Questions

Q1.
 
The diagram shows the structures of two different atoms.

(a)  State how the diagram shows that both of these atoms are neutral.
(1)
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(b)  Explain how the diagram shows that these atoms are isotopes.
(2)
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(c)  Complete the table to show the atomic number and mass number of atoms 1 and 2.
(2)

(d)  The table shows the mass number and percentage of two different atoms of another element.

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this element.

 Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................

 
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q2.
 
The diagram shows the structure of an atom.

(a)  Name the central part of an atom.

(1)
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(b)  Name the positively charged particles in an atom.

(1)
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(c)  State how the diagram shows that this atom is neutral.

(1)
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(d)  Give the mass number of this atom.

(1)
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(e)  Give the name of the element containing this atom.

       Use the Periodic Table to help you.
(1)
 .............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 5 marks)
 

Q3.
 
The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of an element.

(a)  Complete the table by giving the missing information about this atom.
(5)

(b)  This element has three isotopes.

The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in a sample of this
element.
 Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this element.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................

 
(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q4.
 
Halon 1301 is a compound used in some fire extinguishers.

Halon 1301 has the percentage composition by mass of

(a)  Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of this compound is CBrF3

(2)

(b)  The diagram shows the displayed formula of a molecule of Halon 1301.

 Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show all the outer electrons in this molecule.
(2)

(c)  The boiling point of Halon 1301 is −58 °C.

Explain why Halon 1301 has a low boiling point.
(2)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q5.
 
(a)  The diagram shows the apparatus a teacher uses to determine the formula of an oxide of lead.

This is the teacher's method.

Step 1 find the mass of the reduction tube
Step 2 add some of the lead oxide to the reduction tube
Step 3 find the mass of the reduction tube and lead oxide
 Step 4 pass hydrogen gas over the lead oxide and ignite the hydrogen at the hole
Step 5 heat the lead oxide strongly for 10 minutes
Step 6 keep passing hydrogen through the reduction tube until the tube and contents are cool
Step 7 find the new mass of the reduction tube and its contents
(i)  Give a reason why hydrogen is passed through the reduction tube until the tube and contents are
cool.
(1)
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(ii)  Describe what the teacher should do next to make sure all the lead oxide has been reduced to
lead.
(2)
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(b)  The teacher completes the experiment and obtains these results.

    mass of reduction tube = 23.50 g

mass of tube + lead oxide = 28.64 g

         mass of tube + lead = 28.16 g

(i)  Calculate the mass of lead formed.
(1)
mass of lead = ........................................................... g
(ii)  Calculate the mass of oxygen removed from the lead oxide.
(1)
mass of oxygen = ........................................................... g
(iii)  Determine the empirical formula of the lead oxide.
(4)
 empirical formula of the lead oxide ...........................................................

(c)  The insoluble salt lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) can be prepared by reacting a solution of lead(II) nitrate
with dilute
        hydrochloric acid.
(i)  Complete the equation for the reaction by adding the state symbols.
(1)
Pb(NO3)2(............) + 2HCl(............)   →   PbCl2(............) + 2HNO3(............)
(ii)  Show that the maximum mass of lead(II) chloride that can be made from 0.0370 mol of
hydrochloric acid is
        about 5 g.
[Mr of PbCl2 = 278]
(3)

maximum mass = ........................................................... g

 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q6.
 
(a)  The diagram shows the displayed formula of the organic compound methanol, CH3OH

(i)  Determine the number of atoms in one molecule of methanol.

(1)
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(ii)  State why methanol is not a hydrocarbon.
(1)
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(b)  The atoms in methanol are held together by covalent bonds.

(i)  State what is meant by the term covalent bond.
(2)
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(ii)  Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of methanol.
Show only the outer electrons of each atom.
(2)

(c)  Another organic compound has the percentage composition by mass

C = 38.7%        H = 9.7%        O = 51.6%

(i)  Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
(3)

empirical formula = ...........................................................

(ii)  The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the compound is 62
Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
(2)
 molecular formula = ...........................................................

 
(Total for question = 11 marks)
 

Q7.
 
Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to form the insoluble solid lead iodide.

Crystals of lead nitrate and potassium iodide are placed at opposite ends of a container of water.

Solid lead iodide forms after several minutes.

