)(I

:
) :Chapter(1

) :Chapter(2

) :Chapter(3

) :Chapter (4

) :Chapter(5

) : Chapter(6

) :Chapter(7

) :Chapter(8

) :Chapter(11

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References:

1) Introduction to meat Transfer Incropera

2) Basic of Heat Transfer y.A.cengel
3) Meat Transfer Holman

:
8 ( - -( )1
( 12) ( 2
: 2 (3
1) TEMA
2) EES: Engineering Equation Solver
3) Ansys
4) Aspen B.jac

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Chapter 1
:

.
.

Conduction
) ( Convection

Heat transfer:

Radiation

:Conduction .
:Convection .
.

 :Radiation
.photon

Conduction

) (
.

T1 > T2

) (
DT
Dx

&q

) ( A: cross sectional Area

DT :

) (w m.k
k

DT , Dx

Dx :

K: Thermal conductivity

:
)(kw

dT
dx

of Heat transfer in x Direction x

qx = - KA

q& x = Rate

dT
:x
dx

.
:

q kw
q ' ' : Heat flux
m2
A

= ' 'q

T
T
T
i+
j+
q' ' = - k
y
z
x

qx
A

= ' 'q

k= constant Assumption

r
) q' ' = - kT = - k grad (T

Convection : :

 :
Forced convection
Convection:
Free (Natural) Convection

:Forced convection
.
:Free concretion

.


.
T2

T1

T2 > T1

condction

T2

T1

free
convection

T1 > T2

T2 > T1

T2 < T1

Force Free .
:

(dew point) :

.

 .
)(Newtons law of cooling
) qaA(Tw - T

) q& = hA(Tw - T

Geometry, Roughness
fluid properties K Cp

h:

flow condition

* ) h ( ) (force
) (free .
h forced conr > h free conrec
hBoiling , condestotion > h forced cew.

h : film coefficiont

Heat transfer
* conduction:

) (Diffusion

) (
) (

) (

gas & fluid :

1.lottice vibration :

solid
:

2. free electrons :

* .
* Convection:

* .

) (

v =0

* .
(v = 0) : Diffusion
convection
Bulk motion (Advection) :

:
(1
.
r

: q' ' = -kT

(2
(3 .
* Radiation .
(Photon) Electromagnetic .
4
''
Qemit
,max = sTs

Stefan- Boltzmann:

* :

w
m .k 4
2

Q' ' = esTs4

e : emissivity of surface

s = 5.67 10 -8

) ( Black Body :
e =1

.
) : q1-2 = seAi F12 (T14 - T24 1 2.
F12 : shape(view) factor
cosq i . cosq j
1
dA2 .dA1

A1 A1 A2
pr 2

= F12

:K :
r
q' ' = - kT

k : Thermal conductivity
K solid > K liquid > K gas

:n
:c
k gasa nC l

: l .
C = KRT

c, m , k

k (1 .
K Hz > K He > K Air > K R -12

(2

k gas

l n

 k :
k (3 k .
k (4 .
:k .
lattice vib(k l ) k solid = kl + k e
K solid
) free elect : (k e

(5 k . k k
.

k w m.k

2300
430
80.2
0.613
0.02

Diamond
Copper
Iron
water
Air

K Pure K Alloy K liquid K insulation k gas

metal

metal

K crystal

diamonid

kk

k
kcopper k al min am k carbon k s tan iless
steel

steel

Heat conduction Equation:

10

 dxdydz

: E&G
.
*
The first law of Thermodynamic (conservation of Energy principle):
E& in + E&G - E& out = DE& system (1)
E& in = q& x + q& y + q& z

E& out = q& x +dx + q& y +dy + q& z + dz

q&
q&y
q&

= q& x + x dx + q& y +
dy + q& z + z dz
x
y
z

E& G = q&G .d x d y d z

DE& sys = mC p

q&G = Heat Generation : per unit valume

T
T
= pc p d x d y d z
t
t
Cv = C p

q& x = -kd y d z

T
T
T
, q& y = -kd x d z
, q& z = -kd x d y
z
x
y

()

