Tricycle

Abstract:

The model of my tricycle will give you safe ride and it will be a fun. My model of tricycle is

powered by an engine. Instead of using chain sprocket system I installed bevel gear system.

This system is installed to focus on both toque and speed. Because in chain sprocket system

at heavy load chain will break so I introduce bevel gear system in my model. Engine is

directly coupled with the bevel gear which is then connected to the rear wheel. Focus is to

power rear side wheel to avoid accident and to increase the handling of the system. Weight of

the engine and rider is equally distributed on the tricycle. Frame is made of pipes and it’s a

strong rigid structure which can support the heavy torque transferred by the engine to the

bevel gear. Disc braking system is also introduced to improve the handling of the tricycle.

Keywords:

Tricycle, bevel geared, engine powered

Table of Contents

1. Introduction:..................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background Research:.................................................................................................................5
1.2 Objectives:...................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Project Scope:..............................................................................................................................8
2. Literature review:........................................................................................................................10
3 Research Methodology:....................................................................................................................14
3.1 Bevel Gear system.....................................................................................................................14
3.2 Force Analysis of Bevel Gears....................................................................................................16
3.3 Assembly of Bevel Gear:............................................................................................................18
3.4 Power Transmission by shaft.....................................................................................................19
3.5 Specifications of defined engine................................................................................................19
3.6 Straight Bevel Gear Analysis......................................................................................................23
3.6.1 For Bending Strength..........................................................................................................23
3.7 Torsion of shaft..........................................................................................................................25
3.8 Shear stress................................................................................................................................25
3.9 Angle of Twist............................................................................................................................25
3.10 Shear Strain.............................................................................................................................26
3.11 Overturning on a curved horizontal track................................................................................26
3.12 Skidding Speed.........................................................................................................................29
4.0 Analytical Frame work...................................................................................................................30
4.1 Model Development..................................................................................................................30
4.1.1 Engine:................................................................................................................................30
4.1.2. Tire:....................................................................................................................................30
4.1.3 Gear box:............................................................................................................................30
4.1.4 Bearing:...............................................................................................................................30
4.1.5 Hand Brake lever:...............................................................................................................31
4.1.6 Handle grip:........................................................................................................................31
4.1.7 Front Fork:..........................................................................................................................31
4.1.8 Paddle:................................................................................................................................31
4.1.9 Footrest:.............................................................................................................................31
4.1.10 Seat:..................................................................................................................................32
4.1.11 Main body/structure:........................................................................................................32
4.1.12 Handlebar:........................................................................................................................32
 4.1.13 Bevel gear:........................................................................................................................32
4.1.14 Assembled model:................................................................................................................37
4.2 Meshing.....................................................................................................................................38
4.3 Boundary Conditions.................................................................................................................38
5.0 Result and discussion.....................................................................................................................39
5.1 Force analysis:...........................................................................................................................39
5.2 Engine power transmission:.......................................................................................................39
5.3 Straight bevel gear analysis:......................................................................................................39
5.4 Quality Function Development Description:..............................................................................39
5.5 Quality Function deployment (QFD)..........................................................................................40
5.6 House of Quality........................................................................................................................41
6.0 Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................43
List of figures
Figure 1. By hand fueled tricycle...........................................................................................................6
Figure 2. By feet fueled tricycle.............................................................................................................7
Figure 3. Delta Tricycle..........................................................................................................................8
Figure 4. Tadpole Tricycle......................................................................................................................9
Figure 5. Motorized Tricycle..................................................................................................................9
Figure 6. Boundary Drawing of Tricycle...............................................................................................12
Figure 7. Bevel Gear.............................................................................................................................15
Figure 8. Gear and pinion....................................................................................................................15
Figure 9. Normal force divided into Tangential, Radial, and axial........................................................16
Figure 10. Correct assembly of bevel gear...........................................................................................19
Figure 11. Error Assembly....................................................................................................................19
Figure 12. Rare Wheel.........................................................................................................................26
Figure 13. Front Wheel........................................................................................................................26
Figure 14. Front tee.............................................................................................................................26
Figure 15. Engine.................................................................................................................................26
Figure 16. Handle Grip.........................................................................................................................26
Figure 17. Gear Box.............................................................................................................................26
Figure 18. Bearing................................................................................................................................27
Figure 19. Brake...................................................................................................................................27
Figure 20. Final Model 1......................................................................................................................27
Figure 21. Final Model 2......................................................................................................................28
Figure 22. Bevel Gear Static Simulation...............................................................................................28
 1. Introduction:

1.1 Background Research:

In Asian countries almost 75% population uses bicycles in their daily life. Countries like

