
hei
ref
for
ttowar
dst
hesuccessoft
hepr
ogr
am.My
si
ncer
e appr
eci
ati
on goes t
o my super
visor Engr Tunde I
yamol
ere and Engr
Aki
nsadewhosecont
ri
but
ionhasexpendt
heki
ndofef
for
tIhav
eexer
tedt
odot
hewor
k.
Iwantt
oappr
eci
atet
heef
for
tofmyt
eam member
,youar
ewonder
fulbecausewi
thout
y
ourcooper
ati
onandy
oursuppor
tthesuccessoft
hispr
ojectwon’
thav
ebeenachi
eve.
ABSTRACT

I
nthi
srepor
t,Ihav
epenneddownaf
ull
rev
iewofmySt
udent
’sWor
kExper
ience
Pr
ogr
am(
SWEP)whi
chwasunder
takenatOl
usegunAgaguUni
ver
sit
yofSci
enceand
Technol
ogyOki
ti
pupa.Ther
epor
tcont
ainsdet
ail
sofpr
act
ical
exper
iencesgat
her
ed
dur
ingt
hecour
seoft
hepr
ogr
am andt
heor
eti
cal
pri
nci
plesonwhi
chsuchpr
act
ical
exper
iencesdepend,
gat
her
edf
rom bot
hcour
seandr
esear
ch.
Ther
epor
tgener
all
ydeal
s
onci
vi
l,
elect
ri
cal
andmechani
cal
wor
kandt
her
epor
tisor
gani
zedasf
oll
ows;
Chapt
er1
expl
aini
ndet
ail
sThei
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heSWEP,
Aim andObj
ect
ive,
ther
oleoft
he
st
udentdur
ingt
heSWEPpr
ogr
am andt
hescopeoft
heSWEP.Chapt
er2emphasi
zeon
Ci
vi
lwor
kwhi
chi
ncl
ude:
Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions,
Landscapi
ng,
Product
ionandLay
ingof
I
nter
locks,
Product
ionandSet
ti
ngofKer
bs,
SlabCast
ingandt
heChal
l
enges
Encount
eredandSol
uti
on.I
nChapt
er3deal
swi
thEl
ect
ri
cal
wor
kswhi
chI
ncl
ude:
Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions,
Elect
ri
cal
wir
ing,
Const
ruct
ionofExt
ensi
onBox,
Const
ruct
ionof
St
ep-
downTr
ansf
ormer
,Chal
l
engesEncount
eredandSol
uti
on.Chapt
er4deal
s
Mechani
cal
Wor
kswhi
chi
ncl
ude:
Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions,
Machi
ning,
Wel
dingofChai
r
Gui
des,
Chal
l
engesEncount
eredandSol
uti
on.Chapt
er5deal
sonI
ndust
ri
alv
isi
t.
Chapt
er6deal
sonConcl
usi
onandRecommendat
ionsi
nar
easnecessar
yfor
i
mpr
ovementoft
heSWEPpr
ogr
am i
nthef
utur
e.
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
Ti
tl
ePage…………………………………………………………………………………….
….i
Cer
ti
fi
cat
ion…………………………………………….
…………………………………….
…ii
Dedi
cat
ion……………………………………………….
…………………………………….
..
ii
i
Acknowl
edgement
……………………………………….
.…………………………………….
.i
v
Abst
ract
…………………………………………………….
.………………………………….
..
.v
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s…………………………………………….
……………………………….
..
.vi
Li
stofFi
gur
es………………………………………………….
…………………………….
..
.vi
i
i
Li
stofTabl
es…………………………………………………….
…………………………….
..
.i
x
CHAPTER1-I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.
1Int
roduct
ion
1.
2Ai
m andObj
ect
ivesofSWEP…………………….
……….
.……………………….
.….
…1
1.
3Rol
esofSt
udentdur
ingSWEP………………….
.…………………………………….
….2
1.
4ScopeofSWEPPr
oject
………………………………………….
…………………….
.….
2
CHAPTER2–CI
VILWORKS…………………………………….
.……………………….
3
2.
1Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions…………………………………………………………………………
2.
2Landscapi
ng………………….
……………………………………………………………
2.
3Pr
oduct
ionandLay
ingofI
nter
lock…………………………………………………….
..
2.
4Pr
oduct
ionandSet
ti
ngofKer
bs…………………………………………………………
2.
5Sl
abCast
ing…………………………………………………………………….
..
2.
6Ot
herRel
atedWor
ks……………………………………………………………………
2.
7Chal
l
engesEncount
eredandSol
uti
ons………………………………………………….
.
CHAPTER3–ELECTRI
CALWORKS….
…….
.……………………………………………….
3.
1Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions……………….
.……………………………………………………….
3.
2Basi
cConceptofEl
ect
ri
cal
Wir
ing………………………………………………………….
.
3.
3Const
ruct
ionofExt
ensi
onBox
………………………………………………………….
.
3.
4El
ect
ri
cal
Wir
ingonaWoodenBoar
d………….
……………………………………….
.
3.
5Const
ruct
ionofSt
ep-
downTr
ansf
ormer
..
……………………………………………….
..
3.
6Ot
herRel
atedWor
ks…………………………………………………………………….
..
3.
7Chal
l
engesEncount
eredandSol
uti
on…………………………………….
……………….
.
CHAPTER4–MECHANI
CALWORKS…………………………………………………………
4.
1Saf
etyPr
ecaut
ions…………………………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
4.
2Machi
ning……………………………………………………………………………….
.
4.
3Wel
dingofChai
rGui
des…………………………………………………………………
4.
4Ref
ri
ger
ati
on.
.…………………………………………………………………………….
4.
5Ot
herRel
atedWor
ks…………………………………………………………………….
..
4.
6Chal
l
engesEncount
eredandSol
uti
on…………………………………….
……………….
.
CHAPTER5–I
NDUSTRI
ALVI
SIT………………………………………………………….
5.
1Int
roduct
ion…………………………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
5.
2……………………………………………………………….
.
5.
3…………………………………………………………………
5.
4
CHAPTER6–CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS
6.
1Knowl
edgegai
neddur
ingSWEP……………………………………………………
6.
2Concl
usi
on………………………………………………………………………….
..
6.
3Recommendat
ions………………………………………………………………….
..
Ref
erences………………………………………………………………………………….
..
Li
stoff
igur
es
Li
stoft
abl
e
CHAPTERONE

1.
1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

St
udent
sWor
kExper
iencePr
ogr
amme(
SWEP)i
sapr
ogr
ammeai
m atpr
ovi
dingt
he
par
ti
cipat
ingEngi
neer
ingst
udent
sthepr
act
ical
ski
l
lsofgener
alwor
kshopandsaf
ety
pr
act
icesi
ntheuseoft
ool
sandequi
pment
,ast
heyar
eobt
ainabl
eint
her
eal
wor
ldof
Engi
neer
ingpr
act
ices.I
tiscar
ri
edoutwi
thi
ntheschool
.TheSWEPcov
ersal
lthe
ar
eas/
depar
tmenti
nengi
neer
ing;
eachengi
neer
ingst
udenti
stocar
ryoutact
ivi
ti
es
cov
eri
ngal
lot
herengi
neer
ingf
iel
dsot
hert
hant
hei
rmaj
or.TheSt
udentWor
k
Exper
iencePr
ogr
amme(
SWEP)i
sdesi
gnedt
opr
ovi
deeachst
udentoppor
tuni
tyf
or
pr
act
ical
exper
iencewi
thi
ntheuni
ver
sit
ythr
oughexposur
etopr
act
ical
ski
l
lsi
n
engi
neer
ingandt
echnol
ogy
,andsaf
etypr
act
icesi
ntheuseoft
ool
sandequi
pment
.As
r
esul
t,t
heuni
ver
sit
ywi
l
lnott
oler
ateanyactofi
ndi
sci
pli
nef
rom anyst
udent
.

Theaut
hor
it
iesoft
heNi
ger
ianUni
ver
sit
iesCommi
ssi
on(
NUC)appr
ovedoft
he
St
udent
sWor
kExper
iencePr
ogr
amme(
SWEP)
,forNi
ger
ianUni
ver
sit
iesandot
her
i
nst
it
uti
onsofhi
gherl
ear
ning;
fori
tsst
udent
stounder
gov
ari
oust
rai
ningi
nthei
r
r
espect
ivef
iel
dsofst
udi
es.Theseschemeswer
ebr
oughtaboutbyt
hei
nadequat
e
pr
act
ical
exper
iencegai
nedbyt
hest
udent
sinhi
gheri
nst
it
uti
onsaf
tergr
aduat
ion,
due
t
ovar
iousf
act
orssuchas:
lackofr
elev
antequi
pmentandmachi
ner
iesi
nthei
r
i
nst
it
uti
ons,
etc.I
tist
her
efor
emandat
oryf
oral
lst
udent
sof
fer
ingr
elev
antcour
sesi
n
Ni
ger
ianhi
gheri
nst
it
uti
onst
ounder
got
heSWEPpr
ogr
am att
hei
rassi
gnedper
iod
(
200l
evel
)andt
hrought
hest
ipul
ateddur
ati
on.TheSWEPpr
ogr
am wassetupy
ear
s
backi
nor
dert
oer
adi
cat
ethi
schar
d.Asi
tisknownt
hatengi
neer
ingt
rai
ningr
equi
re
pr
operposi
ti
onandsequenci
ngoft
ime.Ti
mewasschedul
edt
obespenti
nvar
ious
engi
neer
ingf
iel
d,si
tes,
labor
ator
yandwor
kshopandot
hersect
ionasi
desf
rom our
speci
ali
zef
iel
d.Thi
sist
ohel
pust
ogai
nbasi
cpr
act
ical
ski
l
lsandknowl
edgef
rom
ot
herf
iel
dofengi
neer
ingl
i
ke,
mechani
cal
andel
ect
ri
cal
andel
ect
roni
cengi
neer
ing.
1.
2 AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VESOFSWEP

 Topr
ovi
dest
udent
swi
thski
l
lsandexper
ienceneededdur
ingt
hecour
seoft
he
pr
ogr
am.

 Topr
oduceengi
neer
inggr
aduat
ethatar
ebot
htheor
eti
cal
l
yandpr
act
ical
l
ysound

 Tocr
eat
econdi
ti
onsandci
rcumst
ances,whi
chcanbeascl
oseaspossi
blet
o
t
heact
ual
wor
kfl
ow.

 Toer
adi
cat
eunempl
oymentofengi
neer
inggr
aduat
esandi
nst
il
lthesenseof
cr
eat
ivi
tyi
nengi
neer
inggr
aduat
es.

 Tot
eachst
udent
sthet
echni
quesandmet
hodofwor
kingwi
thf
aci
l
iti
esand
equi
pmentwhent
heygof
ort
hei
rIndust
ri
alTr
aini
ng

 Togi
vest
udent
stheabi
l
ityt
otr
yandappl
ythegi
venknowl
edgei
nal
lar
eas.

