At the end of the learning period you are expected to:

1. generate patterns;
2. illustrate an arithmetic sequence.
3. determine arithmetic means, nth term of an arithmetic sequence
and sum of the terms of a given arithmetic sequence.
 This chapter deals with the concept of
Sequences and Series. Sequences and series
are important concepts in many branches of
mathematics. Their applications are
numerous, particularly in biology, physics,
investments, accountancy, and even in the
field of arts.
 KWL
WHAT I KNOW? WHAT I WANT TO LEARN? WHAT I LEARNED?
 Commuters can determine their train fare
knowing that the fare is increased by five pesos
after every station from where they boarded. If
the base fare is P15.00, how much would the
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passenger pay if he or she will board on the
first station and alight at the fourth one? What
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if he or she will alight at the eight station?

Given:
Base Fare = P 15.00
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Let us analyze the problem by making a list of fare station.
Station 1: 15 Answer: The passenger has to
Station 2: 15 + 5 = 20 pay P30.00 if he will alight on
Station 3: 20 + 5 = 25 the fourth station and P50.00 if
Station 4: 25 + 5 = 30 he will alight on the eight
Station 5: 30 + 5 = 35 station. The problem shows a
Station 6: 35 + 5 = 40 pattern where five pesos is
Station 7: 40 + 5 = 45 added upon reaching the next
Station 8: 45 + 5 = 50
station.
2, 8, 14, 20, 26, …
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, …
50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, …
Example 1
Determine whether the given sequence is an arithmetic
sequence.
21, 38, 55, 72, 89, …
There is a common
To determine 38 − 21 = 17 difference 𝑑 = 17.
whether a sequence Hence, the
is an arithmetic 55 − 38 = 17
sequence, determine sequence is an
72 − 55 = 17
if there is a common arithmetic
difference. 89 − 72 = 17 sequence.
Example 2
Determine whether the given sequence is an arithmetic
sequence.
2, 4, 8, 16, 32
There no common
To determine 4−2=2 difference.
whether a sequence Therefore, the
is an arithmetic 8−4=4
sequence, determine sequence is not an
16 − 8 = 8
if there is a common arithmetic
difference. 32 − 16 = 16 sequence.
 Arithmetic Sequence
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in
which the difference between any two
consecutive terms is the same. This
constant difference is called the common
difference, and will be denoted by 𝑑.
Arithmetic Sequence

21, 31, 41, 51, …

Common Difference

𝑑 = 31 − 21 = 10
Arithmetic Sequence

28, 24, 20, 16, …

Common Difference

𝑑 = 20 − 24 = −4
Arithmetic Sequence
1 2 4
0, , , 1,
3 3 3
Common Difference

4 1
𝑑 = −1=
3 3
 Arithmetic Sequence
The nth term of a sequence is

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

where 𝑎1 is the first term, 𝑛 is the number of terms, and

𝑑 is the common difference.
Example
Write the next three terms of the sequence 7, 5, 3, 1, −1, …
Solution
The sequence is an arithmetic sequence since there is a common difference 𝑑 = −2

The 6th term can be obtained by adding 𝑑 = −2 to the 5th term. That is,

−1 + −2 = −3 (6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
The next two terms can be obtained in the same manner.

−3 + −2 = −5 (7th term) Hence, the required terms

−5 + −2 = −7 (8th term) are −3, −5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 7.
Example
Find the 12𝑡ℎ term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, …
𝑈𝑠𝑒: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑.
The 12th term can be denoted by 𝑎12 .
The common difference is 𝑑 = 2 and the first term 𝑎1 is 3.
Since there are 𝑛 = 12 terms, the 12th term can be found using the formula,
𝑈𝑠𝑒: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑.
𝑎12 = 3 + 12 − 1 (2) 𝑎12 = 3 + 22 Hence, the 12th
𝑎12 = 3 + 11 (2) 𝑎12 = 25 term is 25.
Example
Find the 7𝑡ℎ term of an arithmetic sequence if the third term is 5 and the
fifth term is 11.
𝑈𝑠𝑒: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑.
Solution
The arithmetic sequence of the form 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 5, 𝑎4 , 11, 𝑎6 , 𝑎7
The arithmetic sequence and the sequence 5, 𝑎4 , 11 have common difference.
The common difference can be obtained using the equation
11 = 5 + 3 − 1 𝑑 11 − 5 = 2𝑑 6 2𝑑
=
11 = 5 + 2𝑑 6 = 2𝑑
2 2
The value of 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 3
3=𝑑
The value of 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 3
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,
𝑎6 = 11 + 3 = 14
𝑎7 = 14 + 3 = 17
Hence, the required
terms are 14, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 17.
 Arithmetic Means
The terms of an arithmetic
sequence that are between two
given terms are called arithmetic
means.
 Arithmetic Means
In the arithmetic sequence
5, 8, 11, 14, 17, there are three
arithmetic means between 5 and
17. These are 8, 11, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 14.
Example
Insert three arithmetic means between 17 and 1.
Solution
The arithmetic sequence is of the form 17, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 1
This indicates that 𝑎1 = 17, 𝑎5 = 1, and n = 5.
To find the common difference 𝑑, use the relation
1 = 17 + 5 − 1 𝑑 The arithmetic means are
1 = 17 + 5 − 1 𝑑 −4𝑑 = 16 𝑎2 = 17 + −4 = 13
1 = 17 + 4𝑑 𝑑 = −4 𝑎3 = 13 + −4 = 9
𝑎4 = 9 + −4 = 5
Example
An object falling from rest travel 16 feet during the 1𝑠𝑡 second, 48 feet
during the 2𝑛𝑑 second, 80 feet during the 3𝑟𝑑 second, and so on. How far
does the object fall
a. during the 7𝑡ℎ second?
b. after 7 seconds?
Example
a. during the 7𝑡ℎ second?