Pakistan, India and other developing countries are using bicycles for their daily movement

from work places to homes and vice versa. Due to this effect some low-income countries

have introduced very high level of personal bicycles and private automobiles and they offer

greater speed and flexibility of movement around the cities either it is used to travel for

shopping or for office work as it undermines the development of public transport. In

developing countries these bicycles have become a source of public transport as most of the

people are using their bicycles as earning source for example bykea and uber services. So, it

is widely accepted as a legitimate form of public transport rather than a private transport. The

first tricycle that was invented is not in the same design we see in today’s tricycle. It takes so

much time to become the final design we see today in the market. When we look at the

history of the tricycle it is for sure that the tricycle was the need of time and was a great

invention. In 1680, a handicapped German man created a three-wheeled tricycle which is

fueled by hands. The use of motorcycle based and tricycle transport has raised the concerns

of worst environment, safety and traffic congestions. That is the reason they are considered as

the dirty source of transportation in modern days. This mode of transportation covers 75

percent of vehicle fleet in Asia and 85 percent of these bicycles and tricycles are using petrol

engines, two stroke engines. These engines emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons which

are polluting the environment. Normally motorcycle is made for two passengers but if we

want to use it for several more passengers it should be tricycle with two stroke or four stroke

engines. The two stroke engines and low efficiency and it can bear a small load. The four-

stroke engine converts the vehicle into a high-power tricycle which is designed to carry high
loads and can be used commercial purposes. Different kind of experiment have been done to

improve the performance and driving mechanism of bicycles, tricycles and other similar

vehicles. To maximize operating performance many changes have been done in driving

mechanism of tricycles. The conventional sprocket chain mechanism is changed with bevel

gear mechanism. The velocity ratio of mechanism, torque generated at drive side, the

efficiency of engine and the bevel gear ratio are some important parameters which are used to

optimized tricycle mechanism and drive of cycle.

Figure 1. By hand fueled tricycle

In 1789, two French Blanchard and Maguire make an iteration of the German model. The

main difference in this model as they introduce the paddles, the same as we see in today’s

cycles. In 1876, a model introduce by James Starley in which two small wheels were on one

side and a bigger one on the other side. This model was the 1st generation of tricycles and

was widely used at that time. The tricycle was so popular at that time that more than 20

designs were introduced. In 1885, a notable design was introduced by Robert crips, a

professional racer at that time.

In 1876, a model introduce by James Starley in which two small wheels were on one side and

a bigger one on the other side. This model was the 1st generation of tricycles and was widely

used at that time. The tricycle was so popular at that time that more than 20 designs were

introduced. In 1885, a notable design was introduced by Robert crips, a professional racer at

that time.

Figure 2. By feet fueled tricycle

The main reason for our research on this model is due to the daily usage of tricycles in our

daily life. Delivery boy can make his delivery on time in a dense urban environment, you can

use tricycles to move in the university from one campus to another, also to Airport for cargo

handling, a waste collection like plastics, etc. In this model, we used bevel gear to transfer

power from engine to wheel the main reason for using bevel gear instead of chains or

sprockets is the holding power of the bevel and transferring of the same amount of energy

given by the engine. Electric engines were too expensive so I decide to use the gas engine and

it will give us 60Km/Hr of speed. The most important part of this model is that there will be

no issues like in an ordinary tricycle with chain removal. The gears are fixed and do not

distract like chain sprocket cycles. We are using shafts with the bevel gear on its end. It will

be fun riding this tricycle. The model is designed in such a way to increase the center of

gravity.
1.2 Objectives:

To design a tricycle with a bevel gear system to resolve the problem of slippage of the chain.

Bevel gear system will be fixed on the place and 100% transfer of power from engine output

to the tire because in this system there will be no slippage of gears and zero loss of energy. It

will be powered by an engine. The gear shaft will be directly connected with the engine to

rotate the tire. Speed will be easily controlled, and a speedometer will be installed on the

Handle. Fig 6. Is showing the boundary design of a tricycle. The purpose is to physically

represent the boundary of project and project goal that we need to be achieved.

Figure 3. Boundary Drawing of Tricycle

1.3 Project Scope:

Design to use in daily life and to be controlled easily. We also focus on the rider’s safety and

comfort by increasing the grip of the tricycle on the road. The structure is designed in such a

way that the center of gravity should be maximum. We select a tricycle instead of a bicycle

because if we attach the engine to the bicycle then it would be like a motorcycle and there are

many models of the motorcycle on the market. This tricycle can be used by people who have

balancing issues with the motorbike. Especially a small engine is attached to the backside of

the model so no human power is required to run the tricycle. It can be easily used by age 6 to
above. Nowadays people are looking for small cycles that can be easily handled, parked, and

stored and they should be powered by an engine.

 2. Literature review:

In our childhood, we use to ride these tricycles from ages 6 to 10. But now youngsters and
elders can also use these tricycles to make their work easy and fast by reducing the time of
transport. Most people think that it cannot be manufactured without any heavy machinery,
which results in the high costs of the tricycles. But we design this model with the lowest
budget and without any heavy machinery like CNC and lathe etc.

There are many problems that may be associated with a traditional coaster or three-speed
bicycle chains. If the length of chain is not correctly adjusted, they can be subjected to
slippage. Because the chain is often at least partially exposed, clothing, grass, or other objects
may become caught in the chain as the chain move past the objects. While during running the
dust particles attached with chain as chain is greasy and oily which also decrease the
efficiency of cycle. To overcome the above problem, Keyes designed a bicycle that had a
driver bevel gear connected to the pedals, a driven bevel gear at the hub of the rear wheel,
one or more drive shafts having beveled gears at each end & capable of transmitting the
rotation of the driver gear to the driven gear.

The major components of the invention that differ from previous tricycles are the
replacement of the sprocket gears with bevel gears and the chain with a drive shaft.