1.
3 ROLESOFSTUDENTDURI
NGSWEP

 Tor
epor
tont
imeandt
heexpect
eddat
easschedul
edbyt
hef
acul
ty

 Bepol
i
tewhent
alki
ngt
oanyoft
heper
sonnel
engagedi
nthewor
k

 Av
oidanycol
l
usi
onwi
thot
herst
udent
stopr
otestonanyi
ssue.

 Toseek,
acceptandof
ferhonestcr
it
ici
sm oft
echni
cal
wor
ktoacknowl
edgeand
cor
recter
ror
s

 Li
steni
ngcar
eful
l
ytol
ect
urer
sandot
herper
sonnel

 Cont
ri
but
ingt
odi
scussi
onsandgr
oupwor
k

 Wr
it
ingwor
ksdoneont
hef
iel
dinsi
det
heSWEPl
ogbook
1.
4 SCOPEOFSWEPREPORT

I
ntheCi
vi
lwor
ks,
weengagedi
nsomeext
ernalCi
vi
lwor
ks.Theext
ernalwor
ksi
ncl
ude
t
hepr
oduct
ionandl
ayi
ngofi
nter
lock,
product
ionandset
ti
ngofker
bsandconst
ruct
ion
ofdr
ainagesy
stem.I
ntheEl
ect
ri
calEl
ect
roni
cswor
ks,wel
ear
ntaboutt
heconceptof
el
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ng.Wewer
eassi
gnedsomepr
oject
sonEl
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ngwhi
chi
ncl
udes
t
he const
ruct
ion ofan ext
ensi
on box,El
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ng on a wooden boar
d and
const
ruct
ionofa220/
12vst
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
.Int
hemechani
calengi
neer
ingwor
ks,
weengagedi
nthewel
dingofchai
rgui
desatt
heMegaCampusl
ect
urer
ooms.We
l
ear
ntaboutt
hel
athemachi
ne,mi
l
li
ngmachi
neandr
efr
iger
ati
on.Att
hel
astst
ageof
t
heSWEPpr
ogr
am wev
isi
tedt
heFORTUNEUNI
VERSI
TY.

2.
0 CI
VILWORKS

Ci
vi
lengi
neer
ingi
sapr
ofessi
onal
disci
pli
neandf
iel
dofengi
neer
ingt
hatdeal
swi
th
t
hedesi
gn,
const
ruct
ion,
bui
l
dingandmai
ntenanceoft
hephy
sical
andnat
ural
l
ybui
l
t
sel
fenv
ironment
.Itconcer
nswi
thconst
ruct
ionofr
oads,
bri
dges,
bui
l
ding,
canal
s,
dr
ainageet
c.ci
vi
lswoksl
i
kepr
oduct
ionoft
eebl
ock,
landscapi
ng,
ker
bs,
set
ti
ngof
i
nter
locki
ngbl
ocksandt
heconceptofl
i
nedr
ain.

2.
1 SAFETYPRECAUTI
ON

 Hel
met
,coatandpr
otect
ivegl
assesshoul
dbeputonwhi
l
ewor
kingonsi
te.

 Al
lthewor
kingar
easandpassageway
sshoul
dbef
reef
rom wast
eordebr
isor
anyofobst
ruct
ionl
i
kest
oredmat
eri
als.

 Yel
l
owst
icker
swi
thsaf
etynot
est
obepast
edwher
enecessar
y.

 Al
lthewor
king pl
atf
ormsshoul
d best
abl
e,pr
oper
lybr
aced,shoul
d notbe
ov
erl
oadedandsaf
efort
hewor
kingper
sonnel
.

 Thesi
teshoul
dbecl
eanal
lthet
imesandt
hemat
eri
alsshoul
dbest
oredsaf
ely
  Ther
e shoul
d be pr
operar
rangementofcol
l
ect
ion and di
sposalofwast
e
mat
eri
als.

 Fi
rstai
dshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
eatal
lti
mesonsi
tef
orcut
sbur
nsoranymi
shaps.

 Fi
reext
ingui
sher
stobepl
acedonsi
teonpr
operl
ocat
ionsi
ncaseofanyf
ir
e.

 Ther
eshoul
dbepr
operl
i
ght
ingont
hesi
teespeci
all
ywhent
hewor
kiscar
ri
ed
outdur
ingt
heni
ght
.

 Guar
dsr
ail
stobei
nst
all
edatopenscaf
fol
dar
eas,al
lopeni
ngsi
nthebui
l
ding
f
loor
,int
heexcav
atedar
eas,
atmobi
l
eel
evat
edpl
atf
orms.

2.
2 LANDSCAPI
NG

Landscapi
ngi
sthepr
ocessofmaki
ngagar
denorot
herpi
eceofl
andmor
eat
tr
act
iveby
al
ter
ingt
heexi
sti
ngdesi
gn,
addi
ngor
nament
alf
eat
uresandpl
ant
ingt
reesandshr
ubs.
I
tisal
sor
efer
stoanyact
ivi
tyt
hatmodi
fi
est
hev
isi
blef
eat
uresofanar
eaofl
and,
i
ncl
udi
ngl
i
vingel
ement
s,suchasf
lor
aorf
auna,
orwhati
scommonl
ycal
l
edgar
deni
ng,
t
hear
tandcr
aftofgr
owi
ngpl
ant
swi
thagoal
ofcr
eat
ingabeaut
ywi
thi
nthel
andscape.

2.
21 CATEGORI
ESOFLANDSCAPE.

1.Man-
madeLandscape:Thi
sisat
ypeofLandscapemadebymanuni
ntent
ional
l
y.I
tis
anar
ti
fi
cialLandscape.Manal
ter
sthenat
uralenv
ironmentbycr
eat
inganar
ti
fi
cial
env
ironmentsuch asf
iel
dsand f
armsand l
andscaped gar
dens.Mandesi
gnst
he
l
andscapear
oundt
hebui
l
tenv
ironmentf
ori
tspl
easantandaest
het
icappear
ance.Thi
s
coul
dei
therbei
ntent
ionaloruni
ntent
ional
.Int
ent
ionalman-
madeLandscapei
ncl
udes
gar
dens,banks,f
iel
dsandi
ndust
ri
eswhi
l
etheuni
ntent
ionalman-
madeLandscape
i
ncl
udesf
arml
andandmot
orway
s.
 Fi
g1:
Art
if
ici
alLandscape.

2.Wor
ldLandscape:Thi
sisaLandscapet
hatexi
stsnat
ural
l
y.Anat
urall
andscapei
s
onet
hati
sar
esul
toft
hechangest
hathav
etakenpl
acenat
ural
l
yint
heear
th’
scr
ust
.It
i
sal
andscapeder
ivedf
rom t
henat
uralhabi
tatoft
her
egi
onconst
it
utesanat
ural
env
ironmentanddependsont
het
ypeofexi
sti
ngnat
uralsur
roundi
ngssuchasaf
orest
oradeser
t.Suchanenv
ironmentexi
stsev
eni
nman’
sabsence.Nat
urall
andscapei
s
onet
hati
snotaf
fect
edbyhumanact
ivi
ti
esandi
tremai
nsi
ntacti
fthel
i
vingandnon-
l
i
vingel
ement
soft
hatnat
uralenv
ironmentar
efr
eet
omov
eandchange.Thi
sincl
udes
t
heFor
est
,Mount
ains,
val
l
ey,
veget
ati
onandt
hedeser
t.

Fi
g2.Nat
ural
Landscape

2.
2.2 TYPESOFMAN-
MADELANDSCAPE.

1.Sof
tLandscape:Thi
sisat
ypeofLandscapet
hathadt
odowi
thv
eget
ati
on(
grass,
pl
ant
s,t
rees)
.Thi
sLandscapear
enotusedf
ormov
ement
.Theyar
eusedt
odecor
ate
t
heenv
ironment
.Theyhel
ptor
educet
het
emper
atur
eoft
heenv
ironment
.

2.Har
dLandscape:Thi
sist
het
ypeofLandscapet
hathast
odowi
thwal
kway
s,mot
or
way
s,carpar
k.Thi
sLandscapear
eusedf
orhumanmov
ement
.Theyar
eal
sot
hecause
ofhi
ght
emper
atur
e.

2.
2.3 PROCESSOFLANDSCAPI
NG.

A wel
l
-mani
cur
edl
andscapest
art
slongbef
oret
hef
ir
stseedshi
tthegr
ound.Ev
ery
homel
andscapei
sdi
ff
erent
,butt
hepr
ocessi
ssi
mil
arnomat
terhow t
hef
ini
shed
pr
oductl
ooks.Thesepr
ocessesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng;

1.Si
teSel
ect
ion:i
nLandscapi
ngt
hef
ir
stst
epi
stochooset
hear
eay
ouwantt
o
Landscape.

2.Vi
sitt
hesi
tet
ogetf
ami
l
iarwi
tht
heenv
ironment
,condi
ti
onsandnat
ureoft
hesi
te
sel
ect
ed.Thi
spr
ocessf
ormst
hebasi
csofy
ourdesi
gn.

3.Desi
gn:t
hisi
samaj
orpr
ocessofLandscapi
ngwhi
chi
nvol
vescr
eat
ingt
hedesi
gn.
Thedesi
gnal
soser
vesasagui
dedur
ingconst
ruct
ion.I
ndesi
gny
ouconsi
dert
he
pur
poseandt
hef
eat
uresoft
heLandscape.

4.Budget
ing:
youconsi
dert
hecostofconst
ruct
ion.

5.Si
teCl
ear
ingandPr
epar
ati
on:Thegr
oundneedsatl
eastsomepr
epar
ati
onbef
ore
y
ou can begi
ninst
all
i
ng t
he l
andscapi
ng el
ement
s.Gener
alpr
epar
ati
on of
ten
i
ncl
udesr
emov
inggr
assorexi
sti
ngl
andscapi
ng,r
emov
ingdebr
is,andl
evel
i
ngt
he
gr
ound.

6.Set
ti
ngOut
:thi
sinv
olv
esi
mpl
ement
ingy
ourdesi
gn.I
tal
sogui
desy
ouony
our
desi
gn.

7.Excav
ati
on:Thi
sinv
olv
esr
emov
ingt
heunwant
edsoi
lmat
eri
alf
rom t
hedesi
red
ar
eabef
oreconst
ruct
ion.

8.Const
ruct
ion:Theconst
ruct
ionpr
ocessconsi
stsoft
heact
ualbui
l
dingpr
ocess.
Mostdesi
gner
swi
l
lsuboutt
hewor
ktoacont
ract
ingcompanyt
hatspeci
ali
zesi
n
l
andscapi
ng.Somet
imes,
onecont
ract
orwi
l
lcompl
eteal
loft
heconst
ruct
ion,
other
t
imesmul
ti
plecompani
eswi
l
lbei
nvol
ved.Dur
ingt
hispr
ocesst
hedesi
gnerand
cont
ract
orwi
l
lwor
kcl
osel
ytoget
hert
obr
ingt
oli
fet
hedesi
gncr
eat
edi
nthe
 pr
evi
ouspr
ocess.