The diagram shows the container at the start and after several minutes.

(a)  Name the two processes that occur before the solid lead iodide forms.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(b)  Explain why solid lead iodide takes less time to form when the reaction is repeated using water at a
higher temperature.
(2)
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(c)  The formula for lead nitrate is Pb(NO3)2

(i)  Give the number of different elements in lead nitrate.
(1)
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 (ii)  Give the charge on the lead ion in Pb(NO3)2
(1)
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(d)  Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide.
(1)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + ............................... KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + ............................... KNO3(aq)

 
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q8.
 
(a)  The box gives some methods used in the separation of mixtures.

Use words from the box to answer these questions.

(i)  Identify the method used to obtain pure water from sea water.
(1)
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(ii)  Identify the method used to separate the dyes in a food colouring.
(1)
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(iii)  Identify the method used to obtain ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water.
(1)
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(b)  Complete the sentences by writing a suitable word in each blank space.

(3)
When salt is added to water and stirred until no more
will ............................................................................................. , a saturated solution forms.
The salt is the ............................................................................................. .
The water is the ............................................................................................. .
 
(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q9.
 
A student uses paper chromatography in an experiment to separate the dyes in four different food
colourings, E, F, G and H.
The diagram shows the appearance of the paper before and after the experiment.

(a)  (i)  Describe how the student should complete the experiment after putting a spot of each food
colouring on the paper.
(3)
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(ii)  Deduce the number of dyes in food colouring H.
(1)
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(iii)  Suggest why food colouring F does not move during the experiment.
(1)
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(iv)  Explain which two food colourings contain the dye that is likely to be the most soluble in the
solvent.
(2)
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(b)  Determine which food colouring contains a dye with Rf value closest to 0.67
Show your working.
(3)

 
(Total for question = 10 marks)
 

Q10.
 
Ammonium chloride decomposes in a reversible reaction. The equation for this reaction is

(a)  State how the equation shows that the reaction is reversible.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

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(b)  Some ammonium chloride is heated gently in a test tube.

The diagram shows the test tube after it has been heated gently for a short time.
 (i)  Identify solid X and the two gases formed in region Y of the test tube.
(2)
Solid X .................................................................................................................................

Gases in region Y ..................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Which change of state occurs in the test tube during heating?
(1)
   A    condensing
   B    evaporating
   C    melting
   D    subliming

(c)  An experiment involving ammonium chloride can be used to show the process of diffusion.
The diagram shows the apparatus at the start of the experiment.

At the end of the experiment, a white solid forms in the test tube.
Explain which position, A, B or C, shows where the white solid forms.
(3)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q11.
 
This question is about the separation of mixtures.

(a)  The box gives some methods used to separate mixtures.

Complete the table by giving the correct method from the box for each separation.
Each method can be used once, more than once or not at all.
(4)

(b)  A student uses chromatography to analyse the composition of purple ink.

The diagram shows the student's chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

(i)  Explain which dyes are contained in the purple ink.

 (2)
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(ii)  Explain which dye is least soluble in the solvent.
(2)
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(c)  A different chromatography experiment is set up.

A spot of food colouring is placed on the start line.
A food dye in the colouring has an Rf value of 0.72
The distance between the start line and the solvent front is 120 mm.
Calculate the distance the food dye moves from the start line.
(2)

distance = ........................................................... mm

 
(Total for question = 10 marks)
 

Q12.
 
Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

(a)  Each of the boxes in the diagram represents either an element, a compound or a mixture.
 (i)  Explain which two boxes represent an element.
(2)
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(ii)  Explain which two boxes represent a mixture.
(2)
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(b)  The list gives the names of some methods used in the separation of mixtures:

 chromatography
 crystallisation
 distillation
 filtration 
Use names from the list to choose a suitable method for each separation.
Each name may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i)  Separating water from sodium chloride solution.
(1)
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(ii)  Separating the blue dye from a mixture of blue and red dyes.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Separating potassium nitrate from potassium nitrate solution.
(1)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)
 
Q13.
 
Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

(a)  Each of the boxes in the diagram represents either an element, a compound or a mixture.

(i)  Explain which two boxes represent an element.