𝑎7 = 16 + 7 − 1 32 = 208 𝑓𝑡

The object falls 208 𝑓𝑡

during the 7𝑡ℎ second.
Example
a. during the 7𝑡ℎ second?

The object falls 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎7

After 7 seconds; that is,
16 + 48 + 80 + 112 + 144 + 176 + 208 = 784𝑓𝑡.

The object falls 784 𝑓𝑡

after the 7 second.
𝑡ℎ
Example
If 3𝑥 − 4, 2𝑥 + 7, 6𝑥 − 12, … form an arithmetic sequence, find 𝑥 and
the 16𝑡ℎ term of the sequence.
Solution
The first term 𝑎1 is 3𝑥 − 4, the 2𝑛𝑑 term 𝑎2 is 2𝑥 + 7, and the
3𝑟𝑑 term 𝑎3 is 6𝑥 − 12.

Since the difference of successive terms are common and equal,

𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2
Example
If 3𝑥 − 4, 2𝑥 + 7, 6𝑥 − 12, … form an arithmetic sequence, find 𝑥 and
the 16𝑡ℎ term of the sequence.
Solution 2𝑥 + 7 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 6𝑥 − 12 − 2𝑥 + 7
Since the difference of 2𝑥 + 7 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 6𝑥 − 12 − 2𝑥 − 7
successive terms are −𝑥 + 11 = 4𝑥 − 19
common and equal,
−5𝑥 = −30
𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑥=6
Example
If 3𝑥 − 4, 2𝑥 + 7, 6𝑥 − 12, … form an arithmetic sequence, find 𝑥 and
the 16𝑡ℎ term of the sequence.
Solution 𝑎1 = 3𝑥 − 4 = 3 6 − 4 = 18 − 4 = 14
Since 𝑥 = 6, 𝑎2 = 2𝑥 + 7 = 2 6 + 7 = 12 + 7 = 19
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 19 − 14 = 5

Solving for the 16th term 𝑎16 , we have

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑎16 = 14 + 15 5

𝑎16 = 14 + 16 − 1 5 𝑎16 = 89 Hence, 𝑎16 = 89

 An arithmetic sequence is increasing
if 𝑑 > 0. An arithmetic sequence is
decreasing is 𝑑 < 0 . An arithmetic
sequence which is either increasing or
decreasing is monotonic.
 Arithmetic Series
An expression denoting the sum
of the terms of an arithmetic
sequence is called arithmetic
series.
 The corresponding arithmetic series
for the arithmetic sequence
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … is

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ⋯
 An arithmetic series is
finite if its corresponding
sequence is finite.
Otherwise, it is infinite.
Example
Find the sum of the given series.
1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16
Note that both series have exactly the same addends, except that their
arrangements are different. By commutative property, the two series must
have the same value.
Solution
1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 = 1 + 16 + 4 + 13 + (7 + 10)
= 17 + 17 + 17
= 3 17 Hence, the sum of
= 51 the given series is 51.
Example
Find the sum of the given series.
16 + 13 + 10 + 7 + 4 + 1
Solution
16 + 13 + 10 + 7 + 4 + 1 = 16 + 1 + 13 + 4 + (10 + 7)
= 3 17
= 51

Hence, the sum of

the given series is 51.
 The series 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 and
16 + 13 + 10 + 7 + 4 + 1 are examples of
arithmetic series. It is interesting to note in
(𝑎) that 17 is the sum of the 1𝑠𝑡 term and the
6𝑡ℎ term (1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16), and 3 is simply half the
number of terms (6) of the series. This idea is
used in the next example.
Example
Find the sum of the given arithmetic series.
8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 24 + 28 + 32 + 36
Solution
Using the observations made above,
8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 24 + 28 + 32 + 36 (8 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠)
1
= ( ∙ 8)(8 + 36)
2
= 4(44) Hence, the sum of
= 176 the given series is 176.
Example
Find the sum of the given arithmetic series.
−9 + −4 + 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + 26 + 31 + 36
Solution
Using the observations made above,
−9 + −4 + 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + 26 + 31 + 36 (10 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠)
1
= ( ∙ 10)(−9 + 36)
2
= 5(27) Hence, the sum of
= 135 the given series is 135.
 Arithmetic Series
The sum 𝑆𝑛 of the first 𝑛 terms of an arithmetic series is
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
2
𝑜𝑟
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑]
2
where 𝑎1 is the first term, 𝑎𝑛 is the nth term, 𝑛 is the
number of terms, and 𝑑 is the common difference.
 Arithmetic Series
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
2
The first formula is used when the first term, the
𝑛𝑡ℎ term, and the number of terms are known. the
first formula is used when the first term, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
term, and the number of terms are known.
 Arithmetic Series
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑]
2
The second formula is used when the first
term, the number of terms, and the common
difference are known.
Example
Find 𝑆10 if 𝑎1 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎10 = 68
Solution
10
𝑆10 = 5 + 68
2
10
= (73)
2 Hence, the sum of
= 365
The series if 𝑎1 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎10 = 68
is 365.
Example
Find 𝑆10 if 𝑎1 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −7
Solution
10
𝑆10 = [ 2 5 + 10 − 1 −7 ]
2
= 5[10 + 9 −7 ]
= 5 10 − 63 Hence, the sum of the series
= 5(−53) if 𝑎1 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −7 is -265
= −265
Thank You!
MR. GDS