9.Mai
ntenance:Thi
sisal
soani
mpor
tantpr
ocessi
nLandscapi
ngt
hati
susual
l
y
negl
ect
ed.The amount of mai
ntenance needed depends on t
he t
ype of
l
andscapi
ng.Pl
ant
smayneed suppl
ement
ali
rr
igat
ion,weedi
ng,f
ert
il
izi
ng and
pr
uni
ng.Nat
ivepl
ant
sof
tenr
equi
rel
essmai
ntenancebecauset
heyt
hri
vewel
lin
t
heenv
ironment
.Pav
ers,br
icksandst
onesal
soneedoccasi
onalcl
eani
ngt
olook
at
tract
ive.

2.
3 PRODUCTI
ONANDLAYI
NGOFI
NTERLOCK

Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofmi
xi
ngst
onedust
,cementandwat
eri
not
hert
opr
oduce.An
i
nter
locki
ngpav
eri
sat
ypeofconcr
ete,
stoneorbr
ickt
hatf
itt
oget
herl
i
keapuzzl
e
pi
ece.Becauseoft
his,
pav
ersmay
bepl
acedi
nthegr
oundwi
thoutmor
tar
.Manyt
ypes
ofpav
ersar
eav
ail
abl
eathomeandgar
denst
ores.I
nter
locki
ngpav
erscanadd
aest
het
icappeal
todr
iveway
s,pat
iosandwal
kway
s.Pav
ersar
eal
soknownt
obe
st
rongert
hanpour
edconcr
eteandar
eeasyt
omai
ntai
nandr
epai
r.Bef
orel
ayi
ng
i
nter
locki
ngpav
ers,
it’
simpor
tantt
ocr
eat
eawel
l
-compact
ed,
stabl
ebase.Begi
nby
excav
ati
ngal
lunst
abl
eorunconsol
i
dat
edsubgr
ademat
eri
al.Toest
imat
ethedept
hof
excav
ati
onneeded,
consi
dert
hef
inal
gradeoft
hepr
ojectbyaddi
ngt
hehei
ghtoft
he
pav
eruni
t,t
hedept
hoft
hebeddi
ngsandandt
het
hicknessoft
hecompact
edbase
mat
eri
al.
Thecomposi
ti
onofbl
ockdependsont
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofmat
eri
alsandi
tsuse.Themaj
or
component
sofi
nter
locki
ngbl
ocki
ncl
ude

Cement
:Cementhast
hepr
oper
tyofset
ti
ngandsol
i
dif
yinguponmi
xtur
ewi
thwat
er.
Cement
sar
ewi
del
yusedi
nconst
ruct
ionf
ir
msi
ndesi
gnofst
ruct
ures,
andhav
ing
v
ari
eti
es,
wit
hPor
tl
andcementast
hemostcommont
ypeofcementi
ngener
alusage.I
t
i
sabasi
ccomponentofconcr
ete,
block,
mor
tarorpl
ast
er.Cementconsi
stsofa
mi
xtur
eofoxi
deofcal
ci
um si
l
iconandal
umi
nium.Por
tl
andcementi
smadebyheat
ing
l
i
mest
one(
asour
ceofcal
cium)wi
thcl
ayandgr
indi
ngt
hispr
oduct(
cal
l
edcl
i
nker
)wi
th
asour
ceofsul
phat
emostcommonl
ycal
l
edgy
psum (
Niel
JacksonandRav
indr
aK.
Dhi
r)
.
Wat
er:
Wat
ercombi
neswi
thcementandaggr
egat
est
obegi
nthepr
ocessofhy
drat
ion,
andadequat
ewat
ercementr
ati
opr
ovi
desgoodconsi
stency
.Thecementpast
egl
ues
t
heaggr
egat
etoget
her
,fi
l
lsv
oidswi
thi
nitandal
l
owsi
ttof
lowmor
eeasi
l
y.Theuseof
cl
eanpur
ewat
eri
sal
way
srecommendedf
orusei
nbl
ockpr
oduct
iont
opr
eventadv
erse
har
mful
eff
ectofsal
t,t
urbi
dit
yandot
heri
mpur
it
ies.I
mpur
ewat
erusedt
omakebl
ock
cancausepr
obl
em whenset
ti
ngori
ncausi
ngpr
emat
uref
ail
ureofi
nter
locki
ngbl
ock
wal
l
s.

Aggr
egat
es:
Fineandcoar
seaggr
egat
esmadeupt
hebul
kofi
nter
locki
ngbl
ockmi
xtur
e.
Var
ioust
ypeswer
eexpl
ainedabov
eunder‗
proper
ti
esandt
ypesofsoi
l
‘.I
tcanoccur
nat
ural
l
yormadear
ti
fi
ci
all
yini
ndust
ri
es(
uncr
ushedorcr
ushed)
.Thesi
zeofaggr
egat
e
af
fect
sthest
rengt
handl
oadbear
ingcapaci
tyofi
nter
locki
ngbl
ock.

1pal
l
et=4t
eebl
ock

2bagsofcement=54pal
l
et

31/
2wheel
bar
rowofst
onedustwi
l
loccupi
ed1bagofcement

50l
i
ter
sofwat
ermi
xedwi
th1bagofcementandst
onedust
.

Fi
g4ker
bs

2.
31 LAYI
NGOFI
NTERLOCKI
NGBLOCKS

Af
tert
hepav
ingst
onehasbeenpr
oduced,i
twast
heni
nst
all
edi
nthesur
roundi
ng
wher
eneeded.Dur
ingt
hei
nst
all
ati
onpr
ocess,pav
ingst
onesbecomei
nter
lockedwi
th
t
headdi
ti
onofpav
erj
oint
ingsand.Thi
smat
eri
all
ockspav
ersi
npl
acebyf
il
li
ngi
nthe
j
oint
scompl
etel
yfr
om t
opt
obot
tom,cr
eat
ingf
ri
cti
oni
nthej
oint
s.Thi
sfr
ict
ioni
nthe
j
oint
sdi
sper
seswei
ghtl
oadov
eragr
eat
erar
ea,
meani
ngt
hatpav
ingst
onesar
eabl
eto
wi
thst
andt
hewei
ghtofv
ehi
clesofal
lsi
zes,
lar
gepar
ti
esandmor
e.Thef
oll
owi
ngst
eps
wer
efol
l
oweddur
ingt
hel
ayi
ngpr
ocess;

St
eps

 LayBeddi
ngSand
Abedofsandi
snecessar
ytopr
ovi
def
inal
lev
eli
ngpr
oper
ti
esandhel
psecur
ethe
pav
ersi
npl
ace.Usecl
ean,
shar
pconcr
etesand1-
inchdeep.Al
l
owf
or1cubi
cyar
dof
sandper300squar
efeetofpr
ojectar
ea.
 I
nst
all
EdgeRest
rai
nt
I
nst
all
ast
abl
eedger
est
rai
ntt
oel
i
minat
eanyl
ater
almov
ementoft
hepav
ersandsand
beddi
ng.Exampl
esofedger
est
rai
ntsi
ncl
udeanexi
sti
nghar
dedge(
suchast
hesi
deof
ahouse)
,vi
nyl
mol
dedr
est
rai
ntsorconcr
eter
est
rai
nts.
 Layt
hePav
ers
Pl
acepav
ersf
latont
hesandbed,
wor
kingi
naf
orwar
dmot
ion.St
artt
hepr
ocessat
ei
thera90-
degr
eecor
nerorwi
thi
nthef
iel
dbyusi
ngapr
e-setst
ri
ngt
ogui
det
he
st
rai
ght
nessoft
hepav
ers.

 Vi
brat
ethePav
ers
Oncet
hepav
erf
iel
dandbor
der
shav
ebeenpl
aced,
spr
eadal
i
ghtl
ayerofsandov
er
t
hepav
ersandr
unav
ibr
ati
ngpl
atecompact
orov
ert
hem t
obegi
nthei
nter
locki
ng

pr
ocess.
Fi
g4:
vibr
ati
ngpl
atecompact
or.

 Sandt
hePav
ers
Spr
eaddr
ypav
erj
ointormasonr
ysandov
ert
hesur
faceoft
hepav
erar
ea
appr
oxi
mat
ely¼i
nchdeep.Usi
ngt
hev
ibr
ati
ngpl
atecompact
or,
passov
ert
hesanded
pav
erst
woort
hreet
imest
oal
l
owsandt
ofi
l
lthev
oidsbet
weent
hepav
ers.Swep
r
emai
ningsandi
ntov
oidsunt
ilt
heyar
ecompl
etel
yfi
l
led.

Fi
g5:
Int
erl
ock.

2.
4 PRODUCTI
ONANDSETTI
NGOFKERBS.

Ker
bisani
ntegr
al,
yetunder
est
imat
edf
eat
urei
nur
bandesi
gn.Dur
ingt
heext
ernalCi
vi
l
wor
ksatt
heSenat
ebui
l
ding,weengagedi
nthepr
oduct
ionandset
ti
ngofker
bs.The
Ker
bswasuset
osepar
ateandpr
ovi
dev
isual
def
ini
ti
onofcar
ri
ageway
s,f
ootpat
hsand
carpar
k.Ker
bsar
eav
ail
abl
einmul
ti
pleshapes.Thepur
poseofusi
ngker
bsi
sto
pr
ovi
de a boundar
yto Landscapi
ng t
reat
ment
sand t
o ai
d wat
ermanagementby
di
rect
ingsur
facewat
err
un-
offi
ntoaccompany
ingdr
ainagesy
stem.

Fi
g6:
ker
b Fi
g7:
Ker
bmol
d.

TheKer
bsusedatt
heSenat
ebui
l
dingi
nthemai
ncampuswasmadeofst
onedust
,
cementandwat
er.Thet
ool
susedi
nthepr
oduct
ionoft
heKer
bsi
ncl
ude;Ker
bmol
d,
shov
el,
handt
rowelandheadpan.TheKer
bmol
dwasoft
hedesi
redshapeandpr
ofi
l
e.
Thecementandst
onewasmi
xedt
oget
herwi
thar
ati
oof1bag:
10headpan.Thi
s
cementmi
xtur
eismi
xedt
oget
herbyaddaconsi
der
abl
eamountofwat
ert
oit
.The
i
nter
iorpar
tofker
bmol
dwasr
ubbedwi
thsomel
i
qui
dsubst
ancet
hatwi
l
lai
din
r
emov
ingoft
heKer
bsaf
terpr
oduct
ion.Theker
bmol
dwasf
il
ledupwi
tht
hecement
mi
xtur
e.Thehandt
rowelwasusedt
ogi
vet
hissur
faceagoodf
ini
sh.Thecement
mi
xtur
einsi
det
hemol
dwaspl
acedi
nsunt
oal
l
owi
ttosol
i
dif
y.Af
teri
thassol
i
dif
ied,
t
hemol
dwassepar
atedf
rom t
heker
bs.

TYPESOFKERBS

 Low orMount
abl
eker
bs:t
hist
ypesofker
bsar
epr
ovi
ded sucht
hatt
hey
encour
aget
het
raf
fi
ctor
emai
nint
het
raf
fi
claneandal
l
owt
hedr
ivert
oent
er
t
heshoul
derar
eawi
thl
i
ttl
edi
ff
icul
ty.Thehei
ghtoft
hisker
bisabout10cm
abov
ethepav
ementedgewi
thasl
opewhi
chal
l
owt
hev
ehi
clet
ocl
i
mbeasi
l
y.