(2)
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(ii)  Explain which two boxes represent a mixture.
(2)
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(b)  The list gives the names of some methods used in the separation of mixtures:

   chromatography
   crystallisation
   distillation
   filtration
Use names from the list to choose a suitable method for each separation.
Each name may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i)  Separating water from sodium chloride solution.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Separating the blue dye from a mixture of blue and red dyes.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Separating potassium nitrate from potassium nitrate solution.
(1)
 .............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q14.
 
This question is about ionic compounds.

(a)  The table shows the formulae of some positive and negative ions, and the formulae of some
compounds containing these ions.

(i)  Complete the table by giving the three missing formulae.

(3)
(ii)  Give the name of the compound with the formula NH4NO3
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound.

The sodium and oxide ions are held together by ionic bonds.
(i)  State the meaning of the term ionic bond.
(2)
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(ii)  The diagram shows the arrangement of the electrons in a sodium atom and in an oxygen atom.
 Draw diagrams in the boxes to show the arrangement of the electrons in the ions of sodium oxide.
Include the charges on the ions.
(3)

 
(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q15.
 
(a)  Table 1 shows the formulae of some ions.
It also shows the formulae of some compounds containing these ions.

Complete Table 1 by giving the missing information.

(3)
(b)  Table 2 gives information about aluminium fluoride and aluminium bromide.

Explain the difference between the melting points of aluminium fluoride and
aluminium bromide. Refer to bonding and structure in your answer.
(5)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
 

Q16.
 
Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide all have giant covalent structures.

The diagram shows the structures of these three substances.

(a)  Explain why silicon dioxide has a high melting point.
(2)
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(b)  Explain why graphite conducts electricity.

(2)
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(c)  State why diamond is hard but graphite is soft.

(2)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q17.
 
This question is about metals.

(a)  Which statement describes metallic bonding?

 (1)
   A    electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
   B    electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a pair of electrons shared
between them
   C    electrostatic attraction between positively charged particles and delocalised electrons
   D    electrostatic attraction between atoms

(b)  Aluminium is malleable and can be easily shaped to make saucepans used for cooking food.
State two other properties of aluminium that make it suitable for saucepans used for cooking food.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(c)  Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium.

The diagram shows how the atoms are arranged in this alloy.

(i)  State what is meant by the term alloy.

(1)
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(ii)  Explain why magnalium is harder than aluminium.
(3)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)
 
Q18.
 
This question is about the elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table and their reactions with water.

(a)  State why sodium and potassium are in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(1)
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(b)  A reaction occurs when a small piece of sodium is added to a large volume of water in a trough.
(i)  Give two observations that you would make during this reaction.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

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2 ..........................................................................................................................................

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(ii)  After the reaction has finished, a few drops of universal indicator are added to the solution in the
trough.
Explain the final colour of the universal indicator.
(2)
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(iii)  What is the most likely pH value of the solution in the trough after the reaction is complete?
(1)
   A    2
   B    5
   C    8
   D    12

(c)  Give the name of a Group 1 metal that is less reactive than sodium.
(1)
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(d)  A small piece of potassium is added to a large volume of water in a trough.

Give one observation that is made when potassium is added to water that is not made when sodium
is added to water.
(1)
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(e)  Complete the equation for the reaction of rubidium with water.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

 
(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q19.
 
This question is about metals in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

When these metals are added to water, they form hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution.

(a)  A teacher adds a small piece of lithium to a trough of water to form a solution.
She dips a piece of platinum wire into the solution. She then places the wire into
a hot Bunsen flame and the flame changes colour.
(i)  State the new colour of the flame.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Give the formula of the ion responsible for the new colour.
(1)
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(iii)  The teacher adds a few drops of litmus indicator to the solution.
Explain the colour of the litmus indicator after it is added to the solution.
(2)
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(b)  The teacher adds a small piece of sodium to a second trough of water.

The sodium floats and moves around the surface of the water as it reacts.
(i)  Give two other observations that are made as sodium reacts with water.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

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2 ..........................................................................................................................................

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(ii)  Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
(1)
(c)  The teacher adds a small piece of potassium to a third trough of water.
(i)  Give one observation that is different when using potassium instead of sodium.
(1)
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(ii)  Give a possible pH value for the solution that forms when potassium reacts with water.
(1)
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(d)  Explain why the reaction of rubidium with water is more vigorous than the
reaction of potassium with water.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
 

Q20.
 
