Lumads

1. Tagakaolo
Tagakaolo (Also known as: Kalagan, Mandaya,Mansaka, Tagakaolo Kalagan, Tagakaulu, Tagakaulu Kalagan)
( IMAGE 1 KATUNG GURL GA TINDOG )
The Tagakaolo live on the island of Mindanao in the southern Philippines. They are located in an area between
the interior uplands and the western coast of the Davao Gulf.
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Every culture has its own traditions, customs or beliefs that are transmitted from generation to generation. For
indigenous people like those in the Tagakaolo community in Mindanao, traditions have special meanings.
The Tagakaolo are known for using mother of pearl and embroidery in patterns inspired by nature and
mythological figures. Cross-stitching, beading and embroidery figure prominently in the traditional fabrics of
the T’boli, whose patterns are inspired by flowers, leaves, human figures and the sun.
(Insert image 3,4,5 katung mga gatahi shirt ug katung girl na ga kuan ug bracelet)
Under the guidance of cultural masters and cultural teachers, children will be taught of making indigenous
accessories such as headdresses, beaded necklaces, dresses, and others.
They will also be trained in the traditional basket weaving, embroidery, loom weaving, and blanket weaving as
well as in playing of native musical instruments.
Tagakaolo school of living traditions
(IMAGE 6)
Tagakaolo children in Malungon can now learn their indigenous culture, beliefs, practices, and history with the
opening of the Tagakaolo School of Living Traditions (SLT) in their municipality.
Built as a traditional house, the SLT is made entirely of bamboo with cogon grass as roofing material.
“Through this SLT, the local government of Malungon hopes to preserve the culture and traditions of the
indigenous people, specifically the Tagakaolo, and pass these on to the young generation,” Galgo said.
The SLI will also serve as a village museum of weaponry, tools, relics and other artifacts of the tribe.
What Are Their Beliefs?
The Tagakaulu Kalagan were not introduced to Islam until Muslim missionaries arrived in the area during the
1500s. About half of the entire group of Kalagan came under Islamic influence at that time, and the group
divided. Most of the Tagakaolo Kalagan became Muslims; however, the majority of the Tagakaulu Kalagan
remained animists (believe that non-human objects have spirits). Today, many are still ethnic religionists,
believing in the traditions and religions of their forefathers. They continue to believe in a variety of
environmental spirits. Many tales are also told of magic, sorcery, and supernatural beings.
The Tagakaulu Kalagan are self-sufficient farmers, producing nearly all of their own food. Wet-rice is grown in
the lowlands, and dry-rice and corn are farmed in the upland areas. Yams and sweet potatoes are also staple
crops. Vegetables such as tomatoes, squash, and beans are grown; coconuts abound; and many kinds of fruit
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 are available. Goats are raised for meat, and chickens are raised for both eggs and meat. In addition to farming,
the Tagakaulu Kalagan catch fish and obtain wild foods and other various materials from the marshes around
them.
(Insert image 7 katung naay ga harvest)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x__9-rtEeqM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViTpqM2CQ10 kauban nis image 6 School of Living
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTNokUSW5T8 sa food ni nila

2. Dibabawon
Dibabawon - comes from the native word "dibabaw" which means "at the top". An ancient Dibabawon
chieftain Madabon quoted before he died, "all descendants after me, shall be called dibabawons for they shall
always be on top of this place, come what may".

The social structure of Dibabawon tribes consists of the following:

MANIGUON - the tribal leader who is chosen by the elders.
BAGANIS- the tribal warriors aand protectors.
BAYLAN - the spiritual leader of the tribe.
KADUMAHAN- the dibabawon term of their community.

The Dibabawon tribe's religion is called “Talihan”. They believed in the spirits like “Bantoy”, the messenger of
the “Magbabaya” or “Taginihit” (god). “Gamo-gamo” is a spirit that lives in the water while “Tagamaling” is a
spirit from heaven.
The Dibabawon has its own unique mode of dressing. A Dibabawon dress is called, “Puka”. They use black cloth
with red embroideries for the male’s upper dress. They also use black cloth adorned with colors red and white
for their pants. The women use red cloth with ornaments and embroideries of blue thread and patadyong for
their skirt.
For their livelihood, hunting is popular among the Dibabawon as part of the customs. What is caught from the
hunting is divided into different parts to be distributed to every family in the neighborhood. During rice
harvest, the yield is divided into two. Everything harvested from morning until noon goes to the harvester and
those that are harvested in the afternoon goes to the farm owner.

https://youtu.be/oLtFNlQf2Is

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 3. Mangguwangan
The Mangguwangan makes up the indigenous people living in the Cordillera Sugut Mountains in Mindanao.
Estimated to reach 3,488 in numbers in 1987, they are scattered up to the great lakes of Buayan or
Maguindanao and in the territory between what is occupied by the Manobo and the Mandaya in Davao and
South Cotabato. Due to this close geographic proximity with the two tribes, they usually are thought members
of those although the Jesuits and others take them as a distinct ethnic group.