 Semi
-bar
ri
erker
bs:when t
hepedest
ri
an t
raf
fi
csi
shi
gh,t
heseker
bsar
e
pr
ovi
ded.Thei
rhei
ghti
s15cm abov
ethepav
ementedge.Thi
sty
pesofker
bs
pr
event
sencr
oachmentofpar
kingv
ehi
cle.

 Bar
ri
ert
ypeker
bs:t
heyar
edesi
gnedt
odi
scour
agev
ehi
clesf
rom l
eav
ingt
he
pav
ement
.theyar
epr
ovi
dedwhent
her
eisconsi
der
abl
eamountofpedest
ri
an
t
raf
fi
csandt
heyar
epl
acedatanhei
ghtof20cm abov
ethepav
ement
.

 Submer
gedker
bs:t
heyar
eusedi
nrur
alr
oads.Theker
bsar
epr
ovi
dedat
pav
ementedgeandshoul
der
s.Theypr
ovi
del
ater
alenhancementandst
abi
l
ity
t
othepav
ement
.

STEPI
NPRODUCTI
ONOFKERBS

 Adddi
esel
tot
hemol
dingpanorpl
ast
icf
oreasyr
emov
alofker
bs.

 Fi
l
lthemol
dingpl
ast
icwi
tht
hemi
xtur
eoft
hesanddust
,cementandwat
er.
  Ker
bsal
way
srequi
remor
ewat
ersot
hatt
hesur
facecanbesmoot
h

 Putt
heker
bsi
nthesunt
odr
y

USESOFKERBS
 Def
ini
ngt
hel
i
mit
soft
hecar
ri
ageway

 Cont
aini
ngt
hecar
ri
agewayt
opr
event‘
spr
eadi
ng’
andl
ossofst
ruct
ural
int
egr
it
y.

 Cr
eat
ingabar
ri
erbet
weenv
ehi
clesandpedest
ri
ans

 Pr
ovi
dingaphy
sical
‘check’
topr
eventv
ehi
clesl
eav
ingt
hecar
ri
ageway

 Al
l
owi
ngsur
facewat
ert
odr
ainawaybyf
ormi
ngachannel
.

2.
5 SLABCASTI
NG.

Aconcr
etesl
abi
sacommonst
ruct
uralel
ementofmoder
nbui
l
dings,consi
sti
ngofa
f
lat
,hor
izont
alsur
facemadeofconcr
ete.Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etesl
absar
eof
tenusedt
o
const
ructt
hef
loor
s,cei
l
ingsandext
eri
orpav
ing.Dur
ingt
heci
vi
lwor
ksweengagedi
n
t
hecast
ingofconcr
etesl
abatt
heengi
neer
ingwor
kshop.Thesl
abhasat
hicknessof6
i
ncheswi
thsomei
ronr
einf
orcement
.Whenwegott
othewor
kshop,
thesl
abf
orm wor
k
hasal
readybeenconst
ruct
ed.Af
terwhi
chr
einf
orcementwasadded.Themi
xtur
erat
io
oft
heconcr
etewas1:
3:6.Thewat
ercementr
ati
owas0.
6forhi
gherst
rengt
hconcr
ete.
Af
tert
heconcr
etehasbeenmi
xedt
oget
her
,itwaspouri
ntot
hesl
abf
orm wor
k.The
sur
facewasgi
venasmoot
hfi
nishi
ngwi
tht
heai
dofahandt
rowel
.Theconcr
etewas
l
eftt
odr
yandsol
i
dif
ybef
orer
emov
ingt
hef
orm wor
k.
 Fi
gur
e2.
5: Sl
abCast
ing

2.
6 OTHERRELATEDWORKS.

2.
6.1 CONCRETESLUMPTEST

Theconcr
etesl
umpt
estmeasur
etheconsi
stencyoff
reshconcr
etebef
orei
tset
.Iti
s
per
for
medt
ocheckt
hewor
kabi
l
ityoff
reshl
ymadeconcr
ete,andt
her
efor
etheease
wi
thwhi
cht
heconcr
etef
low.

2.
6.2 PROCEDUREOFCONCRETESLUMPTEST

Thet
esti
scar
ri
edoutusi
ngamet
almol
dint
heshapeofaconi
calf
rust
um knownas
SLUM CONEorABRAM CONE,
thet
ool
typi
cal
l
yhasani
nter
nal
diamet
erof10mm(
3.9i
n)
att
het
opandof200mm(
7.9i
n)att
hebot
tom wi
thahei
ghtof305mm(
12.
0in)
.Thecone
i
spl
acedonahar
dnon-
absor
bentsur
face.Theconei
sfi
l
ledwi
thf
reshconcr
etei
nfour
st
ages.Eachl
ayeri
stamper
ed25t
imes.Themol
discar
eful
l
yli
ft
edv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
ds,
soasnott
odi
stur
btheconcr
etecone.Theconcr
etet
hensl
ump.Thesl
umpoft
he
concr
etei
smeasur
edbyt
hedi
stancef
rom t
het
opoft
hesl
umpcone.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e
t
hepossi
bler
esul
tandt
hei
rrespect
ivei
nter
pret
ati
on;

1.Col
l
apseSl
ump:
inacol
l
apsesl
umpt
heconcr
etecol
l
apsescompl
etel
y.

2.ShearSl
ump:i
nashearsl
umpt
het
oppor
ti
onsoft
heconcr
eteshear
sof
fasl
i
p
si
deway
s.

3. Tr
ueSl
ump:i
nat
ruesl
umpt
heconcr
etesi
mpl
ysubsi
des,keepi
ngmov
eorl
ess
t
oshape.

2.
7 CHALLENGESENCOUNTERD.

 Dur
ingt
heset
ti
ngoft
heker
bs,wehadapr
obl
em wi
tht
hegr
oundl
evel
.The
gr
oundwassl
oppywhi
chcausest
heker
bst
oshi
ftoutofal
i
gnment
.

 Dur
ingt
hecour
seofpr
oduci
ngouri
nter
lockBl
ockouri
nter
lockmol
dingst
opped
wor
kingandwehav
etoOFFt
hegener
atorsot
hatwecanl
ocat
ethef
aul
t.
2.
7.1 SOLUTI
ON

 Wer
esol
vedt
hepr
obl
em byaddi
ngmor
eoft
hecementmi
xtur
etot
hebaseof
t
heker
bs.Thei
ncr
easest
hehunchoft
heset
ti
ngsandt
hisgi
vesast
rongbond.

 Wear
eabl
etor
esol
vet
hepr
obl
em byt
raci
ngal
lthewi
reoft
hei
nter
locki
ng
mol
dingmachi
neandweconnecti
tbackandweputONt
hegener
atorandt
he
machi
nest
artwor
kingagai
n

3.
1 ELECTRI
CALWORKS

3.
2 SAFETYPRECAUTI
ON

1.Av
oidwat
eratal
lti
meswhenwor
kingwi
thel
ect
ri
cit
y.Nev
ert
ouchort
ry
r
epai
ri
nganyel
ect
ri
cal
equi
pmentci
rcui
twi
thwethands.I
tincr
easest
he
conduct
ivi
tyoft
heel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
.
2.Nev
eruseequi
pmentwi
thf
ray
edcor
ds,
damagedi
nsul
ati
onorbr
okenpl
ugs.
3.Al
way
susei
nsul
atedt
ool
swhi
l
ewor
king.
4.Al
way
suseappr
opr
iat
einsul
atedr
ubbergl
ovesandgoggl
eswhi
l
ewor
kingon
anybr
anchci
rcui
torot
herel
ect
ri
cci
rcui
t.
5.Ensur
ethatr
ightmat
eri
ali
suseatt
her
ightt
ime.
6.Unpr
ofessi
onalori
nexper
ienceper
sonalshoul
dnott
aket
her
iskofoper
ati
ngor
wor
kingonanydamagedEl
ect
ri
cal
syst
em.

7.Don'
tl
eav
enakedwi
reuncov
ered.
 8.Speci
fi
cat
ionsshoul
dbeadher
edt
oatal
linst
anceswhenev
eri
nst
all
ati
onwor
k
i
stobecar
ri
edout
.Ri
ghtCabl
esshoul
dbeusedf
ort
her
ightpur
poseatt
her
ight
l
ocat
ion.

9.Thet
eam l
eadershoul
densur
epr
operchecki
ngofal
linst
all
ati
onpr
ocessi
s
mai
ntai
nedatt
heendofev
eryj
obexecut
ed.

10.
Treatal
ldev
iceswi
tht
heassumpt
iont
hatt
heyar
econnect
edt
othepower
sour
ce.

3.
2 BASI
CCONCEPTOFELECTRI
CALWI
RING
El
ect
ri
cal
wir
ingi
sanel
ect
ri
cal
inst
all
ati
onofcabl
i
ngandassoci
ateddev
icesuchas
socket
,swi
tches,
ext
ensi
onbox,
dist
ri
but
ionboar
d,andl
i
ghtf
it
ti
ngi
nast
ruct
ure.Wi
ri
ng
i
ssubj
ectt
osaf
etyst
andar
dsf
ordesi
gnandi
nst
all
ati
on.Al
l
owabl
ewi
reandcabl
e
t
ypesandsi
zesar
especi
fi
edaccor
dingt
otheci
rcui
toper
ati
ngv
olt
ageandel
ect
ri
c
cur
rentcapabi
l
ity
,wi
thf
urt
herr
est
ri
cti
onsont
heenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons,
suchas
ambi
entt
emper
atur
erange,
moi
stur
elev
els,
andexposur
etosunl
i
ghtandchemi
cal
s.
Associ
atedci
rcui
tpr
otect
ion,
cont
rol
anddi
str
ibut
iondev
iceswi
thi
nabui
l
ding'
swi
ri
ng
sy
stem ar
esubj
ectt
ovol
tage,
cur
rentandf
unct
ional
speci
fi
cat
ion.Wi
ri
ngsaf
etycodes
v
arybyl
ocal
i
ty,
count
ryorr
egi
on.TheI
nter
nat
ional
Elect
rot
echni
cal
Commi
ssi
on(
IEC)
i
sat
tempt
ingt
ohar
moni
zewi
ri
ngst
andar
dsamongstmembercount
ri
es,
butsi
gni
fi
cant
v
ari
ati
onsi
ndesi
gnandi
nst
all
ati
onr
equi
rement
sst
il
lexi
st.

3.
3 CONSTRUCTI
ONOFEXTENSI
ONBOX.