Types of tricycles that are commonly used today:

1. Delta tricycles: If two main wheels are placed behind the user then it’s a delta
tricycle.

Figure 4. Delta Tricycle

2. Tadpole tricycles: If two main wheels are placed in front of the handlebar then it’s a
Tadpole tricycle.

Figure 5. Tadpole Tricycle

3. Recumbent tricycles: Made in both delta and tadpole variations, these tricycles have
the user sitting in a very low and almost lying down position.
4. Convertible: If Tricycles can be transformed between delta and tadpole
configurations then it’s called a convertible.
5. Children's tricycles: Designs that are made to be very safe for children’s use in both
indoor and outdoor use.
6. Manual tricycles: If a tricycle is fueled by human feet or hands then it’s a manual
tricycle.

7. Motorized tricycles: Tricycles powered by combustible or electric engines.

Figure 6. Motorized Tricycle

All the types mentioned above are chain sprockets, but I aim to replace them with a bevel
gear system. Bevel gear are considered as the axes of two shafts intersect with each other and
the tooth-bearing faces of gears have conical shapes which can conside with each other
during motion. Bevel gears are mounted on shafts that are always have an angle of 90 degree
apart. These gears can work at other angles. The cone surface of bevel gear is called pitch
surface. Two important concepts in gearing are pitch surface and pitch angle. The pitch
surface of a gear is the imaginary toothless surface that you would have by averaging out the
peaks and valleys of the individual teeth. The pitch surface of an ordinary gear is the shape of
a cylinder. The pitch angle of a gear is the angle between the face of the pitch surface and the
axis. The most familiar kinds of bevel gears have pitch angles of less than 90 degrees and
therefore are cone shaped. This type of bevel gear is called external because the gear teeth
point outward. The pitch surfaces of meshed external bevel gears are coaxial with the gear
shafts; the apexes of the two surfaces are at the point of intersection of the shaft axes.

In chain sprockets system we use a chain to transfer the power to the wheel but the drawback

of this system is we cannot transfer high torque through this system. If you apply high torque

on the chain system then the chain will break down. So that’s why we are introducing bevel

gear system in the tricycle so we can transfer high torque to the wheel. High torque is needed

in the system in which you need to transfer heavy load. In bevel gear system we need a rigid

structure so the pressure of force transfer to the body not disturb the structure of the tricycle.

In Nigeria people used Tricycle for their daily life. But in a research paper it is mention that

most of the road accident in Nigeria is due to use of tricycle. Actually, in Nigeria people use

two type of tricycle which are the main reason for the accident, one is chain sprocket system

and the other is paddle system. In both of this power wheel is one which is front wheel and

when we apply breaks on this tricycle in fast speed, we had an accident. The braking system

is not good for this type of tricycle So that is why we shift the power to the back wheels of

the tricycle by attaching bevel gear on the back wheel. And brake system is attached with the

back two wheels. It will become easy to control the tricycle at high speed and less chance of

accidents. One of the most used popular cities in which tricycle is used as a mode of
transportation is Philippines, they mostly used tricycle for pick and drop purposes. But during

the ride people not feel comfortable due to the posture and motion discomfort. So, our aim is

to design the seat in such a way that passenger feel comfortable during his whole ride.

Trike and tricycles in Tuguegarao are the main source of public transport in the city. Mostly

8000 plus people are active user of these vehicles It’s the responsibility of the Tuguegarao

city to ensure the safety and comfort of the public using tricycles. It’s also responsibility of

the Local Government Unit (LGU) Tuguegarao to apply rules and regulation to avoid over

speeding in the city and safe ride for the passenger. The most violation that usually violated

by the tricycle drivers are: (1) Overcharging /Over fueling, (2) Overloading, (3) Over

speeding, (4) drivers under the influence of alcohol/smoking.

These department are built to maintain the rules and regulation in the society if any conflict

will arise. If any problem arises then party should concern with the specific department to

resolve their problem and to settle the dispute between the conflicted parties. Under the City

Ordinance No. 08-2013 provides the rules and regulations that all drivers and rider of

motorized tricycle must comply. There are a total of nineteen listed rules and regulations in

the ordinance but only few of them are being implemented by the tricycle drivers and riders.
3 Research Methodology:

3.1 Bevel Gear system

The system we are working on is powered by an engine. Power will be transferred by the
engine to the bevel gear and then to the tires for rotation. These 3 things will be
interconnected with the help of the shaft. Important thing is that bevel gear can transfer force
at a 90-degree angle. So, it will be easy for us to assemble the engine with the bevel gear and
then to the tires. These gears change the direction of the shaft rotation. There is a difference
between the bevel gear and are differ by the teeth that are straight, spiral, or hypoid shape.
Straight teeth have similar characteristics to spur gear and have a large impact when engaged.
And the shaft will be inserted in the holes that are shown in the figure given below.

Figure 7. Bevel Gear

The bevel gear system is subdivided into pinion and gear. The pinion is directly connected to
the torque or the engine. Pinion then rotates the gear and force are then transferred to the
shaft of the gear.

Figure 8. Gear and pinion

So, the forces on the pinion are the normal force which is subdivided into Tangential, radial,
and axial components so the shaft and gearing force could be easily calculated.