The table gives some information about the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

(a)  Complete the table.

(2)
(b)  Chlorine has two isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37
The relative percentage of each isotope in a sample of chlorine is
chlorine-35      77.78%          chlorine-37      22.22%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
 (3)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................

(c)  A student is given an aqueous solution of chlorine and an aqueous solution of potassium bromide.
Explain how he can use these two solutions to compare the reactivity of chlorine with the reactivity of
bromine.
(4)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q21.
 
This question is about elements in Group 7 and their compounds.

The table gives information about some of these elements.

(a)  (i)  Predict the colour of fluorine at room temperature.

(1)
 .............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  How many of the elements in the table are liquids at room temperature (20°C)?
(1)
   A    0
   B    1
   C    2
   D    3

(iii)  The element astatine is below iodine in Group 7.

Predict the formula of a molecule of astatine.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  Sea water contains bromide ions.

Bromine can be obtained by bubbling chlorine through a sample of sea water.
The ionic equation for the reaction is
Cl2(g) + 2Br–(aq) → 2Cl–(aq) + Br2(aq)
(i)  Explain which species acts as an oxidising agent in this reaction.
(2)
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(ii)  The reaction occurs because chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
Bromine is below chlorine in Group 7.
Explain the decrease in reactivity from chlorine to bromine.
(3)
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(c)  Elements in Group 7 react with elements in Group 1 to form ionic compounds.

Which pair of ions both have the electronic configuration 2.8.8?
(1)
   A    Li and Cl
+ –

   B    K+ and F–
   C    Li+ and F–
   D    K+ and Cl–

 
 (Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q22.
 
This question is about the halogens.

(a)  The table gives some information about the halogens.

Complete the table by predicting the physical state of astatine at room temperature and the colour of
astatine.
(2)

(b)  Bromine has two isotopes with mass numbers 79 and 81

(i)  The relative percentages of each isotope in a sample of bromine are
bromine-79 = 51.0%     bromine-81 = 49.0%
 Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of bromine.
 Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................

(ii)  Give a reason why both isotopes of bromine have the same chemical properties.
(1)
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(c)  A student investigates the reactivity of some halogens.

She uses these solutions of halogens and their halides.
    bromine, chlorine and iodine
    sodium bromide, sodium chloride and sodium iodide
She adds each halogen solution to each halide solution.
The table shows her results.

(i)  Explain how these results show the order of reactivity of bromine, chlorine and iodine.
(3)
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(ii)  Suggest why the student does not need to add bromine solution to sodium bromide solution.
(1)
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(iii)  The ionic equation for the reaction between bromine and sodium iodide is
Br2(aq) + 2I−(aq) → I2(aq) + 2Br−(aq)
  Explain why this is a redox reaction.
(2)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)
 

Q23.
 
A student investigates the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulfuric acid.

He does a titration to find the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

This is his plan for the titration. There are some mistakes and omissions in his plan.

    rinse a conical flask with the sodium hydroxide solution

    use a measuring cylinder to measure out 25 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution and add it to the
conical flask
    add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask
    rinse a burette with water and then fill it with the sulfuric acid
    add the acid from the burette to the conical flask until the indicator changes colour at the end-point
of the titration
    record the final burette reading

(a)  Give the colour change of the methyl orange indicator at the end-point.
(2)
from ........................................    to ........................................
(b)  Describe four changes that the student could make to improve his plan.
(4)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

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(c)  The student then does the titration correctly.

He finds that 16.70 cm3 of the dilute sulfuric acid neutralises 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of
concentration 0.200 mol/dm3
The equation for the reaction is
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sulfuric acid.
(3)
 concentration of sulfuric acid = ........................................................... mol/dm3

 
(Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q24.
 
A student does a titration to find the concentration of a solution of phosphoric acid.

He uses these pieces of apparatus X, Y and Z in his titration.

Diagrams are not to scale.

(a)  Give the names of X, Y and Z.

(3)
X ..........................................................................................................................................

Y ..........................................................................................................................................
Z ..........................................................................................................................................

(b)  What is the colour of phenolphthalein in phosphoric acid?