Anext
ensi
onboxi
sal
engt
hoff
lexi
bleel
ect
ri
calpowercabl
e(f
lex)wi
thapl
ugonone
endandoneormor
esocket
sont
heot
herend(
usual
l
yoft
hesamet
ypeast
hepl
ug)
.
Theext
ensi
onboxt
hatwasconst
ruct
eddur
ingt
heSWEPconsi
stofanel
ect
ri
calpower
cabl
eofdi
amet
er3.
5mm,
a13ampspl
ug,
andt
wo13ampssocket
s.I
ntheconst
ruct
ion
oft
heext
ensi
onbox,
thef
ir
stt
hingi
stocr
eat
eahol
eint
hepat
tr
essboxest
oal
l
owf
ree
passageoft
hecabl
econnect
ingt
het
wopat
tressboxest
oget
her
.Af
tert
his,t
het
wo
pat
tr
ess boxes ar
ethen gl
ued t
oget
herusi
ng a supergl
ue.Thi
sisf
oll
owed by
measur
ementand cut
ti
ng oft
he cabl
elengt
hto be used f
ort
he ext
ensi
on box
const
ruct
ion.Thecabl
ewi
tht
hicknessof3.
5mm i
ndi
amet
erwaspi
l
ledusi
ngapl
i
erso
ast
obr
ingoutt
hecor
est
oconnectt
othesocket
s.Thecor
esar
e:t
her
edwi
re(
li
ve)
whi
chi
sposi
ti
ve,t
hebl
ackwi
re(
neut
ral
)whi
chi
snegat
iveandt
hey
ell
owwi
re(
ear
th)
.
Thebackoft
hesocket
sisl
abel
edNwhi
chmeansneut
ral
,Lwhi
chmeansl
i
veandE
whi
chmeansear
th.Thecabl
eswer
ethenconnect
edneat
lyt
othesocket
s.t
her
edwi
re
wasconnect
edt
oL,t
hebl
ackwi
rewasconnect
edt
oN,andt
hey
ell
ow wi
rewas
connect
edt
oE.Thet
wosocket
swer
econnect
edi
npar
all
el;t
hesocket
sar
ethenf
ixed
t
othepat
tressboxeswi
tht
heai
doft
hescr
ewspr
ovi
ded.The13ampspl
ugi
sthen
connect
edt
otheot
herendoft
hepowersuppl
ycabl
ewhi
chi
sfl
exi
bleandt
heext
ensi
on
boxconst
ruct
ionwascompl
eted

STEPSI
NMAKI
NGTHEEXTENSI
ONBOX

 Unscr
ewt
hepl
ugandt
akeout3wi
ref
rom at
hickchor
dnow,
youwi
l
lseet
hree
col
oredwi
resandwewi
l
ldowi
ri
ngont
hebasi
sofcol
orcode.now,
weconnect
t
her
edwi
reatL,
BlackatNandgr
eenwi
reatt
heEar
thl
i
ngpoi
nt.Then,
thepl
ug
i
sti
ght
eni
ngandt
hepl
ugi
sdone.

 Now,wemov
eont
otheboar
dweconnectt
hroughoneswi
tchandt
hepl
ug
socket
.Wet
ake3col
oredwi
resf
rom t
heot
hersi
deoft
heoft
hechor
dandopen
t
heboar
dtowi
rei
t.

 Weconnectawi
ref
rom swi
tcht
otheLoft
hepl
ugsocket
,redwi
ret
otheot
her
connect
oroft
heswi
tch,t
hebl
ackwi
reatt
heNpi
noft
hepl
ugsocketandt
he
Gr
eenwi
reatt
heear
thl
i
ngt
ermi
nal
oft
hepl
ugsocket
.

 Nowwecl
oset
heboar
dandscr
ewedi
tup.
  Ext
ensi
onboxi
sdoneanddust
ed

Fi
g8:
Ext
ensi
onbox

3.
4 ELECTRI
CALWI
RINGONAWOODENBOARD.

El
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ngi
sapr
ocessofconnect
ingcabl
esandwi
rest
other
elat
eddev
icessuch
asf
use,swi
tches,socket
s,l
i
ght
s,f
anset
c.t
othemai
ndi
str
ibut
ionboar
d.Oneoft
he
pr
ojectt
hatwasdonedur
ingt
heSWEPwasel
ect
ri
cal
wir
ingonawoodenboar
d.

Tabl
e1:
Mat
eri
alsandt
ool
susedf
ort
heel
ect
ri
cal
wir
ingonawoodenboar
d.

S/
N Mat
eri
als S/
N Tool
sused
1. Junct
ionbox 15. Hammer
2. 13ampssocket 16. Scr
ewdr
iver
s
3. 15ampssocket 17. Pl
i
ers
4. Si
ngl
egangswi
tch 18. Test
er
5. Doubl
egangswi
tch 19. Pl
umb
6. El
ect
ri
cbul
bs 20. Bl
ackt
ape
7. Lambhol
der
s 21. Cut
ter
8. Pat
tr
essboxes 22. Kni
fe
9. 13ampspl
ug 23. 5by4woodenboar
d
10. Mai
nswi
tch 24. Measur
ingt
ape
11. Tapi
ngScr
ews 25. Maker
12. Met
all
i
cCl
i
psandnai
l
s
13. 2.
5mm cabl
e(3cor
e)
14. 1.
5mm cabl
e(2cor
e)

Fi
gur
e3.
4aPr
ojectdi
agr
am Fi
gur
e3.
4bPr
ojectDesi
gnonBoar
d

STEPS

1.Measur
ingandmar
kingout
:Thef
ir
stt
hingt
hatwasdonewasmar
kingoutt
he
posi
ti
onofv
ari
ouscomponent
sandt
hecabl
epat
hont
hewoodenboar
d.

2.Fi
xi
ngofpat
ressboxesandmai
nswi
tch:Af
termar
kingout
,wecr
eat
ehol
esi
n
t
hepat
ressboxest
oal
l
ow f
ort
hepassageoft
her
equi
redel
ect
ri
calwi
rest
hat
wi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othecomponent
.Wet
henf
ixt
hepat
ressboxesi
nthemar
ked
ar
easont
hewoodenboar
dwi
tht
heai
dofascr
ew andscr
ew dr
iver
.Weal
so
opent
hemai
nswi
tchbef
oref
ixi
ngi
ttot
heboar
dwi
tht
heai
doft
hescr
ew
pr
ovi
ded.

3.Fi
xi
ngofl
amphol
der
sandt
hej
unct
ionboxes:
weopent
hej
unct
ionboxesbef
ore
f
ixi
ngt
hem t
othemar
kedposi
ti
onont
hewoodenboar
dwi
tht
heai
dofascr
ew.
Wecr
eat
edhol
esatt
hebot
tom oft
hel
amphol
der
stoal
l
owf
ort
hepassageof
cabl
esbef
oref
ixi
ngt
hem t
otheboar
dwi
tht
heai
doft
hescr
ewpr
ovi
ded.

4.El
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ng:Af
terf
ixi
ngt
hepat
ressboxes,mai
nswi
tch,l
amphol
der
sand
t
hej
unct
ionbox.Thenextst
epi
stor
unt
heel
ect
ri
calwi
res(
2cor
esand3cor
es
cabl
es)
.Wef
ir
stf
ixt
hemet
all
i
ccl
i
psi
nthemar
kedpat
hoft
hecabl
eswi
tht
he
ai
dofanai
landhammer
.Wet
henmeasur
ethewi
resandpasst
hem t
hrought
he
 hol
escr
eat
edi
nthepat
tressbef
oref
ixi
ngi
ttot
hecl
i
ps.The3.
5mm cabl
e(3cor
e
cabl
e)wasuset
osuppl
ypowert
othemai
nswi
tchandt
hej
unct
ionboxatt
he
t
opoft
heboar
d.I
twasal
souset
osuppl
ypowert
othesocket
s(13ampsand15
amps)
.The2.
5mm cabl
e(2cor
ecabl
e)wasuset
osuppl
ypowerf
rom t
he
j
unct
ionboxatt
het
opoft
heboar
dtot
heot
herj
unct
ionbox(
theoneusedf
or
t
heconnect
ionoft
heswi
tchesand l
amp hol
der
s).I
twasal
so usef
ort
he
connect
ionoft
heswi
tchandl
i
ght
.

5.Connect
ionoft
hesocket
s:The3.
5mm cabl
ewaspi
l
ledusi
ngapl
i
ersoast
o
br
ingoutt
hecor
est
hatwi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othesocket
.Thebackoft
hesocket
s
i
slabel
edNwhi
chmeansneut
ral
,Lwhi
chmeansl
i
veandEwhi
chmeansear
th.
The cabl
es wer
ethen connect
ed neat
lyt
othe socket
s.t
he r
ed wi
re was
connect
edt
oL,t
hebl
ackwi
rewasconnect
edt
oN,andt
hey
ell
ow wi
rewas
connect
edt
oE.Thef
oursocket
swer
econnect
edi
npar
all
el;
thesocket
sar
ethen
f
ixedt
othepat
tressboxeswi
tht
heai
doft
hescr
ewspr
ovi
ded.

6.Connect
ionofl
amphol
der
s:The2.
5mm cabl
ewaspi
l
ledwi
tht
heai
dofapl
i
ert
o
opent
hemet
alpar
toft
hewi
re.Wel
oset
hel
amphol
der
sfr
om t
heboar
d.The
backoft
hel
amphol
deri
slabel
edNwhi
chmeansneut
ral
andLwhi
chmeansl
i
ve.
Thecabl
eswer
ethenconnect
edneat
lyt
othel
amphol
der
s.Ther
edwi
rewas
connect
edt
oL;t
hebl
ackwi
rewasconnect
edt
oN.af
terwhi
cht
heywer
efi
xed
backt
otheboar
d.

7.Connect
ionoft
heswi
tches:The2.
5mm cabl
eint
hepat
ressboxwaspi
l
ledwi
th
t
heai
dofapl
i
ert
oopent
hemet
alpar
toft
hewi
re.Thebackoft
hesi
ngl
egang
swi
tchi
slabel
edCOM &Lwhi
l
ethatoft
he2gangswi
tchi
slabel
edCOM &L2.
Thecabl
eswer
ethenneat
lyt
otheswi
tch.t
her
edwi
rewasconnect
edt
oCOM
i
nter
face;t
hebl
ackwi
rewasconnect
edt
oL1&L2r
espect
ivel
y.Theswi
tchwas
t
henscr
ewedt
othei
rrespect
ivepat
ressboxes.

8.Connect
ionofel
ect
ri
cal
wir
esatt
hej
unct
ionbox:Al
lthecabl
est
hatwasatt
he2
j
unct
ionboxeswaspi
l
ledwi
tht
heai
dofapl
i
ert
oopent
hemet
alpar
toft
hewi
re.
Thef
ir
stj
unct
ionbox(
theoneatt
het
op)cont
aint
hecabl
ecomi
ngf
rom t
he
 mai
nswi
tch,
thecabl
ethatsuppl
ypowert
othesocketandt
hecabl
est
hatsuppl
y
powert
othesecondj
unct
ionbox.Al
lther
edwi
reswer
ejoi
nedt
oget
herwi
tht
he
ai
dofapl
i
er.Al
lthebl
ackwi
rewasal
soj
oinedt
oget
herandt
hey
ell
owwi
rewas
j
oinedt
oget
her
.

