CONIC SECTIONS

for Pre Calculus

Senior High School (STEM)
Quarter 1 / Week 1

0
 FOREWORD
This Self-Learning Kit for Pre-Calculus explores all concepts
necessary to bridge Basic Mathematics in the Junior High School and
Calculus in the STEM Track-Senior High School. This includes Analytic
Geometry, Series and Mathematical Induction, and Trigonometry.
This gives students a strong foundation which will be used
throughout their Calculus studies.
It is aligned with the BEC of the Department of Education
following the prescribed MELCs (Most Essential Learning
Competencies.
It has the following features proven to be valuable aids to
learning Mathematics even at home.
What Happened?
This section contains pre-activities like review of the prior
knowledge and a flashback of the history of conic sections.
What I Need To Know? (Discussion)
This section includes the definition of the types of conic sections
and the definition of the parts of the conic sections. Each one is
properly illustrated and well-labeled as it gives examples that clearly
emphasizes the applicability of a mathematical concept.
What Have I Learned? (Evaluation/Post Test)
The exercises contained in this section are guaranteed to build
mathematical comprehension, skills, and competence. These serve
as a diagnostic tool to identify the learners’ areas of strengths and
difficulties.
 OBJECTIVES:
K. Define terms related to conic sections.
Define a circle and identify the standard form of the
equation of a circle.
S. Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola,
ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases.
A. Appreciate the lesson by relating it to previously learned
concepts.

In this Self-Learning Kit, you will learn about conic sections. The first
lesson deals with the different types of conic sections. Lesson 2 is
devoted to a discussion on circles. It also discusses the standard form
of the circle's equation.

PRE-TEST:
Fill in the blank with appropriate word or phrase.
1. Conic sections can be generated by intersecting a _________ with a
curve.
2. An asymptote is a __________ which a curve approaches arbitrarily close
as it goes to ___________.
3. Nappe is ___________ of a double cone.
4. A diameter is a line segment that joins any two points on the circle and
passes through its ___________.
5. A secant is a line that intersects the circle at any ________ on the circle.
6. A tangent is a line that intersects the circle at ___________ on the circle.
7. The standard form of a circle’s equation is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2 where
(ℎ. 𝑘 ) us the ________ of the circle and 𝑟 is the __________ of the circle.
 Lesson
1
Types of Conic Sections

I. What Happened
In mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) is a curve obtained by
intersecting a cone (more precisely, a right circular conical surface) with a plane.
The conic sections were named and studied as long ago as 200 BC when
Apollonius of Perga undertook a systematic study of their properties.

II. What You Need to Know

Conic sections (or conics) are a particular class of curves which oftentimes
appear in nature and which have applications in other fields. One of the first
shapes we learned, a circle, is a conic. When you throw a ball, the trajectory it
takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun is an ellipse.
Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain telescopes and
navigation systems. We will discuss and illustrate all these.

DISCUSSION:
Key Points!
▪ A conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection
of the surface of a cone with a plane; the three types are parabolas,
ellipses, and hyperbolas.
▪ The following key terms must be familiarized in our discussion about conic
sections.
❖ Vertex is an extreme point on a conic section.
❖ Asymptote is a straight line which a curve approaches
arbitrarily closely as it goes to infinity.
❖ Focus is a point used to construct and define a conic section,
at which rays reflected from the curve converge (plural: foci).
❖ Nappe is one half of a double cone.
 ❖ Directrix is a line used to construct and define a conic section;
a parabola has one directrix; ellipses and hyperbolas have two
(plural: directrices).
▪ Every conic section has certain features, including at least one focus and
directrix. Parabolas have one focus and directrix, while ellipses and
hyperbolas have two of each.
▪ The circle is type of ellipse, and is sometimes considered to be a fourth
type of conic section.

The illustration below shows a cone and conic sections. The nappes and
the four conic sections. Each conic is determined by the angle the plane makes
with the axis of the cone.

Common Parts of Conic Sections

While each type of conic section looks very different, they have some
features in common. For example, each type has at least one focus and directrix.

A focus is a point about which the conic section is constructed. In other

words, it is a point about which rays reflected from the curve converge. A
parabola has one focus about which the shape is constructed; an ellipse and
hyperbola have two.