Figure 9. Normal force divided into Tangential,

Radial, and axial

The equations for tangential force, Ft, radial force, Fr, and axial force, Fa are:
Ft = Fn cos Φ
Fr = Fn sin Φ cos γ = Ft tan Φ cos γ
Fa = Fn sin Φ sin γ = Ft tan Φ sin γ
Where:
Fn is a normal force on the tooth
Φ is pressure angle
Y is the pitch angle
Ft is the tangential force
Fr is the radial force
Fa is the axial force
3.2 Force Analysis of Bevel Gears

The Pitch angle are:

γ=ta n ( 700
200 )
−1
=19.29

γ=ta n (
70 )
200
−1
=70.7

So that the velocity of the pitch w.r.t average pitch radius:

V =2 πrpn
2 π ( 30 )( 500 )
V=
60
mm
V =1570
s
Now Calculating transmitted load
H
Wt= …………………(i)
V
T
W t=
r avg

Here T is the torque and r avg is the pitch radius at the midpoint of tooth.
For our case, ½ horse power engine.
0.5 hp=0.3785 KW
H=378.5 W
mm
r avg =1570
s
m
r avg =1.570
s
Now putting values in eq (i)
378.5
W t=
1.57
W t =241.08

As we get positive value, it means force is acting in z-direction.

Now putting values for axial and radial forces :
 W r =W t tanϕ Cosγ …………………..(ii)

W t =241.08

γ=70.7
ϕ =30°
Putting values in eq(ii)

W r =241.5 tan ⁡(30 °) cos(70.7 °)

W r =46.00 N =Radial Force

W a =W t tan ϕ Sinγ

W a =241.08 tan ( 30 ° ) sin ( 70.7 ° )

W a =131.3 N = Axial Force

Bearing force of Gear Shaft:

RG =95 i+ 90

¿ 95 i−90 j
Vector from D to C

RC =−( 60+90 ) j=−150 j

Moment about D

RG ×W + R C + FC +T =0

( 95 i−90 j ) × (−46 i−131.3 j+241.08 k )+ (−150 j ) × ( FCx i + FCy j+ F zC k ) +T j =0

(−21697.2 i+12473.5 k −22902.6 j−4140 k ) + ( −150 E zC i+150 FCx k ) +T j=0

| |
i jk
−2169.72−22902.612059.2
¿ z x
−150 F C 0 150 F C
0T 0

T =150 j N .m
x
F C =498 N
z
F C =−1042 N

Now sum the forces

 F D + F C +W =0

( F yD i+ F zD k )+ ( 498 j+ FCy −1042 j )+ (−46i−131.3 j+ 241.08 k )=0

F Cy =680 N
F C =498 i+690 j−1042 N

F D =401 i−568 k

3.3 Assembly of Bevel Gear:

When assembled correctly, the contact will occur on both gears in the middle of the flank and
center of face width but somewhat closer to the toe.

Figure 10. Correct assembly of bevel gear

If the mounting distance of the pinion is incorrect, the contact between them will occur too
high on the flank on one gear and too low on the other and vice versa.

Figure 11. Error Assembly

3.4 Power Transmission by shaft

p=τ ×ω
2 πN
ω=
60
2 πN
p=τ × watts
60

We selected 48 cc engine and its horse power is defined as

hp=48/16
engine power = 3 hp

3.5 Specifications of defined engine

Compression ratio = 6:1

Transmission ratio = 18:1
Kick start
3 hp @ 6000rpm
2 stroke machine oil for lubrication
Fuel consumption is 1.5 L per 100 Kms
Tank capacity is 2 L
Now putting values
2 πNT
P=
60

P × 60
T=
2 πN
hp=2.23 KW
¿ 2237 KW
2237 × 60
¿
2 π ×6000
 T =3.56 N . m

N
Pitch Dia=D=
P
N
Diameteral Pitch=P=
D
No of teeth=N
2.188
Whole Depth=H t = +a
P
1
Addendum=a=
P
Dedendum=b=H t−a

Clearence=C=H t −2 a

P1
Circular tooth thickness=T =
2P

Bevel Gear Ratio:

2 × No . of teeth on gear
¿
No . of teeth on gear + No . of teeth on pinion × tan ⁡( pitch angle )
2× 25
¿
25+(12 × tan (19.29 ))

¿ 1.712
Pitch angle:

Np
L p=tan( )
Ng

Lg =tan ( )
Ng
Np

Pitch Code Radius:

D
Rcp =
2sin ( L p )

D
Rcg =
2sin ( L g )

Face Width:
 Face Width=F=min ( )
c 8
,
3 p

Outside Dia=Dop=D p +2 × q ×cos L p

Dog=D g+ 2× a ×cos L g

Wear strength of bevel gears:

0.75 × Face Width × Ratio Factor × Pitch Dia˚ of pinion × Material Constant
Wear Strentgh=
cos ( pitch angle )
0.75
¿
cos ( 19.24 )

Wear strength=3.143 ×10−5

Rolling friction:
W ×f
F r=
√ r 2−f 2
W= weight =26.2 kg
f=friction coefficient
r=radius of wheel
There are two conditions:
i- For wet surface =0.5
26.3 ×0.5
F r=
√.4 2−.52
¿!

ii- For dry surface =0.8

26.3 ×0.5
F r=
√.4 2−.82
¿!