Att
hesecondj
unct
ionbox,t
hebl
ackwi
reoft
hecabl
escomi
ngf
rom t
hef
ir
st
j
unct
ionboxwasj
oinedt
oget
herwi
thal
lthebl
ackwi
reoft
hecabl
esgoi
ngt
othe
l
amphol
der
sWhi
l
ether
edwi
rewasj
oinedt
other
edwi
reoft
hecabl
esgoi
ngt
o
t
heswi
tches.Thebl
ackwi
reoft
hecabl
escomi
ngf
rom t
heswi
tcheswasj
oined
i
ndi
vi
dual
l
ytoeachr
edwi
reoft
hecabl
egoi
ngt
othel
amphol
der
s.

9.Connect
ionoft
hemai
nswi
tch:Themai
nswi
tchwasopenedandt
hef
usei
nit
wasr
emov
ed.Themai
nswi
tchconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts.Thef
ir
stpar
twaswher
e
t
hewi
resoft
hecabl
ecomi
ngf
rom t
hepowersuppl
ywasconnect
edi
nto.The
cabl
ethatwasusedt
osuppl
ypowert
othef
ir
stj
unct
ionboxwasconnect
edt
o
t
hesecondpar
toft
heswi
tch.

10.
Connect
ionoft
hepl
ugandwi
ri
ngoft
hef
use:Af
tert
hemai
nswi
tchhasbeen
connect
ed,a15ampspl
ugwasconnect
edt
otheot
herendoft
hesuppl
ycabl
e.
whent
hepl
ugwasopenedi
twasl
abel
edN,LandE.Thecabl
eswer
ethen
connect
edneat
lyt
othepl
ug.Ther
edwi
rewasconnect
edt
oL,t
hebl
ackwi
re
wasconnect
edt
oN,
andt
hey
ell
owwi
rewasconnect
edt
oE.At
inywi
reofabout
1mm wasuset
owi
ret
hef
useoft
hemai
nswi
tch.I
twast
henf
ixedbackt
othe
mai
nswi
tch.

Test
ingt
hepr
oject

Weconnectt
hepl
ugoft
hemai
nswi
tcht
otheext
ensi
onboxandwepl
ugi
ttot
he
socket
.Af
tert
hatweputont
heswi
tchoft
hepr
ojectt
henweputONbot
hswi
tch
andal
sot
hesocketandev
ery
thi
ngi
swor
kingper
fect
ly.
3.
5 CONSRUCTI
ONOFASTEPDOWNTRANSFORMER

At
ransf
ormeri
samagnet
icdev
icet
hatt
akesadv
ant
ageoft
hephenomenonofmut
ual
i
nduct
ancet
ochanget
hev
aluesofal
ter
nat
ingv
olt
agesandcur
rent
s.A st
ep-
down
t
ransf
ormeri
sonewhosesecondar
yvol
tagei
slesst
hani
tspr
imar
yvol
tage.I
tis
gener
all
yaf
our
-t
ermi
naldev
icecompr
isi
ngoft
woormor
emagnet
ical
l
ycoupl
edcoi
l
s.
Thecoi
lthati
sdi
rect
lyconnect
edt
othev
olt
agesour
cei
scal
l
edt
hepr
imar
ywi
ndi
ng
whi
l
ethecoi
lconnect
edt
othel
oadi
scal
l
edt
hesecondar
ywi
ndi
ng.Ther
ear
ebr
oadl
y
t
wot
ypesofsi
ngl
ephasedoubl
e-woundt
ransf
ormerconst
ruct
ions;t
hecor
ety
peand
t
heshel
lty
pe.Thet
ypeoft
ransf
ormert
hatwasconst
ruct
eddur
ingt
heel
ect
ri
calwor
ks
oft
heSWEPpr
ogr
am wast
heshel
lty
pe.I
twas220/
12v
olt
sst
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
.

Fi
gur
e3.
5:Tr
ansf
ormer

Mat
eri
alsneeded

Magnet
iccoi
l
,Pl
ast
icRobbi
n,Si
l
iconi
ronsheet
s(EandIshape)
,Waxedpaper
,
Maski
ngTape,
Sandpaper
,Scr
ewsandBol
ts,
connect
ingwi
res(
fl
exi
ble)
,sol
der
ing
i
ronandl
ead,
var
nish,
hammer
,bl
ade/
sci
ssor
s,i
nsul
ator
.

Comput
ati
ons

Togett
hedesi
rednumberoft
urnsonpr
imar
ywi
ndi
ngandsecondar
ywi
ndi
ngwe
uset
hef
oll
owi
ngcomput
ati
ons.

Ar
eas=L*
B………………….(
1)

L=53cm B=39cm
Ar
ea=5.
3*3.
9=20.
67

42
Tur
nperv
olt(
TPV)
= ………(
2)
A

42
=2.
032
20.
67

Forpr
imar
ytur
ns=2.
03*
220=447t
urns

Forsecondar
ytur
ns=2.
03*
12=26t
urns

STEPSI
NCONSTRUCTI
NGTHESTEPDOWNTRANSFORMER

 West
art
edbymaki
ngsur
ethatt
hemat
eri
alsandequi
pmentweneedar
e
av
ail
abl
e

 Weconnectt
hepr
imar
ywi
ndi
ngt
oawi
reandwer
emov
ethei
nsul
atoroft
he
wi
re

 Wepl
acet
hewi
rei
nthebobbi
n.Af
terpl
aci
ngt
hewi
re,
cov
ert
hef
ir
stl
ayer
wi
thamaski
ngt
ape.Wemakesur
eiti
sful
l
ycov
eredt
oav
oidl
osses.

 Webegi
nthepr
imar
ywi
ndi
ngatt
heedgesoft
hebobbi
n,wewi
ndi
tpr
oper
ly
andf
ir
mlyt
omaxi
mizet
hespaceoft
hebobbi
n.

 Forev
ery100t
urns,
wemar
kthewi
rewi
thamaski
ngt
apet
oser
veasa
gui
dei
nthesucceedi
ngt
urns.Wedot
hisunt
ilwer
eacht
hedesi
rednumber
oft
urnsf
rom ourcomput
ati
ons.

 Whenwear
edonewi
tht
hepr
imar
ywi
ndi
ng,
wecov
ert
hewhol
ear
eawi
tha
maski
ngt
ape.Toav
oidel
ect
ri
cal
losses,
wecov
ert
hewhol
ear
eawi
tha
waxedpaper
.

 Weal
sof
oll
owt
hesamepr
ocedur
efort
hesecondar
ywi
ndi
ng.wecov
ert
he
wol
ear
eawi
thamaski
ngt
ape.Toav
oidel
ect
ri
cal
losses,
wecov
ert
he
 whol
ear
eaar
eawi
thawaxedpaper
.

 Wecont
inuebyi
nser
ti
ngt
hel
ett
erEandIcor
etof
il
lupt
hespacesi
n
bet
ween.

 Wescr
ewedt
het
ransf
ormerwi
thbol
tandnutusi
ngaspanner
.

 Weuspl
i
ert
ocutt
hei
nsul
atoroft
hewi
reandweconnectamal
epl
ugt
othe
t
ransf
ormer
.

 Weconnectt
hepl
ugt
oa220VACsour
cesandweuseadi
git
almul
ti
met
er
t
ochecki
fyouhav
ethedesi
redout
putv
olt
age.

 Thest
epdownt
ransf
ormerwasdoneanddust
ed.

Fi
gur
e3.
5:St
epdownTr
ansf
ormer

3.
6 OTHERRELATEDWORKS.

3.
6.1 BASI
CCONCEPTOFHOUSEWI
RING.

Housewi
ri
ngi
sasy
stemat
icnet
wor
kwhi
chi
susedf
ordi
str
ibut
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
yto
di
ff
erentpar
tofahouse.Thewi
ri
ngofahousemustcont
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts;
ser
viceent
rypoi
nt,ener
gymet
er,mai
npanelanddi
str
ibut
ionboar
d.Ther
ear
esome
i
mpor
tantf
act
orst
hatmustbegi
vendueconsi
der
ati
onwhi
l
esel
ect
ingt
hesy
stem of
wi
ri
ng ofa house.These i
ncl
udes;l
i
fe ofwi
ri
ng,mat
eri
alused f
orwi
ri
ng,f
utur
e
ext
ensi
on,t
hel
oads,t
ypeofbui
l
ding,saf
etyr
equi
redandcostofwi
ri
ng.Thet
wot
ypes
ofwi
ri
ngcommonl
yusedf
orr
esi
dent
ialbui
l
dingar
e;sur
faceandcondui
twi
ri
ng.I
n
sur
facewi
ri
ng,t
hecabl
esr
unov
ert
hesur
faceoft
hewal
landcei
l
ing.Whi
l
eint
he
condui
twi
ri
ngt
hecabl
esr
uni
nsi
det
hewal
l
.

3.
6.2 STEPSTOBETAKENI
NPLANNI
NGFORELECTRI
CALWI
RINGOFABUI
LDI
NG.

1.Takeasur
vey
:under
takeasi
tev
isi
tandgett
hepl
anoft
hehouse.

2.Det
ermi
net
heconsumerl
oadr
equi
rement
.

3.Cal
cul
atet
hemaxi
mum l
oaddemand.

4.Knowt
het
ypeofwi
ri
ngsy
stem t
obeused.

5.Knowt
hesi
zeandt
ypesofel
ect
ri
cal
cabl
esandequi
pmentt
obeused.

6.Submi
tyourpl
an,
drawi
ngandspeci
fi
cat
ion.

Ear
thl
i
ngi
srequi
redt
opr
eventel
ect
ri
cshock.Theel
ect
ri
calwi
ri
ngmustbei
nspect
ed
andt
est
ed.

3.
7 CHALLENGESENCOUNTEREDANDSOLUTI
ON

Dur
ingt
hecour
seofconst
ruct
iveourst
epdownt
ransf
ormerwewer
eunabl
etoi
nser
t
ourEandIcor
ecor
rect
ly.

3.
8 SOLUTI
ON

Wewer
eabl
etof
ixi
tbyconsul
ti
ngourcoor
dinat
ori
nchar
geoft
hepr
ojectandheput
ust
hroughsowewer
eabl
etoi
nser
titcor
rect
ly.

4.
0 MECHANI
CALWORK

4.
1 SAFETYPRECAUTI
ON

 Bef
orecommenci
nganywel
dingoper
ati
ons,
makesur
eanappr
opr
iat
efi
re
ext
ingui
sheri
sreadi
l
yaccessi
ble.

 Al
way
smakesur
eyouputony
ourgl
oves,
masks,
glassesandboot
ssot
hat
 y
ouwi
l
lbesaf
efr
om har
mful
chemi
cal
s.

 Mal
funct
ioni
ngmachi
nesshoul
dnotbet
amper
edwi
th.

 Al
way
smakey
ouaskf
ort
hemanual
orpr
ocedur
ebef
oreoper
ati
ngany
machi
nes

 Al
ltool
smustbekeptbackt
othei
rappr
opr
iat
epl
acesaf
teruse.

 Smoki
nganddr
inki
ngi
snotal
l
owedi
nthewor
kshop.

 Thegangwayt
hrought
hewor
kshopmustbekeptcl
earf
rom oi
lspi
l
lage.

4.
2 MACHI
NING

LATHEMACHI
NE

Lat
hei
soneoft
hemostv
ersat
il
eandwi
del
yusedmachi
net
ool
sal
lov
ert
hewor
ld.I
tis
commonl
yknownast
hemot
herofal
lot
hermachi
net
ool
.