(1)
   A    blue
   B    colourless
   C    pink
   D    red

(c)  The student titrates 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid with a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Table 1 shows the student's results.

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.

(i)  Add ticks ( ) to table 1 to show the concordant results.
(1)
(ii)  Use your ticked results to calculate the mean (average) volume of NaOH added.
(2)

mean volume = ........................................................... cm3

(d)  Table 2 shows the titration results of another student.

The equation for the reaction is

3NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3H2O
(i)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 30.40 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)

amount = ........................................................... mol

(ii)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of H3PO4 in 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid.
 (1)

amount = ........................................................... mol

(iii)  Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the phosphoric acid.
(2)

concentration = ........................................................... mol/dm3

 
(Total for question = 12 marks)
 

Q25.
 
A student wants to prepare sodium chloride crystals from sodium hydroxide solution and dilute
hydrochloric acid.

He does a titration to find the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise the sodium
hydroxide solution.

This is his method.

 add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask

 add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask
 titrate the solution with the hydrochloric acid 

(a)  Name a suitable piece of apparatus that the student should use to measure 25.0 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide solution.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  (i)  Give the colour of the phenolphthalein indicator in sodium hydroxide solution and in hydrochloric
acid.
(2)
colour in sodium hydroxide
solution ...............................................................................................................................

colour in hydrochloric
acid .............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Suggest why universal indicator is never used in a titration.
 (1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c)  The student finds that 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide solution.
(i)  Describe what the student should do next to prepare a pure solution of sodium chloride.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Describe how the student could obtain dry crystals of sodium chloride from the pure sodium
chloride solution.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d)  The student needs 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
of
      concentration 0.800 mol/dm3.
The equation for the reaction is
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the hydrochloric acid.
(3)
 concentration = ........................................................... mol/dm3

 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q26.
 
A student investigates the rusting of iron.

(a)  She places an iron nail in a test tube of water and leaves it for several days.

(i)  Predict the appearance of the iron nail after several days.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Name the main compound in rust
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  The student then sets up two more test tubes containing iron nails.

Explain why the iron nail in tube 1 and the iron nail in tube 2 do not rust.
(4)
tube 1
 .............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

tube 2

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 6 marks)
 

Q27.
 
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between magnesium and an excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid.

She uses this method.

 use a graduated beaker to pour 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.00 mol/dm3 into
the conical flask
 add a piece of magnesium ribbon of mass 0.086 g to the acid and put the bung into the neck of the
flask
 measure the total volume of gas collected every ten seconds until the reaction stops 

The table shows the student's results.

(a)  (i)  Plot the student's results on the grid.
(1)
(ii)  Draw a curve of best fit.
(1)

(b)  (i)  The student repeats the experiment using

 0.043 g of magnesium ribbon

  50 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acidDraw, on the grid in part (a), the curve you would expect
in this experiment.
Label this curve Y.
(2)
(ii)  The student repeats the experiment again, using

 0.086 g of magnesium ribbon

 50 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
 a slightly higher temperature than the first experimentDraw, on the grid in part (a), the curve you
would expect in this experiment.
Label this curve Z.
(2)
(c)  The expected volume of gas produced in the first experiment is 86 cm3.
Suggest why the volume collected is less than the expected volume.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d)  The student uses a graduated beaker to measure the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Explain why it is not necessary to use a measuring cylinder in this experiment.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(e)  The ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is

Use the information in this equation, and the particle collision theory, to explain why the rate of
reaction decreases during each of the experiments.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 12 marks)
 

Q28.
 
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and
an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.

The equation for the reaction is

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(a)  Give a reason why the student puts cotton wool in the top of the flask.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  The student records the mass of the flask and its contents every 20 seconds for two minutes.
 The table shows her results.

(i)  The mean (average) rate of reaction can be calculated using the expression
 Calculate the mean rate of reaction during the first 20 seconds.
Give a unit.
(2)

mean rate of reaction = ........................................................... unit

(ii)  Plot the student's results.
 Draw a curve of best fit.
(2)

(iii)  Explain why the rate of reaction decreases during the experiment.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
 .............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iv)  Give a reason why the last two mass readings are the same.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c)  The student repeats the experiment using the same mass of calcium carbonate, but in powdered form
instead of lumps.
(i)  Give two other variables that she should control.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Explain why the rate of reaction is greater when using powder instead of lumps of calcium
carbonate.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Suggest how the graph would be different when the reaction is repeated using the same mass of
calcium
       carbonate, but in powdered form instead of lumps.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q29.
 
