H21H-1267

Seasonal Variation of Land Surface Fluxes in Regional Scale ABSTRACT Land surface fluxes influence the coupling between the land surface and the lower atmosphere, and are also important
factors for forming a regional climate. In recent years, it became possible to observe the land surface states in the regional area by the
development of the remote sensing technology, and some studies for estimating the land surface energy fluxes at regional scale using the
using a Remote Sensing Data remote sensing data have been carried out. In this study, the surface energy fluxes in the Kanto Plain in Japan where various land uses were
mixed were estimated using a remote sensing data (Landsat 7 ETM+), and tried the analysis of the seasonal changes in the land surface energy
fluxes. The energy balance and the bulk equations were used in order to estimate the land surface energy fluxes. The parameters in those
Toshitsugu Moroizumi*, Takeshi Nakamichi, Takeshi Miura models were identified using the micrometeorological data observed above the land surface.
Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University * Contact information: morot@okayama-u.ac.jp

Ⅰ. MODEL DESCRIPTION Ⅱ. CALCULATION PROCEDURE Ⅳ. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS

Sensible heat flux was estimated by a bulk equation. A
surface temperature was calculated using the radiometric Seasonal Variation of H and LE
surface temperature1) .

G= ∙ ,

,
H：sensible heat flux (W/m2), LE：latent heat flux (W/m2), Ts：land surface
temperature (℃), Ta：air temperature (℃), G：soil heat flux (W/m2), ρCp：
volumetric heat capacity of air (J/℃/m3), CH ：bulk coefficient, Rn ：net
radiation (W/m2), Tr：radiometric surface temperature (℃), U：wind speed
(m/s), C：coefficient of soil heat flux, f (Tr)：temperature function

Land surface Function type

C Paddy C=0.291exp (-0.363LAI)
Grass C=0.130exp (-0.631LAI)
Forest C=0
Urban C=0.46, Apr. – May
=0.32, Jun. – Aug.
=0.64 , Sept. – Oct.)
f (Tr) Paddy f (Tr) = Tr - {a (Tr – Ta) ,+ b}, a = - 0.201, b = 0.847
Grass f (Tr) = Tr - {a (Tr – Ta) + b}
a =- 0.161LAI 3 + 0.599LAI 2 - 0.161LAI
b = 0.520LAI 3 – 1.571LAI 2 – 1.271LAI

Forest f (Tr) = Tr - {a (Tr – Ta) + b}, a = 0.216, b = - 2.001

Urban f (Tr) = 0.986Tr

LAI：Leaf area index (m2m-2) ， a, b ：regression parameters

Estimation Accuracy Regionally-Averaged Fluxes

Ⅲ. STUDY REGION and DATA
Study region: Kanto plain, Japan
Observation locations for fluxes:
Fluxes observation TERC
・Paddy in Mase (MSE: paddy) AMeDAS location grass Study region
・Terrestrial Environment Research Center, University of Tsukuba (TERC: grass)
・Fujiyoshida forest meteorology research site (FJY: forest)
paddy
・Kawagoe forest meteorology research site (KWG: forest) The sensible, latent, and the soil heat fluxes in the paddy, in the grass, and the urban were The ratio of latent heat flux among the net radiation in the paddy was larger than the other
・Kugahara Tower Experiments2) (KMT: urban) estimated relatively well . ratios because of the influence of the flooding in the paddy. The soil heat fluxes in Apr. to
Remote sensing data: LANDSAT 7 ETM+ The latent heat flux in the urban was largely affected by the errors of the other fluxes, Aug. tended to decrease. It was the reason why the amount of solar radiation that reached the
10 a.m. in Apr. 1, May 19, Jun. 4, Jul. 22, and Sept. 24, 2001 forest because its order was smaller than them and it was calculated as the residual of heat soil surface under the canopy decreased with the development of the vegetation canopy by
Land cover classification was carried out using a supervised procedure with the balance terms. the growth of rice.
The sensible flux was overestimated in the forest, and its error was large. The vegetation of The ratio of latent heat flux among the net radiation in the grass showed the same tendency
bands 1- 5 of Landsat. forest KWG which was used to verify the accuracy of the model was a deciduous broad-leaved as that in the paddy, whereas the soil heat fluxes in the grass were smaller in comparison
The AMeDAS* data were interpolated by a kriging to obtain the meteorological forest whereas the vegetation of FJY which was used to identify the parameters of the with that in the paddy
data required for the estimation of the fluxes in each grid. model was an evergreen conifer forest, and, as for this, it was thought that function form of The latent heat flux in the urban is smaller than the other land use because the land surface is
urban f(Tr) was not suitable for vegetation of KWG. dry in the urban. On the other hand, the soil heat fluxes were large in comparison with the
*AMeDAS : Auto-mated Meteorological Data Acquisition System
other land use, e.g. approximately 300Wm-2 in June. The sensible heat fluxes were almost
the same amount as those in the grass, e.g., about 200Wm-2.

Reference Acknowledgement
1) D. Troufleau, J.P. Lhomme, B. Monteny, A. Vidal, 1997，Sensible heat flux and radiometric surface temperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation. Ⅰ. An experimental analysis of the kB-1 parameter, Journal of Hydrology 188-189, 815-838. We greatly appreciate the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, the terrestrial Environment Research Center, University of Tsukuba, and the Kanda Laboratory of Tokyo Institute of
2) Moriwaki, R. and Kanda, M. : Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor and CO2 over a suburban area. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 1700-1710, 2004.. Technology, because this work used their database to calculate the heat fluxes.