4.
21 WORKI
NGPRI
NCI
PLEOFALATHEMACHI
NE

Themai
nfunct
ionofal
athei
stor
emov
emet
alf
rom aj
obt
ogi
vei
tther
equi
redshape
andsi
ze.Thej
obi
ssecur
e1yandr
igi
d1yhel
dint
hechuckori
nbet
weencent
ersont
he
l
athemachi
neandt
hent
urni
tagai
nstasi
ngl
epoi
ntcut
ti
ngt
ool
whi
chwi
1lr
emov
e
met
a1f
rom t
hej
obi
nthef
orm ofchi
ps.

Headstock Wor
k Tai
lst
ock
cent
re cent
re

Tool

Fi
gur
e:4.
2Wor
kingPr
inci
pleofLat
he Fi
gur
e4.
2:Lat
heMachi
ne

4.
2.2 PARTSOFALATHEMACHI
NE.
 1.HeadSt
ock:HeadSt
ocki
ssi
tuat
edatt
hel
eftsi
deoft
hel
athebedandi
tist
he
houseoft
hedr
ivi
ngmechani
sm andel
ect
ri
calmechani
sm ofaLat
hemachi
ne
t
ool
.

2.Car
ri
age:Thecar
ri
agei
susedf
orsuppor
t,gui
deandf
eedt
het
oolagai
nstt
hej
ob
whent
hemachi
ningi
sdone.I
thol
dsmov
esandcont
rol
sthecut
ti
ngt
ool
.Itgi
ves
r
igi
dsuppor
tst
othet
ool
dur
ingoper
ati
ons.

3.Leg:Legsar
ecar
ryi
nganent
ir
eloadofal
athemachi
net
oolandt
ransf
ert
othe
gr
ound.Thel
egsar
efir
mlysecur
edt
othefloorbyt
hef
oundat
ionbol
t.

4.Bed:I
tist
hebaseoft
hel
athemachi
ne.Thebedconsi
stsoft
woheav
ymet
al
sl
i
desr
unni
ngl
engt
hwi
se,
wit
h‘V’
for
medupont
hem andr
igi
dlysuppor
ted.

5.Tai
lSt
ock:i
tissi
tuat
edont
her
ightsi
deabov
ethel
athebed.I
tisusedt
o
Suppor
tthel
ongendoft
hej
obf
orhol
dingandmi
nimi
zesi
tssaggi
ng.I
thol
ds
t
het
ool
forper
for
mingdi
ff
erentoper
ati
onsl
i
kedr
il
li
ng,
reami
ng,
tappi
ng,
etc.

6.Leadscr
ew:Al
eadscr
ewi
sal
soknownasapowerscr
eworat
ransl
ati
onscr
ew.
I
tconv
ert
srot
ati
onalmot
iont
oli
nearmot
ion.LeadScr
ew i
susedf
orThr
ead
Cut
ti
ngoper
ati
oni
nal
athemachi
net
ool
.

4.
2.3 MI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE.

Themi
l
li
ngmachi
nei
sthemostwi
del
yusedi
nmanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ri
esaf
tert
hel
athe
machi
ne.I
nthecaseofl
athemachi
ne,
thet
ool
susedi
sasi
ngl
epoi
ntcut
ti
ngt
oolbuti
n
t
hecaseofmi
l
li
ngmachi
ne,t
het
oolusedi
smul
ti
-poi
ntcut
ti
ngt
ool
s.Mi
l
li
ngi
sa
pr
ocessofmet
al-
remov
ingbyf
eedi
ngt
hewor
kpi
ecepassest
hrought
her
otat
ingmul
ti
-
poi
ntcut
ter
.Thi
smachi
necanhol
doneormor
enumberofcut
ter
satat
imeandr
otat
es
athi
ghspeedt
oremov
ethemet
alataf
ast
err
ate.
 Fi
g4.
2:Mi
l
li
ngmachi
ne

WORKI
NGPRI
NCI
PLEOFAMI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE

I
nmi
l
li
ngmachi
ne,
themet
ali
scutbymeansofar
otat
ingcut
terhav
ingmul
ti
ple
cut
ti
ngedges.Forcut
ti
ngoper
ati
on,
thewor
kpi
ecei
sfedagai
nstt
her
otar
ycut
ter
.As
t
hewor
kpi
ecemov
esagai
nstt
hecut
ti
ngedgesofmi
l
li
ngcut
ter
,met
ali
sremov
edi
n
f
orm chi
psoft
rochoi
dshape.Thewor
kpi
ecei
shel
dont
hewor
ktabl
eoft
hemachi
ne.
Thet
abl
emov
ementcont
rol
sthef
eedoft
hewor
kpi
eceagai
nstt
her
otat
ingcut
ter
.
Thecut
teri
smount
edonaspi
ndl
eorar
borandr
evol
vesathi
ghspeed.Ast
hewor
k
pi
eceadv
ances,
thecut
tert
eet
hremov
ethemet
alf
rom t
hesur
faceoft
hewor
kpi
ece
andt
hedesi
redshapei
spr
oduced.

Fi
g4.
2:wor
kingpr
inci
pleofmi
l
li
ngmachi
ne

4.
2.4 PARTSOFAMI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE.

1.Base:I
tist
hef
oundat
ionpar
toft
hemachi
neandal
lot
herpar
tsar
ejoi
nedoni
t.
I
tcar
ri
est
heent
ir
eloadsoi
tismadeupofcasti
ron.
 2.Col
umn:I
tismount
edv
ert
ical
l
yont
hebase.I
twor
ksashousi
ngf
oral
ltheot
her
dr
ivi
ng member
.iti
s a hol
l
ow memberwhi
ch cont
ains dr
ivi
ng gear
s and
somet
imesmot
orf
ort
hespi
ndl
eandt
het
abl
e.

3.Knee:I
tisacast
ingt
hatsuppor
tst
hesaddl
eandt
abl
e.Al
lgear
ingmechani
sm i
s
encl
osedwi
thi
ntheknee.Theel
evat
ingscr
ewi
susedt
oadj
ustt
hekneeupand
downbyr
aisi
ngorl
ower
ingt
hel
everei
therwi
tht
hehel
pofhandorpowerf
eed.

4.Saddl
e:Thi
sis pl
aced bet
ween t
he t
abl
e and t
he knee,and wor
k as an
i
nter
medi
atepar
tbet
weent
hem.Thi
scanmov
etr
ansv
ersal
l
ytot
hecol
umnf
ace.
Themai
nfunct
ioni
stopr
ovi
demot
ioni
nahor
izont
aldi
rect
iont
othewor
kpi
ece.

5.Ar
bor
:Thi
sisamechani
calpar
t,onwhi
chi
susedasanext
ensi
onpar
toft
he
spi
ndl
einahor
izont
almi
l
li
ngmachi
ne.I
tisf
it
tedont
hespi
ndl
ewhenev
eri
t’
s
r
equi
red.

6.Tabl
e:Thi
sisar
ect
angul
arcast
ingwhi
chi
spr
esentont
het
opoft
hesaddl
e.I
tis
si
tuat
edov
ert
heknee.I
tist
hepar
toft
hemachi
newhi
chhol
dst
hewor
kpi
ece.

4.
3 WELDI
NGOFCHAI
RGUI
DE

Wel
dingi
sapr
ocessf
orj
oini
ngt
wosi
mil
arordi
ssi
mil
armet
alsbyf
usi
on.I
tjoi
ns
di
ff
erentmet
als/
all
oys,wi
thorwi
thoutt
heappl
i
cat
ionofpr
essur
eandwi
thorwi
thout
t
heuseoff
il
lermet
al.Thet
ypeofwel
dingusedi
nthewel
dingoft
hechai
rgui
desatt
he
OAUSTECHMegacampuswasar
cwel
ding.Themachi
neusedwasanACar
cwel
ding
machi
ne.Themat
eri
alsusedi
ncl
udebi
ndi
ngwi
reasf
il
lermet
al,
1.5i
nches’
met
alangl
e
andel
ect
rodes.
 Fi
g4.
3:wel
dingofchai
rs

St
epsi
nWel
dingofChai
rgui
de

 Imakesur
eIputont
her
equi
redpr
otect
ivemat
eri
ale.
ggl
oves,
glasses,
and
boot
.

 Thei
ronst
eel
wasputundereachl
egsoft
hechai
rtobej
oin.

 Thewel
dingmachi
newasconnect
edt
otheel
ect
ri
cit
yandweaddel
ect
rodet
o
t
hongoft
hewel
dingmachi
ne.

 Thenwej
oint
hei
ronst
eel
toeachl
egofeachchai
rusi
ngt
hewel
dingmachi
ne.

 Thechai
rgui
depr
ojectwasdoneanddust
ed.

4.
4 REFRI
GERATI
ON

Ref
ri
ger
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofcool
i
ngaspace,subst
ance,orsy
stem t
olowerand/
or
mai
ntai
nit
stemper
atur
ebel
owt
heambi
entonewhi
l
ether
emov
edheati
srej
ect
edata
hi
ghert
emper
atur
e.Ener
gyi
nthef
orm ofheati
sremov
edf
rom al
ow t
emper
atur
e
r
eser
voi
randt
ransf
err
edt
oahi
ght
emper
atur
ereser
voi
r.Thewor
kofener
gyt
ransf
eri
s
dr
ivenbyheat
,magnet
ism,el
ect
ri
cit
y,l
aser
,orot
hermeans.Ref
ri
ger
ati
onhasmany
appl
i
cat
ions,i
ncl
udi
nghousehol
dref
ri
ger
ator
s,i
ndust
ri
alf
reezer
s,cr
yogeni
csandai
r
condi
ti
oni
ng.

4.
4.1 COMPONENTOFAREFRI
GERATOR
 1.Expansi
onv
alv
e:i
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oast
hef
lowcont
roldev
ice,andi
tcont
rol
s
t
hef
lowoft
hel
i
qui
dref
ri
ger
ant(
cool
ant
)int
otheev
apor
ator
.It
’sact
ual
l
yav
ery
smal
ldev
icet
hati
ssensi
ti
vet
otemper
atur
echangesoft
her
efr
iger
ant
.

2.Compr
essor
:Thecompr
essorconsi
stsofamot
ort
hat‘
sucksi
n’t
her
efr
iger
ant
f
rom t
heev
apor
atorandcompr
essesi
tinacy
li
ndert
omakeahot
,hi
gh-
pressur
e
gas.

3.Ther
most
at:Thi
sist
het
emper
atur
econt
rol
l
ingdev
icei
nsi
det
her
efr
iger
ator
whosesensori
sconnect
edt
otheev
apor
ator
.Thet
her
most
atset
ti
ngmaycanbe
donebyt
her
ound knob i
nsi
det
her
efr
iger
aorcompar
tment
.When t
heset
t
emper
atur
eisr
eachedi
nsi
det
her
efr
iger
ator
,thet
her
most
atst
opst
heel
ect
ri
c
suppl
ytot
hecompr
essorandcompr
essorst
opsandwhent
het
emper
atur
efal
l
s
bel
owcer
tai
nlev
el,
itr
est
art
sthesuppl
ytot
hecompr
essor
.