A directrix is a line used to construct and define a conic section. The

distance of a directrix from a point on the conic section has a constant ratio to
the distance from that point to the focus. As with the focus, a parabola has one
directrix, while ellipses and hyperbolas have two.

Parts of conic sections: The three conic sections with foci and directrices labeled.

(Introduction to conic section, n.d.)

Let us now discuss the different types of conic sections.

 ➢ Parabola

A parabola is the set of

all points whose distance from
a fixed point, called the focus,
is equal to the distance from a
fixed line, called the directrix.
The point halfway between
the focus and the directrix is
called the vertex of the
parabola.

➢ Ellipses

An ellipse is the set of all points

for which the sum of the distances from
two fixed points (the foci) is constant.
In the case of an ellipse, there are two
foci, and two directrices. On the right is
a typical ellipse graphed as it appears
on the coordinate plane.
 ➢ Hyperbolas

A hyperbola is the set of

all points where the difference
between their distances from
two fixed points (the foci) is
constant. In the case of a
hyperbola, there are two foci
and two directrices. Hyperbolas
also have two asymptotes. On
the right is a graph of a typical
hyperbola.

➢ Degenerate conics

A degenerate conic is formed

when the plane does not pass
through the vertex. It could be a
point, a line, or two intersecting lines.

Source: https://tinyurl.com/c2tfcyxv
 Lesson
Circle
2

We will start our discussion on cirlces by giving a formal definition to it.

Definition of a Circle

Let C be a given point. The set of all points P having the same distance
from C is called a circle. The point C is called the center of the circle, and the
common distance its radius.

The circle presented above has a center on (ℎ, 𝑘) and having a radius 𝑟.

We shall now proceed in discussing how to find the standard form of the
equation of a circle.
FINDING THE STANDARD FORM OF THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

Consider the circle plotted in the coordinate plane below.

y
P(x,y)

C(h,k) 𝑟
y

Let 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) be any point on the circle, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) be the center of the circle (not
on the origin) and 𝒓 be the radius of the circle.

Using the distance formula, we can solve for the length of 𝑟,

( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r

Squaring both sides,

( ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 ) 2 = r 2

Thus, the standard equation of a circle is given by

( x − y) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2

Let us consider some examples.

Example 1. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle whose

center is at (2,1) and whose radius is 2. Draw the circle.

Solution.
Since, 𝐶(2,1), then ℎ = 2 and 𝑘 = 1. We also have that 𝑟 = 2.
We have,
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 -standard equation of a circle
( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 2 2 -substitute the values of h, k and r
( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 4 -standard form of the equation of a circle
 (Graph generated through geogebra online graphing calculator)

Example 2. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle whose

center is at (−1,1) and whose diameter is 4. Draw the circle.

Solution.
Since, 𝐶(−1,1), then ℎ = −1 and 𝑘 = 1.
Since the radius is half of that of the diameter, and 𝑑 = 4 then, 𝑟 = 2.
We have,
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 -standard equation of a circle
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 22 -substitute the values of h, k and r
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 4 -standard form of the equation of a circle

(Graph generated through geogebra online graphing calculator)

Example 3. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle whose center is at
(1,0) and which passes through the point (-1,-1). Draw the circle.

Solution.
Since, 𝐶(1,0), then ℎ = 1 and 𝑘 = 0. The circle passes through
𝑃(−1, −1), we have, 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = −1. To find the radius, get the distance
between the center 𝐶(1,0) and the point 𝑃(−1, −1).

Recall the Distance Formula: ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = d 2 .

 Let C ( x1 , y1 ) and P( x, y) . We have, x1 = 1 , y1 = 0 , x = −1 and y = −1 , and
since the distance we are solving is the radius r, we substitute 𝑟 for 𝑑 in the
distance formula. Thus, we have,
( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = r 2
(−1 − 1) 2 + (−1 − 0)2 = r 2 -substitute the values
(−2) 2 + (−1) 2 = r 2 -solve for r
4 +1 = r2
5 = r2
r= 5

Substituting, C(1,0), then h=1 and k=0 and r = 5 , we get,

2
( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = 5
( x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 5 -standard form of the equation of a circle

(Graph generated through geogebra online graphing calculator)

III. What Have I Learned
POST TEST:
I. Label the different types of conic sections and its parts as numbered
below.

A. Types of Conic Sections

1.

