GIS 

workshop for Social Sciences 4/18/2014

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION TO GIS 1. Introduction

FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE 2. Data Sources

3. Basics of GIS

4. How to Bring the Data into GIS

5. Intro to Spatial Analysis

Nicole Kong (kongn@purdue.edu)
GIS Specialist, Assistant Professor of Library Science 6. Resources to Follow-up

B. Dewayne Branch (bbranch@purdue.edu)

GIS and Data Curation Fellow

Bert Chapman (chapmanb@purdue.edu)

Professor of Library Science, Government information

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
 What is GIS?

 Background  “G”: Where

 Information about people and places is location based. Street
 Goal address, zip or area code, census block, x,y coordinates, latitude

1. Explain how place and space are important and can be analyzed and longitude, etc.

with GIS in social science.  “I”: What

2. Find and download appropriate census data for use.  Data from survey, interview, observation, existing database, in
different format.
3. Analyze the patterns of features and predict future conditions.
 Extending the “I”: Allows the incorporation of video, audio, photos
 Workshop Evaluation: and text.
 Another Component: When
http://maps.lib.purdue.edu/workshop/  Time animation
 Spatial Temporal analysis
 “S”: System
 Hardware, software, data model

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION The London Cholera Epidemic, 1854 
 Why GIS in social science:
Allows for the integration and comparison of contextual data from social as
well as environmental or physical standpoint.
Researchers need to identify where the differences, similarities,
correlations, and interactions exist. GIS can accommodate both qualitative
and quantitative variables into a study.
 What can GIS do for your research?
 Visualization: https://www.lib.umn.edu/apps/campushistory/

 Pattern Analysis:
 Spatial Relationships:
 Others:
 Examples:
Artl@s project, ISEE project,

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GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION
Percentage of plot in the county with invasive plants
 Why GIS in social science:
Allows for the integration and comparison of contextual data from social as
well as environmental or physical standpoint.
Researchers need to identify where the differences, similarities,
correlations, and interactions exist. GIS can accommodate both qualitative
and quantitative variables into a study.
 What can GIS do for your research?
 Visualization:
 Pattern Analysis:
 Spatial Relationships:
 Others:
 Examples:
Artl@s project, ISEE project,

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION OUTLINE
 Why GIS in social science:
Allows for the integration and comparison of contextual data from social as 1. Introduction
well as environmental or physical standpoint.
2. Data Sources
Researchers need to identify where the differences, similarities,
correlations, and interactions exist. GIS can accommodate both qualitative 3. Basics of GIS
and quantitative variables into a study.
4. How to Bring the Data into GIS
 What can GIS do for your research?
5. Intro to Spatial Analysis
 Visualization:
 Pattern Analysis: 6. Resources to Follow-up
 Spatial Relationships:
 Others:
 Examples:
Artl@s project, ISEE project,

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

OTHER DATA SOURCES OUTLINE

 Data collected in the field. 1. Introduction

 Smart phones, GPS devices. 2. Data Sources
 Base maps of study area. 3. Basics of GIS
 Library map collection.
4. How to Bring the Data into GIS
 Public domain maps.
5. Intro to Spatial Analysis
 Hard copy maps.

 Anything else. 6. Resources to Follow-up

 Place names.

 Crowd sourcing.

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GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

BASICS OF GIS BASICS OF GIS
GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers Two fundamental types of data
that can be linked together by geography.  Vector
 A series of x,y coordinates
Map + Information  For discrete data represented as points, lines, polygons
 Raster
 Grid and cells
 For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces

Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

BASICS OF GIS BASICS OF GIS
Vector data model: Raster data model:
Best for representing discrete objects with defined shapes and
boundaries.
Organization
1 Point ID X Y
2
Points 1 32.7 45.6
4
2 76.3 19.5
3 3 22.7 15.8
etc…..

1
C Line Begin End
6 A
Lines B
ID Point Point
A 6 9
9 239
B 9 1
C 239 1
etc…..
12 13
Polygon
11 22 ID Lines
52
Polygons A 11, 12, 52, 53,
53 54
41 B 52, 53, 9, 41,
54 9 22, 13

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

BASICS OF GIS BASICS OF GIS
Vector and Raster Conversion Common GIS file format:

 Vector:
 ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp, *.dbf, *.prj, *.sbn, *.sbx,
*.shp.xml).

 Geodatabase (feature class).

 Kml (kmz) file.

 Spread sheet with lat/long.

 Raster:
 Geotiff, geodatabase, mosaic dataset, dem, etc.

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GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

BASICS OF GIS BASICS OF GIS
Popular software: Basic functions in GIS:
 ArcGIS (ESRI Inc.):
 Open a map
 ArcMap Desktop application
 ArcGIS Online  Add layers
 ArcGIS for Office  Attribute table
 QGIS:
 Map customization (symbology)
 Google Earth:
 Selection
 Web GIS:
 ArcGIS Server.  Edit data
 Google map API.  Make a map
 Open Layers.
 Leaflet.
 GeoCommons.