4.Ev
apor
ator
:Thi
sist
hepar
tthatact
ual
l
ycool
sthest
uffkepti
nsi
dear
efr
iger
ator
.
I
tconsi
stsoff
innedt
ubes(
madeofmet
alswi
thhi
ght
her
malconduct
ivi
tyt
o
maxi
mizeheatt
ransf
er)t
hatabsor
b heatbl
ownt
hroughacoi
lbyaf
an.i
t
absor
bsheatf
rom t
hest
uffkepti
nsi
de,andasar
esul
toft
hisheat
,thel
i
qui
d
r
efr
iger
antt
urnsi
ntov
apor
.

5.Condenser
:Itconsi
stsofacoi
l
edsetoft
ubeswi
thext
ernalf
insandi
slocat
edat
t
her
earoft
her
efr
iger
ator
.Ithel
psi
nthel
i
quef
act
ionoft
hegaseousr
efr
iger
ant
byabsor
bingi
tsheatandsubsequent
lyexpel
l
ingi
ttot
hesur
roundi
ngs.

WORKI
NGPRI
NCI
PLEOFAREFRI
GERATOR

Thecy
clest
artf
rom t
hecompr
essor
,itconst
ri
ctst
her
efr
iger
antv
apour
,rai
singi
ts
pr
essur
eandpushesi
tint
othecoi
l
s(condenser
)ont
heout
sideoft
her
efr
iger
ator
.
Whent
hehotgasi
nthecoi
l
smeett
hecool
erai
rtemper
atur
e,i
tbecomesal
i
gui
d.Now
i
nthel
i
qui
dfor
m athi
ghpr
essur
e,t
her
efr
iger
antcool
sdownandmov
eint
othe
expansi
ondev
icewher
eit
spr
essur
eisr
educedandt
henmov
eint
ocoi
l
s(ev
apor
ator
)
i
nsi
det
her
efr
iger
ator
.Ther
efr
iger
antabsor
bst
heheati
nsi
det
heev
apor
atori
.ei
ts
l
atentheatofv
apour
isat
ti
onandt
heev
apor
atorandi
tscont
entbecomescool
.Last
ly,
t
he r
efr
iger
antchangephasef
rom l
i
qui
dtov
apourandf
lowsbackt
othecompr
essor
wher
ethecy
clest
art
sal
lov
er.

Fi
g4.
41:
Ref
ri
ger
ati
onSy
stem

4.
42 CHALLENGESENCOUNTERED.

Dur
ingt
hecour
seofwel
dingt
hechai
rgui
deswehadsomechal
l
engesatt
hej
oint
s.

4.
43 SOLUTI
ON.

Weusehammert
oremov
ethecar
bonsont
hej
ointandt
hendot
hewel
dingagai
n.

5.
0 I
NDUSTRI
ALVI
SIT

5.
1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

.Thei
ndust
ri
alv
isi
tbr
ingsaboutCl
ari
tyt
oimpor
tantmanagementconcept
sandhow
t
heconcepti
sputi
ntoact
ionbybr
idgi
ngt
hegapbet
weencl
assr
oom t
heor
eti
cal
t
rai
ningandpr
act
ical
lear
ningi
nar
eal
li
feenv
ironment
.Ital
soal
l
owsst
udentt
oask
quest
ionsr
elat
edt
othei
rar
eaofi
nter
est
.

5.
2 PROJECT

Apl
annedendeav
or,
usual
l
ywi
thaspeci
fi
cgoal
andaccompl
i
shedi
nsev
eral
stepsor
st
agesI
not
hert
oachi
eveapar
ti
cul
arai
m.

Ty
pesofpr
oject
  Mi
nipr
oject
:Apr
ojectt
hatdoesnotal
otofcompl
exi
tye.
gapr
ojectofschool
audi
tor
ium,
bor
ehol
e.

 Megapr
oject
:thi
sar
epr
ojectt
hati
nvol
veal
otofcompl
exi
tyi
.et
hemi
nimum
y
earf
orcompl
eti
oni
s5y
ear
se.
gconst
ruct
ionofuni
ver
sit
ies,
roade.
t.
c

Thesur
vey
orexpl
ainedt
ouswhatci
vi
lengi
neer
ingent
ail
sinpr
eci
se,ast
hedesi
gn
andconst
ruct
ionofst
ruct
ures,br
idgeset
cAboutsomeoft
het
opi
cofdi
scussar
e
asf
oll
ows: wehav
etwost
atesofconst
ruct
ionwhi
char hef
e;t oundat
ionst
age
(
groundf
loorf
oundat
i hest
on)andt ruct
urest
age.
Foundat
ionst
age-t
hisi
sthest
ageoff
oundi
ng,
fixi
ng,
est
abl
i
shi
ng,
orbegi
nni
ngt
oer
ect
.
Foundat
ioni
sthel
owestandsuppor
ti
ngpar
tormemberofawal
l
,incl
udi
ngt
hebase
cour
seandf
oot
ingcour
ses;i
naf
ramehouse,
thewhol
esub-
str
uct
ureofmasonr
y.Soi
l
t
estneedst
obedonef
ir
stbef
oredet
ermi
ningt
het
ypeoff
oundat
iont
obedone(
eit
her
pi
l
efoundat
ion,padf
oundat
ion,r
aftf
oundat
ionori
sol
atedf
oundat
ion)
.Wehav
etwo
f
oundat
ionf
orms,
whi
char
ethedeepr
oot
edf
oundat
ionandt
heshal
l
owf
oundat
ion.

Fi
g5.
1Foundat
ion Fi
g5.
1b:
PadFoundat
ion
St
ruct
ure st
age-t
his compr
i he sub-
ses oft str
uct
ure(
i.
e.st
ruct
ures on/
aft
ert
he
f
oundat
ion)andsuperst
ruct
ure(
i.
e.st
ruct
uresabov
ethesub-
str
uct
ure)
.
5.
3 CI
VILWORKSANDTERMI
NOLOGI
ES:
 For
mwor
k:t
hishast
odowi
thpl
ankf
ormaki
ngmi
ddl
ecol
umnsi
ntospeci
fi
c
shapepat
ter
n.
 Col
umns:t
hisi
sasol
i
dupr
ightst
ruct
uredesi
gnedusual
l
ytosuppor
tal
arger
st
ruct
ureabov
eitsuchasr
ooforhor
izont
albeam.(
Other
wisecal
l
edpost
,pi
l
lar
,
andsi
l
e).16mm bari
susedf
orcol
umns,weuse10mm r
odt
obi
nd16mm f
or
col
umns.
 Lappi
ngl
engt
h:t
hel
engt
hconsi
der
edwhenj
oini
ngdi
amet
err
odsf
orcast
ing
 St
art
erbar
:usual
l
yof12mm di
amet
erf
orst
aircase
 Rei
nfor
cement
: compr
ises of mai
n r
einf
orcement and t
he di
str
ibut
ed
r
einf
orcement

6.
1 CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

6.
2 KNOWLEDGEGAI
NEDDURI
NGSWEP

Dur
ingt
hecour
seofexecut
ingci
vi
lwor
k,Igai
nedexper
ienceonhowt
omol
d
i
nter
locksandker
bsandal
sot
oar
rangeori
nst
all
edont
hegr
ound.Igai
ned
exper
ienceonl
andscapi
ng,
slabcast
ingandr
einf
orcement
.Foranel
ect
ri
cal
knowl
edgeoft
hepr
ogr
am,
Iwasabl
etoknowt
heconceptofwi
ri
ngor
connect
ionf
orr
esi
dent
ial
ori
ndust
ri
alpur
poses(
thr
ought
his,
Itookpar
tina
pr
ojectgi
vent
ousast
orunat
hreepoi
ntl
i
ghthav
ingswi
tchesandsocket
sas
wel
lasasour
ceonawoodenboar
d).Ial
soknowt
hebasi
cfort
heconst
ruct
ion
ofext
ensi
onbox.Ial
sounder
standt
het
ransf
ormerf
unct
ions(
bot
hst
ep-
upand
st
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
)andaswel
lthepr
ocessi
nvol
vedi
nthepr
oduct
ionofa
mi
nist
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
.

I
nmechani
cal
aspectIgai
nedexper
ienceonmachi
ningi
.esl
atheandmi
l
li
ng
andal
soonhowt
ojoi
nchai
rgui
det
oget
her
.

Ial
sogai
nedexper
ienceoni
ndust
ri
alv
isi
tinwhi
chIhav
eknowl
edgeon
f
oundat
iont
ypesoff
oundat
ion,
proj
ectandot
her

6.
3 CONCLUSI
ON

TheSt
udentWor
kExper
iencePr
ogr
am (
SWEP)whi
chi
sor
gani
zedbyt
he
School
ofEngi
neer
ingandEngi
neer
ingTechnol
ogy
,inOl
usegunAgagu
Uni
ver
sit
yofSci
enceandTechnol
ogy(
OAUSTECH)wasasuccess,
owi
ngt
o
t
heacqui
sit
ionofhands-
on-
jobpr
act
ical
exper
ienceandbasi
cski
l
lsi
nthe
 pr
ofessi
onofengi
neer
ingdur
ingt
hepr
ogr
am t
hatl
ast
edf
orei
ghtweeks.I
t
i
sev
identt
hatst
udent
sinengi
neer
ingcannowbebol
dtot
hepoi
ntof
or
gani
zi
ngsemi
nar
sfort
hei
rsuccessor
sther
ebyeducat
ingt
hem pr
act
ical
l
y
basedont
heknowl
edgeacqui
redsof
ar,
andal
sobeabl
etost
and
i
ndependentwi
tht
hisknowl
edgegai
nedaf
terschool
whengr
aduat
ed.Wi
th
knowl
edgeacqui
redt
hroughSWEP,
student
sshoul
dpr
act
ical
l
yfi
ndSI
WES
easi
erandmor
eint
erest
ingt
hanhadev
ert
hought
.

6.
3 RECOMMENDATI
ONS
SWEPi
sav
erygoodi
nit
iat
ivef
oral
lpr
ospect
iveengi
neer
s;Myr
ecommendat
ioni
s
t
hatt
her
enownedi
ndust
ri
esshoul
dbechosenf
ort
hei
ndust
ri
alv
isi
tast
hiswi
l
l
enhanceabet
terl
ear
ningandensur
edasecur
edenv
ironmentf
orst
udent
s.Al
so
Necessar
yfundsshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedf
ormai
ntenanceoft
heequi
pmenti
nthe
l
abor
ator
ies.I
ninst
it
uti
ons,
student
sofengi
neer
ingshoul
dbet
houghtwhati
s
meantbyamegapr
ojectandnotr
est
ri
ctedt
oanor
dinar
ypr
oject(
especi
all
yfor
st
udent
sofci
vi
lengi
neer
ing)i
nor
dernott
omakest
udent
sdogmat
icj
uston
common/
ordi
nar
ypr
oject
sbutr
atheropent
hei
rIQort
houghtt
oav
ast
/mega
pr
oject

REFERENCES