Torque required to move tri-cycle

Total mass of machine =26 Kg
F=18.2× 9.81
¿ 257.02 N
Wheel diameter = 0.4m
So;
Torque=Force × Radius of wheel
¿ 257.02× 0.4
¿ 102.8 N . m

The top speed of engine is 30 Km/hr = 8.33m/s

Power=Torque ×Velocity
¿ 102.8 ×8.33
¿ 856.6 Watts

Shaft Design:
Material Used – ANSI 1020 Steel
Tensile Strength – 42050700Pa
Yield Strength – 351571000 Pa
For Solid shaft the polar moment of inertia is
π 4
J= ×d
32
π
J= × 0.04 4
32
−7 4
J=2.51×10 m
T .R
Shear Stress=τ=
J
227.4 ×0.02
τ=
2.51×10−7
6 N
¿ 17.73 ×10
m2
Bending Moment of shaft
EI
M=
R
9 −7
205 ×10 ×2.51 ×10 N
M= =25727
.02 m
Overturning on a curved horizontal track :
W=mg
R A , R B are normal reactions of tyre

Condition 1:
When vehicle is at rest
Inner Vehicle = Outer Vehicle
W mg
R A =R B= =
2 2

Condition 2:
When vehicle is in motion
Mass of trike = 26.2 kg
Coefficient of friction for wet surface = 0.7
Velocity = 30 Km/hr
Testing angle = 10º
Taking Moments at G:

3.6 Straight Bevel Gear Analysis

3.6.1 For Bending Strength

RPM =600 rpm

d p=n p met 25 ( 5 )=125 mm

π d p n p π ( .125 ) ( 600 )
v et = = =3.93m/s
60 60

Here Factor of safety is FS=1, SH=1

Now we can find dynamic factor
 A=50+56 ( 1−.731 )=65.06
2
3
B=0.25 ( 12−7 ) =0.731

( )
.731
65.06+ √ 200 ( 3.9 )
Kv= =1.299
65.06
2

v et , max =
[ 65.06+( 7−3 ) ] =23.8
m
200 s

σ flim=0.3 ( 180 ) +14.48=68.48 MPa

a)For bending strength:

1000 W K A K V Y X K HB 0.528 ( 1.25 )

t t
W
σ F= . . = . ( 1 ) . ( 1.299 ) .
b m et Y B Y J 27.5 ( 5 ) ( 1 ) 0.261
t
σ F =0.029 W

64.48 ( 1 )
σ FP= =64.48 MPa
1× 1× 1
σ FP=σ F

0.029 W t =64.48 MPa

t
W =2223 N
t
H ¿ W v et =2223 ( 3.93 )
H=8735W
b)For wear strength:
σ H , lim ¿=2.35 (180 )+ 162.89=585.9 MPa ¿

ZW 585.9 ( 1.32 )( 1 )
σ HP=σ H Z NT = =773.4 MPa
SH . Kθ . Zz ( 1 ) (1 )( 1 )

( )
t 1
1000 W 2
σ H =Z E . K A . K V . K HB . Z X . Z xc
bd z1

( )
t 1
W 2
σ H= 1 ( 1.299 ) ( 1.254 ) ( 0.573 ) (2 )
27.5 ( 125 )( 0.065 )

σ H =17.37 √ W
t

17.37 √ W t =773.4
 t
W =1982 N
H=1982 ( 3.93 )=7789 W

3.7 Torsion of shaft

T=102.5 N.m
D=22mm
R=11mm
T τ Gθ
= =
J R L
Torque =T
Second Moment = J
Shear Stress = τ
Radius = R
Modulus of Rigidity = G
Angle of twist = θ
Length = L

3.8 Shear stress

R
τ =T ×
J
4
πD
J=
32

0.0224
J=π ×
32
J=2.3× 10−8 m4
0.011
τ =102.8 × −8
2.30× 10
τ =49.15 MPa

3.9 Angle of Twist

T Gθ
=
J L
TL
θ=
JG
 0.5
θ=102.8× −8 9
2.3 × 10 ×95 ×10
θ=0.0244 rad
360
θ=0.0244 ×
2π
θ=1.34 °

3.10 Shear Strain

Cϕ
γ=
L
0.11 ×0.024
γ=
0.5
−3
γ=5.28 ×10

3.11 Overturning on a curved horizontal track

W=mg
R A , R B are normal reactions of tyre

Condition 1:
When vehicle is at rest
Inner Vehicle = Outer Vehicle
W mg
R A =R B= =
2 2
Condition 2:
When vehicle is in motion
Mass of trike = 26.2 kg
Coeffic9ient of friction for wet surface = 0.7
Velocity = 30 Km/hr
Testing angle = 10º
Taking Moments at G:
∑ CWM = ∑ CCWM
0.2032 ( F D ) + 0.7874 ( R A ) + 0.0254 F R=0.6096 R B
 F D =μ R B

0.2032 [ 0.7 ( R B ) ] +0.7874 R A +0.0254 F R =0.6096 RB

0.7874 R A +0.0254 F R =0.46736 R B ………………………………EQ-1

∑ F ↑=∑F ↓
R A + R B =222.4846……………………………………….EQ-2

Since
m
v=19.44 ∧¿ is constant
s
F D =F R

F D =0.7 RB F R =0.7 RB ………………..EQ 3

Substitute Eq-3 in Eq-1

0.7874 R A +0.0254 ( 0.7 R B )=0.4673 R B

0.7874 R A =0.4673 R B−0.01778 RB

0.44958
RA= R … … … … … … … … … … … EQ−4
0.7874 B
Sub Eq-4 in Eq-2
R A + R B =222.4868

0.44958
R + R =222.4868
0.7874 B B
R B=389.67 N

222.4868=R A + R B

222.4868=R A +389.67

R A =1.75 N

F D =Driving Force

F D =μ R B

F D =0.7 ×389.67

F D =272.77 N
2
F R =F D ; F R=k v
 2
F D =k v
2
272.77=k ( 19.44 )
k =0.72
Power of Engine=F D × v