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

OUTLINE BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS

1. Introduction Spatial vs. Non-Spatial Data

The connection between spatial and non-spatial data are made through database
2. Data Sources
tables
3. Basics of GIS

4. How to Bring the Data into GIS

5. Intro to Spatial Analysis

6. Resources to Follow-up

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS
Tables:
Descriptive information about features
Each feature class has an associated table
One row for each geographic feature
BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS
Basic table properties:
 Records/rows and fields/columns
 Column types can store numbers, text, dates
 Unique column names

Columns (fields)
Right-
click
Attribute
Rows values
(records)

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BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS Associate Tables:
Table Manipulation:
Associate tables with common column key values
 Sort ascending or descending
• Must be same data field types
 Freeze/unfreeze columns
 Statistics
Must know table relationships (cardinality)
 Select records
 Add field
Additional
 Modify table values Feature attribute table attribute table

Example: Associating county attribute table with separate table of poverty estimates by county for WV

TABLE RELATIONSHIPS JOINS AND RELATES

How many A objects are related to B objects?
Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap based on a common field
Types of cardinality Join appends the attributes
• One-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-one, and many-to-many from one onto the other
Must know cardinality before connecting tables • Label or symbolize features
using joined attributes
Relate defines a relationship
between two tables
One parcel One parcel Many parcels Many parcels
has one owner has many owners have one owner have many owners

or

CONNECTING TABLES WITH JOINS CONNECTING TABLES WITH RELATES

Define relationship between two tables
Appends the attributes of two tables
Tables remain independent
Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinality
Additional cardinality choices
County Attributes (before Join) WV_Poverty98 • One-to-many
• Discovers any related rows

One-to-one
County Attributes with joined poverty data (virtual table after Join)

1) Make selection 2) Open related table

c c

Example: Relate WV county attributes to table of coal production statistics for 1986 - 1998

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BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS BRING YOUR DATA INTO GIS

Linkages between Census Data and Map Other linkages:

 FIPS county code  Location Names:

5-digit Federal Information Processing Standard which uniquely identifies  Unique identifiers:
counties and county equivalents in the United States.

Point data conversion:

 Geocoding: Convert place names, street addresses into X,Y coordinates
on the map.

 Google Geocoding API.

 ArcGIS Online geocoding service, including ESRI Office.

 Self constructed geocoding function.

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

OUTLINE INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS
1. Spatial Overlay:
1. Introduction Spatial overlay is accomplished by joining
and viewing together separate data sets
2. Data Sources that share all or part of the same area.
3. Basics of GIS
The result of this combination is a new
4. How to Bring the Data into GIS data set that identifies the spatial
relationships.
5. Intro to Spatial Analysis

6. Resources to Follow-up Example:

http://geosocialfootprint.com/

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS
2. Buffer analysis: identifying areas surrounding geographic features 3. Analyze patterns: Is there any spatial cluster?

Driving distance buffer: 
http://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/samples/fl_selection/
Clustered vs. Dispersed Low cluster vs. High cluster
(Average Nearest Neighbor) (High/Low Clustering)

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INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS
4. Mapping Clusters: Where are the clusters?
5. Spatial Interpolation:

Hotspot analysis Use those sample points to predict values of variable of interest at

(Getis‐Ord Gi*)  all other unsampled locations.

Various interpolation methods

Select the one based on

your need
Input fields

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRO TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS OUTLINE
6. Spatial Relationship: Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)
A local form of linear regression used to model spatially varying relationships.  1. Introduction

2. Data Sources

3. Basics of GIS

4. How to Bring the Data into GIS

Exploratory Regression 5. Intro to Spatial Analysis

6. Resources to Follow-up

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

LEARNING RESOURCES SOFTWARE RESOURCES
 GIS classes offered at Purdue:  ESRI educational license:
 ESRI virtual campus classes: ArcGIS Desktop, all extensions (including spatial analysis, 3D
analysis, geostatistics, etc.), ArcGIS Server, ArcSDE database,
http://www.esri.com/training/
Contact Nicole Kong (kongn@purdue.edu) for course code. ArcPad, CityEngine, etc.

 ESRI Live Training Seminars :  ESRI free student 1 year license:

Contact Nicole Kong (kongn@purdue.edu) for license.
 Libraries Book Collection:
 ArcGIS Online, geocoding, ArcGIS for office:
 Library Support:
geohelp@purdue.edu, or kongn@purdue.edu  Free products: QGIS, Google Earth.

 GIS community at Purdue:  Google Earth Pro.

(https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECN/mailman/listinfo/purduegis)  GeoServer.
 ESRI forum:

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DATA RESOURCES LIBRARY SUPPORT
 GIS data LibGuide:  Technical support:
Data by Theme
 Data access:
Data by State

 Databases:  Data sharing:

SimplyMap  Data collection strategies:
Proquest Statistical Dataset
Reference USA  Project planning:

 Geodata Portal:  Web GIS and mobile GIS development:

Geodata @ Purdue (in construction)

GIS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION TO GIS  Workshop Evaluation:

FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE http://maps.lib.purdue.edu/workshop/

Nicole Kong (kongn@purdue.edu)

GIS Specialist, Assistant Professor of Library Science

B. Dewayne Branch (bbranch@purdue.edu)

GIS and Data Curation Fellow

Bert Chapman (chapmanb@purdue.edu)

Professor of Library Science, Government information