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between marble chips and dilute
hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(a)  During the reaction the mass of the contents of the flask decreases.
(i)  State why the mass of the contents of the flask decreases.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  State the purpose of the cotton wool.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Explain why sulfuric acid is not a suitable acid to use in this investigation.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  The graph shows the student's results.

 (i)  In the investigation the marble chips are in excess.
Explain the shape of the graph.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  The student repeats the experiment using the same volume of hydrochloric acid but of half the
concentration of
        the original acid. All other conditions are kept the same.
On the grid, draw the curve the student would obtain.
(2)
(c)  Explain, using particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature affects the rate of a reaction.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
 .............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 14 marks)
 

Q30.
 
This question is about reactions that form gases.

(a)  Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.

The equation for the reaction is
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
25.0 cm of hydrogen peroxide solution are poured into a conical flask and 1.00 g of solid
3

manganese(IV) oxide is added.

Bubbles of oxygen gas are formed.
(i)  Give the test for oxygen gas.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Describe a method to show that solid manganese(IV) oxide is a catalyst in this reaction and not a
reactant.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of the reaction between zinc and an excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid.

This is the student's method.

    pour 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a conical flask

    add about 1.2 g of zinc lumps
    record the volume of hydrogen gas collected every 30 s until no more hydrogen is collected
The graph shows the student's results.
(i)  Calculate the mean (average) rate of reaction, in cm3 / s, in the first 120 s.
(2)

mean rate = ........................................................... cm3 / s

(ii)  The equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 Use this equation and the particle collision theory to explain why the rate of reaction is greatest at
the start
 of the reaction.
(3)
 .............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  The student repeats the experiment at a higher temperature but keeps all other conditions the
same.
 On the grid, draw the curve you would expect to see in this experiment.
(2)
(iv)  Explain why the rate of reaction is greater if the same mass of zinc powder is
       used instead of zinc lumps. All other conditions are kept the same.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c)  In another experiment, the student adds 0.55 g of zinc to a solution containing 2.50 × 10−2 moles of
hydrochloric acid.
Use the equation to show that hydrochloric acid is in excess.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
[Ar of Zn = 65]
(2)

 
 (Total for question = 15 marks)
 

Q31.
 
Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of fertilisers.

Nitric acid is manufactured in three stages.

(a)  (i)  Complete the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 1.

(1)

(ii)  Give the meaning of the symbol

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  State the purpose of the platinum catalyst.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b)  Give a chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen in stage 2.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(c)  (i)  The equation for the reaction in stage 3 is

3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of nitric acid that could be produced in this reaction from
11.5 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide.
[1 tonne = 1.0 × 106g]
(4)
 mass of nitric acid = ........................................................ tonnes
(ii)  Suggest what use can be made of the nitrogen monoxide gas formed in stage 3.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d)  When copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid, copper(II) nitrate is produced.
The equation for the reaction is
CuO + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
0.200 mol of nitric acid reacts with excess copper(II) oxide.
A mass of 15.3 g of copper(II) nitrate is produced.
Calculate the percentage yield of copper(II) nitrate.
[Mr of copper(II) nitrate = 187.5]
(3)

percentage yield = ........................................................... %

 
(Total for question = 12 marks)
 

Mark Scheme
Q1.
 

Q2.
 
 
(Total for question = 5 marks)
 

Q3.
 
 

Q4.
 
 

Q5.
 
 

Q6.
 
 

Q7.
 
 

Q8.
 
 

Q9.
 
 
Q10.
 

 
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q11.
 
 

Q12.
 
 

Q13.
 
 
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 

Q14.
 
 

Q15.
 
 

Q16.
 
 

Q17.
 
 

Q18.
 
 
 (Total for question = 9 marks)
 

Q19.
 
 

Q20.
 
 
Q21.
 
 

Q22.
 
 

Q23.
 
 

Q24.
 
 
Q25.
 
 

Q26.
 
 

Q27.
 
 

Q28.
 
 

Q29.
 
 

Q30.
 
 

Q31.