¿ 272.77 ×19.44
¿ 5.3 KW

Note:
Max power for max assumed speed
opp=mg Sinθ
adj=mgCosθ
2
F D =μ R B ; F R=k v
W =mg=22.67 × 9.81
W =222.49 N
No friction on front wheels
Recall from a=0
∑ F ↑=∑F ↓
R B+ R A =mgCosθ

R A =mgCosθ−R A

∑ F x =ma

F D −F R−mgSinθ=ma

F R =F D−mgSinθ−ma

Recall moments about G

0.7874 R A +0.0254 F R =0.4673 R B

0.7874 R A +0.0254( 0.2286 R B −mgSinθ)=0.4673 RB

0.7874 R A +0.0254( 0.2286 R B −222.49sin 7 °)=0.4673 RB

0.7874 R A +0.0254(0.2286 R B −27.11)=0.4673 R B

 0.7874 R A =0.4673 R B−0.00580 RB + 0.68872

0.46155 R B +0.688721
RA=
0.7874
Sub R_A into Eq-1
0.46155 R B +0.688721
+ RB =222.49 cos 7 °
0.7874
0.46155 R B 0.688721
+ + RB =222.49 cos 7 °
0.7874 0.7874

0.586174 R B + RB =220.83−0.875

1.586174 R B=219.955

R B=138.67 N

Recall
2
F R =k v =F D−mgSinθ

0.72 v 2=0.2032 ( 138.67 ) −222.49 sin7 °

2 1.06303
0.72 v =
0.72
m
v=1.22
s

3.12 Skidding Speed

√ μgr
μ is Frictional factor , g is gravity , r is fradius of curve.
Using the body length of the trike as radius
r=1.4224m, μ =o.4 wet , μ =0.7 dry , g=9.8
For wet
m
Speed=1.4224 × 0.7 9.81=9.77
s
Overturning speed

√ dgr
2h
d=wheel base distance
h=height to center of gravity
d=0.6477, h=0.2032, r=1.4223m, g=9.8

√ 0.6477× 9.81 ×1.4224

2 ×0.2032
m
Speed for overturning=4.72
s

4.0 Analytical Frame work

4.1 Model Development

4.1.1 Engine:

Engine is the part of any machine which burns the fuel (it may be petrol or diesel) and convert it into

mechanical energy. Mostly engine is internal combustion used in our daily life. So, it’s easy for me to

use a internal combustion engine. This model I use four stroke engines having 3HP capacity in it. It

can store 2-liter fuel in its tank. It can run 100km in 1.5 liter. It can give 6000 revolution per minute.

So, in my CAD model I design a plug through which a engine get spark. Plug is then connected with a

box in which piston run and provide mechanical energy to the crank shaft. After that box a gear box is

model through which we control RPM of the engine. The black box structure contains magnetic coil

which provide smooth current to the engine.

4.1.2. Tire:

There are two type of tire I modeled for my project, front tire and rare side tire. Bothe tires have

different height and width. Front tire is 2 feet tall and 6 inch wide, and rare side tire is 1.5 feet tall and

7inch wide. Grips are also modeled on the tire surface to increase the grip with the surface. These

treads are then chamfer to make it realistic. I use torus to make my both designs.

4.1.3 Gear box:

In gear box, a four walled box is model in which 3 holes are made through which shaft can be pass

and bevel gear can easily be set in the gear box. Gear box is so simple model that we can easily

lubricate the pinion and gear. Two sheets/plates are extended to attach the gear box with the cycle.

4.1.4 Bearing:

It’s a single row ball bearing in my model. Ball bearing are located in the holes of gear box. Through

this ball beari shaft is passed to give easy rotation to transfer the power to the tire. The internal

diameter is 2inch and external diameter is 3inch, the clearance is C3.

4.1.5 Hand Brake lever:

Hand break is model which is located on the handle to reduce the speed of the tricycle. In this

model a curved is design so its easy for ride to press the handbrake. A hole is also made on

the lever to pass the wire through it. This wire is the attach with the breaks attached on the

tires. A knob is also model in the lever to attach it on the handle and also to easily adjust the

lever.

4.1.6 Handle grip:

Grippers are made on both side of the handle so rider can easily handle the ride. Curved

structure design to increase the grip with hand and it also give rider a pleasing look. You can

easily control it through the handle pipe but by mounting the grippers on the handle make it is

to hold the handle.

4.1.7 Front Fork:

Bicycle fork is the part of a bicycle that hold the front wheel. It actually consists of the blades

which are joined at the top. In this model handle is also build in attach with the fork. You can

easily adjust the handle on the fork by loosening the nut on the fork where handle is attached.
4.1.8 Paddle:

Attach the paddle model with front tire. We can use the paddle when we are out of fuel or we

want to safe fuel. Design of the paddle are made in such a way that I make dots and pattern

on the upper and lower surface of the tire to increase the grip of paddle with foot.

4.1.9 Footrest:

It is just assembled back side of the front tire so rider can easily place their feet on the

footrest. It helps rider to not lean on the front side and to ride easily. Footrests are round

shaped and like paddle, a pattern is made on the footrest to have a grip with the feet.