The Manguangan of Philippines, numbering 12,000, are No Longer Unreached. They are part of the Filipino,
Tribal people cluster within the Malay Peoples affinity bloc. This people group is only found in Philippines.
Their primary language is Dibabawon Manobo. The primary religion practiced by the Manguangan is ethnic
religion. Ethnic religion is deeply rooted in a people's ethnic identity and conversion essentially equates to
cultural assimilation.

Magguangan the language of the Philippines - project video

https://youtu.be/JaxmNrWiP38

4. Mansaka Tribe
The Mansaka Tribe are just one of a number of indigenous groups living in Compostela Valley and Davao del
Norte, but they are the most numerous in the area. Considered one of the eighteen indigenous ethnolinguistic
Lumad groups in Mindanao, the native Mansaka have continued their way of life during the hundreds of years
of migrations and inter-marriages of the Malays, Indonesians and the Chinese. The term Mansaka derives from
‘man’ meaning ‘first’ and ‘saka’ meaning ‘to ascend,’ and therefore means the first people to ascend the
mountains or go upstream. The Mansaka belonged to a single tribe along with the Mandaya and Kalagan, but
the three groups of people have since parted. The Mandaya went to the upper portion of the river, Kalagan
occupied the seashore or riverside, while the Mansaka headed up to the mountains. Mainit Hot Spring is
considered the birthplace of the tribe, where legend says the first Mansaka man named Inangsabong
descended. They are said to have lived in the area since the time when Magbabaya (Creator) created them. In
general, Mansaka fashion tends to use a lot of lines with shapes such as diamonds and squares versus the use
of circles. For the women -adorn their bodies with sampad, platena, balyog, and bracelets. Wear decorative
combs of colorful beads and beaded hairpins. -may have bangs or tie their long hair at the back. A portion
remains untied near the ears. The blouse of a daughter of the nobility is full of design motifs called pyanaigon,
byatotoan, limbotong, and binawid. Their clothes are made from abaca and saragboy, a soft cotton-like cloth
from a native shrub. While of the men they wear short pants or SYRAWTANAN also made from abaca and
woven by women of the tribe.
The community assigns members to manage the farm. Men are tasked with tilling the land and other farm-
related jobs. They grew corn, camotes, vegetables, fruits, upland rice and even some cash crops such as coffee
and abaca. They do not farm on the same area though to maintain the fertility of the land and to prevent
future soil erosion. Besides farming, they also go hunting. Wild pigs, deer, birds and other animals caught are
divided/shared among the community members. Fish are also taken from the streams and rivers under
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 commonly observed rules. Women, on the other hand, are tasked to produce clothing’s and weave mats. They
also help in the farm during planting, weeding and harvesting times.
The Mansaka’s economic and political life is largely determined by a tribal elder called Matikadong who
resolves conflicts in the community. He has great influence in community decision making. He also acts as a
tribal warrior called Bagani who looks after his people. The task of a Bagani is to protect the rights and lives of
the community or clan members. He is called a tribal warrior because of his capacity to fight and protect the
community. In the olden days, a bagani is required to kill 12 people before one can assume the position.
Different rituals for various occasions is performed by a Baylan who serves as a tribal priest or a healer of the
community. A Baylan is said to possess special powers and maintain a close relationship with the Magbabaya
(God). Most of them live in isolation close to the forest, where they learn to connect with nature and the
spirits. A ritual or ceremony usually includes singing, tribal dances, and playing indigenous instruments. The
Baylan performs rituals during the planting and harvesting seasons. This is done to drive away the evil spirits
and pests that may damage their plants and to ask the Magbabaya for bountiful harvests. After harvest,
pyagsawitan is their first meal from their farm produce. Again, a ceremony is performed with families and
neighbors, bringing wine and food, to offer their harvest to Magbabaya. Tribal dances, singing and playing of
indigenous instruments were performed during the ceremonies. All guests, at the end of the ceremonies, must
leave with something from the farm produce.

Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCuR-2WPPQU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekEZdDohfhg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk89UMqKXRo
Dance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkZZZuoOGGw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp_1E-Hp0Z0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRIK8tEs4Jw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsag6GPqo98

5. Banwaon Tribe
The landlocked province of Agusan del Sur, located on the east side of Mindanao, is home to the indigenous
tribe known as the Banwaon people. It is also the second largest group in the area. Derived from the word
“banwa” which means village or country, the Banwaons are village settlers. Their name literally means
mountain people and they subsequently inhabit the forests of Agusan Del Sur.
They are fluent speakers of the dominant Cebuano language and considered to be related to the Manobo
ethnic group. The Banwaons live among four other indigenous peoples in the region, namely, the Higaonon,
Mamanwas, Talaandig, and Manobo.
Some of their culture & tradition are:
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 Budyung (by some Banwaon called lungga)- It is usually made out of big shell to make sounds in their cultural
and marriage events.
Kuratung- a musical instrument used in festival to celebrate.
Limbay- the song speeches dasang of the banwaon with traditional dance step

Up to the present time, the Datu remains central to everyday life, and rituals are still observed to appease their
gods. Traditionally, ceremonial offerings, such as pigs or chickens, are essential.
Agriculture is their top source of livelihood, but they are knowledgeable in farming and fishing as well.
The primary religion practiced by the Banwaon is ethnic religion. Ethnic religion is deeply rooted in a people's
ethnic identity and conversion essentially equates to cultural assimilation.
Despite living in modern times, the Banwaons strive to keep their culture and traditions unscathed. For
instance, they have numerous tales of war and heroes that have been orally passed down and survive to this
day.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pmxne808xrk
(naa ra ninyo if I apil ninyog insert ning video kay low quality siya)

6. Matigsalug Tribe
Deep in the region’s highland between the boundary of Davao and Bukidnon, the Matigsalug tribe
flourished. This tribe is a distinct sub-group of the indigenous people known as the Manobos. They are mostly
small in stature with dark brown complexion and curly hair. They are the original inhabitants of the Salug River
(now called the Davao River). Their name comes from the words matig, meaning “from,” and salug, meaning
“river.” Over the years, the tribe moved upstream of the Salug River due to constant raids and harassment.
They were pushed further inland because of the influx of various groups, such as the Ilocanos, Batangueños,
Ilonggos, and Cebuanos in the area. The Matigsalug people believed in Manama as the creator of all. For them,
Manama enacted the Magbavaye, the commandment the tribe follows for self-governance. The Matigsalug are
known for their skills in hunting and gathering meat from fish, pig, chicken, monkey, deer, and lizard, among
others. Though they subsequently shifted to farming due to the influence of the migrant farmers from the
Northern Philippines, they primarily plant a variety of palay (rice), vegetables, fruits and cash crops like corn,
espresso, pineapple, and sugar.
A famous Matigsalug ritual called panubad is performed for protection and to appease the spirit living in
the water. The same act is carried out along with an offering of blood acquired from a white chicken when
someone falls sick after visiting the river. In terms of their traditional wear, the Matigsalugs wear a bandera,
sinalapid, tangkulo, benanos, ampitpranela, balaren, sangked, tekos, buloso, bali-eg, babat, sal-ey, and
tenuhol. These traditional garments are widely ornate with shapes and the strong colors of red, blue, white
and black. They are also in famous in terms of weaving, bead making and patchwork. Matigsalug is engaged in
various weave, they identified the 3 different kinds, the – Tinilogas, Tigdaruwa and Tigtatulo. As for their
tradition, Matigsalug is a tourist spot because of its unique indigenous culture of each tribe that originally
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 inhabited the region. The Kaamulan Festival is an annual gathering of the seven hill tribes of Bukidnon. It is
held to unite and celebrate the unique indigenous culture of each tribe that originally inhabited the region.
During the months of February and March in Malaybalay City, the Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig,
Matigsalug, Umayamnon, and Tigwahanon tribes show off their colorful attires and showcase their authentic
rituals that have endured through the years.

Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ2MozCm1eE nay dance dari later part sa vd
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oywMNVe7YpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miubxkmifMs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCUh_zdRzd4
Dance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0kW-7mPMvE
weaving
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSdUoZ0ADO0
way of life
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqFoOt35CjI

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