2.

3.

4.

B. Parts of the Conic sections

7.

6.
9.

8.
5.
10.
II. Fill in the blanks.

1. A set of all points for which the sum of the distances from two fixed points
(the foci) is called _______.
2. An ellipse has ______ number of focus/ foci.
3. An ellipse has ______ directrix/directrices.
4. Aside from the foci and directrices, a hyperbola also has two __________.
5. A _________ is the set of all points where the difference between their
distances from two fixed points (the foci) is constant.
6. In a parabola, the point half-way between the focus and the directrix is
called _________.
7. A set set of all points whose distance from a fixed point, called the focus,
is equal to the distance from a fixed line, called directrix is what we call as
_________.

III. Draw a circle and label each part.

IV. Find the equation of the circle with the following conditions.
1. Center at the origin, radius 4.
2. Center at (2,-3), radius = 5
3. Center at (-2,-3), and passes through (-2,0).
4. Center at (-3,5), diameter 12.
5. Given the standard form of the equation of a circle
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 – 8)2 = 144,
find the center and the radius.

V. (Writing in Mathematics)
Describe how to determine the equation of a circle whose diameter
has its endpoints at (3, −4) and (−5,6).
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA, EdD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS, EdD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ELISA L. BAGUIO, EdD

Division Education Program Supervisor – MATHEMATICS

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MERCYDITHA D. ENOLPE & LITTIE BETH S. BERNADEZ

Writers

LITTIE BETH S. BERNADEZ

Lay-out Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LITTIE BETH S. BERNADEZ
RONALD TOLENTINO
DIDITH T. YAP

BETA QA TEAM
ELIZABETH A. ALAP-AP
EPIFANIA Q. CUEVAS
NIDA BARBARA S. SUASIN
VRENDIE P. SYGACO
MELBA S. TUMARONG
HANNAHLY I. UMALI

ENHANCEMENT TEAM
RADHIYA A. ABABON
LITTIE BETH S. BERNADEZ
GIL S. DAEL

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality to the teachers
and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the
set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this
material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR

This Self Learning Kit (SLK) is about Illustrating the different types
of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and
degenerate cases. This SLK is also about defining a circle and
illustrating the its parts. Finally, we shall apply the concepts of circle
to formulate and solve real-life problems with precision and
accuracy. Your are expected to determine the standard equation
of a circle.
Let’s appreciate, discover, enjoy and create meaningful learnings in Pre-
Calculus through these concepts.

AUTHORS
MERCYDITHA D. ENOLPE is a teacher and Teacher In-Charge of the
Senior High School Department at Jose Marie Locsin Memorial High
School, Zamboanguita District. Mrs. Enolpe obtained her B.S. degree
and her master’s degree from Negros Oriental State University
(NORSU). She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. Math Education degree
of that same University. She is also the District Planning Coordinator-
SHS of the District of Zamboanguita. She has contributed significantly
in the crafting of the Daily Lesson Log for teachers in the Division of
Neg. Or, specifically General Mathematics subject.
Answer Key
PRE-TEST IV.
1. plane
2. straight line; infinity
3. one half
4. center
5. two parts
6. exactly one point
7. center; radius

POST TEST
I.
1. circle
2. ellipse
3. parabola
4. hyperbola
5. directrix
6. focus
7. focus
8. directrix
9. vertex
10. directrix
II.
1. ellipse
2. 2 VI. (Answers may vary)
3. 2
4. asymptotes
5. hyperbola
6. vertex
7. parabola
III. (Answers may vary)
 REFERENCES
(Lesson 1)

Bacani, J., et al. 2016. Precalculus Teacher’s Guide, pp. 7-9. Department of Education-
Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd- BLR).

K to 12 Pre Calculus Guide, n.d. Retrieved July 10, 2020 from https://www.academia.edu

Introduction to Conic Sections, n.d. Retrieved July 17, 2020 from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com

Ruannark, 2009. Conic Sections, pp.4-5. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net

(Lesson 2)

Comandante, F. 2009. Analytic and Solid Geometry Made Easy. Mandaluyong

City: National Booksstore.

Motivation for circle conic section. Retrieved July 21, 2020 from
https://teacher.desmos.com