4.1.10 Seat:

Seat design is curved shaped, in such a way that to rest back of the rider so rider do not get

tired of sitting on the tricycle seat. Two rods are also model with the seat to attach the seat

with the main structure of the cycle.it will give seat a firm support.

4.1.11 Main body/structure:

Front side of body is curved to increase the area for the rider and to attach the front fork with

it. The back side has two forks in which a gear box will attach, and tire also attach to the left

and right side of the main body. Just before the center, two holes are built to attach the seat.

4.1.12 Handlebar:

It is a joint between handle and fork of the tricycle. Open from the bottom and two bars at the

top. Made two hole to attach handle with the front fork.

4.1.13 Bevel gear:

Bevel gear contains two parts, gear and pinion. In this model pinion contain 20 teeth and gear

has 40 teeth. These are also known as spiral bevel gear in which gear is bigger than the
pinion, but for mesh them correctly, they must have same pressure angle, module, and face

width.

Engine:

Rare side
wheel:
Front side
wheel:

Gear box:

Bearing:
Hand break
lever:

Handle grip:

Front fork:

Paddle:
Footrest:

Seat:

Main
body/structure:

Handlebar:
 Gear:

Pinion:

4.1.14 Assembled model:

All parts are assembled to see the result for the tricycle. Starting from the main body of the

tricycle, first I attach the tires of rare side and the front tire to see if they are perfectly

matched. After tires engine is placed just before the gear box and then gear box is attached

with the tricycle. Shafts and bevel gear is then mated in the gear box. Then handle, brake and

grips are mated at their positions. The overall assembly is look perfect.
4.2 Meshing

4.3 Boundary Conditions

5.0 Result and discussion

5.1 Force analysis:

In bevel gear application to find the load on shaft and bearings, the better way is to focus all

the forces of tangential and transmitted load at the midpoint of the teeth. While the actual

resultant occurs somewhere between the midpoint and the large end of the tooth. There is

only small chances o f error making this assumption. In force analysis of bevel gear there are

tangential force Wt, radial force Wa and axial force Wa which are 241.08 N , 46 N and 131.3

N respectively. The Fc and Fd are 498i+690j-1042k N and 401i-568j N respectively.

5.2 Engine power transmission:

The engine used in my project is 3hp engine which has capability to give 6000 rpm. The

power transmission through this engine is 2237kw. The torque that can be produce through

this engine is calculated is 3.56 N.m.

5.3 Straight bevel gear analysis:

In bevel gear mounting if the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing, then the shaft

will show more deflection and it seems like this is due the teeth of the gear. To achieve
perfect line contact passing through the cone center they ought to be bend more on the large

end then the small end. For bending strength, the value of H is 8735 W and for wear strength

the value of H is 7789 W.

In bevel gear mounting if the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing, then the shaft

will show more deflection and it seems like this is due the teeth of the gear. To achieve

perfect line contact passing through the cone center they ought to be bend more on the large

end then the small end. For bending strength, the value of H is 8735 W and for wear strength

the value of H is 7789 W.

5.4 Quality Function Development Description:

We create a quality function development (QFD) house of quality chart to categorize the

function of tricycle and relate them with each other. There are some factors that has positive

and negative relationship with each other. For example, power transmission and weight. It

means it has a positive relationship. It the weight changes in one direction the power

transmission will change in the same way. When the tricycle will be heavily loaded more

engine power would be required to support the running mechanism. Similarly, some factors

have the negative factors. For example, weight and speed of tricycle. If the weight is high

then the cycle will take much time to reach the top speed. It is also necessary to understand

that how all factors influenced with design mechanism and its smooth operation.
The house of quality outline the which criteria for designing a tricycle we needed for this

project and the targeted values we want to achieved. The main aim to achieve some basic

values for example tricycle balancing, weight distribution on all tires, engine’s location, gear

box exactly parallel to the tyres so maximum forced can be shifted easily. Disk Braking

system is used in tricycle and also paddling system can also be include to use this extra

feature incase tricycle is run out of fuel. Some other qualitative specifications will also be

necessary in final design.

5.5 Quality Function deployment (QFD)

The main idea behind the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is to translate customer

requests into solutions to meet those requirements. It is a methodology for taking the Voice of

the Customer (VOC) and using that information to drive aspects of product development or

process improvement. It allows for answers to questions such as: what do our customers need

and want? How well are we doing relative to our competitors, and so on.

Yoji Akao, called the "Father of QFD," is credited with introducing the concept of QFD to

Japan in 1966. The Japanese term "hinshitsu kino tenkai" interprets to "Quality Function

Deployment," with "function" relating to a commercial enterprise system assessment to

enhance product best in the course of the manufacturing system. Dr. Mizuno, teacher

emeritus at the Tokyo Organized of Innovation, is credited with starting the QFD (Quality

Function Deployment) framework. QFD was to begin with utilized in 1972 at Mitsubishi,

Heavy Industries, Ltd., at Kobe Shipyard, Japan. Four years of case study development,

refinement and training. QFD has been effectively executed within the generation of Toyota

minivans. Based on 1977, a 20% diminishment in The start-up costs were detailed with the

presentation of the modern van in October 1979, a diminishment of 38% in November 1982
and an collected diminishment of 61% in April 1984. The execution of the quality function

was to begin with presented within the US in 1984 by Dr. Xerox Clausus.

The QFD can be applied to virtually any fabricating or service industry and has ended up

standard hone for most ruling companies, as well as their distributors. Quality function

deployment (QFD) is a planning method that helps companies to meet their customers'

standards. It is a systematic approach to product design, engineering, and manufacturing that

allows for in-depth product evaluation. QFD can increase engineering knowledge,

productivity, and quality while lowering costs, product development time, and technical

changes in an enterprise that implements it correctly.

5.6 House of Quality

The primary planning tool used in QFD is the house of quality. The house of quality

translates the voice of the customer into design requirements that meet specific target values

and matches those against how an organization will meet those requirements. Many managers

and engineers consider the house of quality to be the primary chart in quality planning. The

House of Quality (HOQ) is a diagram used by a product development team during the initial

stage of the QFD process. It uses a planning matrix to define the relationship between

customer requirements and the capability of the product and the company to satisfy these

requirements. Because this matrix looks like a house, where customer requirements and

product attributes resemble the main living quarters, competitive analysis resembles the

porch, and the correlation matrix resembles the roof, it is called House of Quality. HOQ

encompasses different QFD elements used for understanding customer requirements and

aligning business processes to meet these customer requirements.

QFD: House of Quality
Project: Design of Trike using Bevel gear transmission

Correlations

Positive +
Negative −
No Correlation

Relationships

Strong ●
▽ −
Moderate ○ + +
Weak − +
− + + − +
Direction of Improvement
◇ + − −
Maximize ▲
Target
− + − + −
− + − + − − −
Minimize ▼
+ − + − + −
◇ ◇
Column # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Secutronic Company Limited, China

Direction of Improvement ▲ ▲ ▼ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▼ ▲ Industrial Competitors

YongKang Jialang Industry

G OTREX, E-Wheels, USA

Gear Transmission

Cost of Production
Damping System
Voice of
Braking System
Engine Power

Fuel Capacity

Expected Life
Customer

Structure
(How's)

Weight
% Importance

FO S

Quietkat Terike
Importance
% Importance

Design Goal

Row #
Needs of Customer
(What's)
. ▽ ▽
8.80% 4.8 Light weight
● ▽
● ○ ▽
● ▽
● ● ● ● ○ 3.5 3.7 4.5 3.5 3.2 1

8.80% 4.8 Steering

● ●
▽ ○ ▽ ● ● ○ 4.5 4 4 3.8 5 2

5.10% 2.8 Speed

● ○ ▽ ● ● ○ ● 3 3 4 4 4 3

8.60% 4.7 Safe

● ○ ▽
● ▽ ▽
● ● ▽ ▽
● 4.8 3.5 3.4 4 5 4

6.40% 3.5 Cheap

● ▽
● ○ ● ● ● ● ● 2.8 3.8 4.1 4.2 3.2 5

8.80% 4.8 Miles per Liter ● ○ ▽ ▽ ● 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.1 3.5 6

8.20% 4.5 Reliable

○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● 4.8 4.5 4.1 4.1 4 7

6.40% 3.5 Comfort

● ○ ● ○ ● ○ 3 4.1 5 4.2 3.8 8

54.6 15

Absolute Important 259 65 402 400 322 103 61 983 353 176

Our Product
Competitor #1: Product Name
Competitor #2: Product Name
Competitor #3: Product Name
Competitor #4: Product Name
5
3 4 3 2 5 3 2 4 3 2
2 3 5 1 3 4 3 4 4 3
3 0 4 5 2 4 4 2 4 3
4 1 5 4 3 3 4 4 2 3
5 5 2 1 4 2 3 3 3 4

Our
4

Product
Compet
itor #1
3

Compet
itor #2
2

Compet
itor #3
1
0

Column # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6.0 Conclusion:

Tricycle model is successfully modeled, and calculation are being made. The bevel gear

system is best suited for the heavy weight transformation and for the speed variation. In this
model we can easily control the RPM of the engine with the help of Grips like motorbike. By

lowering the height of the tricycle, we conclude that the mass of gravity increases due to

which it gives us extra grip with surface. Breaking systems are also introduced, in which we

used disc brakes for the rear wheels. Its easy to handle the tricycle when the breaks are on the

rear wheel and less chance of accident in this case. We use 3hp engine in my model which

enough to carry load of daily usage. At this engine cycle can be easily controlled on its high

speed, so there will be less chances of accidents. Weight of the engine and rider is equally

distributed on the tricycle. Frame is made of pipes and it’s a strong rigid structure which can

support the heavy torque transferred by the engine to the bevel gear. Disc braking system is

also introduced to improve the handling of the tricycle. Tires used in the model are good

enough to grip on surface. For better griping I use two types of tire the front wheel are narrow

type and the rare wheels are wide to increase the grip with the surface. Seat for the rider is set

in such a way that the mass of the rider distributed equally on the tricycle when the rider

leans toward the handle.

Reference:
Urunkar, R.U. and Deshpande, P.P., 2014. Study of Drive Mechanisms of Bicycle, Tricycle
or Like Vehicles to Optimize Operating Performance-A Review. International. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications, 4(1), pp.214-219.
Parashar, A., Purohit, S., Malviya, S., Pandey, N. and Kundu, A.K., 2016. Design &
Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle. International Journal of Science Technology &
Engineering. ISSN (online): 2349 X, 784.