11

q& y
- q& x
q&
T
dx dy zdz + q&G .d x d y d z = pc p dxdydz
x
y
z
t

( )
Assumption: K= constant
2T 2T 2T
2 + 2 + 2
y
z
x

q& G 1 T
+
=
,
k a t

a : Thermal diffucityty (
PC p : (

a = k

(PC p )

: a
.
. a *
r
f
f
f
grad f = f =
i+
j+ k
z
x
y
r r r
Div A = . A

Div

(f ) = .f = xf + yf + zf
r

r r

Laplasion(T): Div

[grad (T )]
2T +

q&G 1 T
=
k a t

1 T

2
q&G = 0 T = a t Fourier Equation

q&G

2
= 0 poisson Equation
steady T +
k

steady , q&G = 0 2T = 0
()

One-Dimensional:

(k = cte)
()
()

2T 1 T
=
x 2 a t

2Boundary conditions :

1Initial condition :

12

1 = Dirichlet Condition
T (0, t ) = T
1

2 = Newmann condition

Boundary condition : q' '(0,t ) = -k T x =0

x

special case :

q' ' = 0 T
x =0 = 0

3 = conveetion

h(T - Tconv,t ) = - k

x =0
x

4
4
4 = se T - T (0, t ) = - k x x=0

(5 .
) TA ( x0 , t ) = TB ( x0 , t

) T( x0 ,t
) T ( x0 , t

= -k B
- k A a
x
x

.
*

kA

kB

.
:

13

 q&1 = natural Free convection( from tea to suface1)

2 1
q& 2 : conduction(throgh surface 1 to 2 )
(3) ( 2)
q& 3 : Radiation (from surface 2 to surface3)
(Air1) ( 2)
q& 4 : matural convection (from surface 2 to Air 1)
(3) Air1
q&5 : matural convection (from Air 1 to Surface3)
(4) ( 3)
q&6 = Conduction (through surface 3 to 4)
(5) ( 4)
q& 7 : Re diation from surface 4 to surhace 5)
Air2 ( 4)
q& 8 : Natural convection form surfacl 4 to Air 2

14

One-Dimensional: Heat conduction Equation:

2T 2T 2T q&G 1 T
+
+
+
=
x 2 y 2 z 2
k a t

q&G 1 T
=
+
k a t

1 T
r
r r r

In Cartesian:

In cylindrical:

r = x , n = 0
1 n T q&G 1 T
=
r
+
n = 1
r 2 r t k a t
n = 2

In spherical:

* (1

(q&, q' ') .

(2 )(Thermal stress
(3 Displacement, .
Buckling
(4 :

insulator:

(5

Coating:

* )(:
2T q&G 1 T
+
=
x 2
k a t
2T

=0
no heat Generation x 2
steady state:

-1) : -2 -3 (
:A
:K

15

dT
= constont = C1
dx

q& x = - kA

q& x = cons tan t q x'' =

T
x

q& x
= constaxt
A

T
k
=0
x k

dE
E& in + E& G - E& out =
E& in = Eout q& x = q& x +dx = cte
dt

dT
= C1 T = C1 x + C2
dx

x2

x1

q& x = - kA

dT
q& x d x = - kAdT
dx

q& x dx = - kAdT q& x ( x2 - x1 ) = -kA(T2 - T1 )

T2

T1

q& x =

kA(T1 - T2 )
T -T
q& x = 1 2
l
Dx
kA

:*
I=

DV
R

Rt : Thermal Re sis tan ce

16

DV , I , R

b b b
DT , q , R
t

Rtcond =

Convection:
Radiation:
Rt ,rad =

l
KA

q& = hADT q& =

DT
1

hA

Rt ,conv =

) [ (

)(

1
hA

4
2
q = esA Tsurr
- Ts4 = es Tsurr
+ Ts2 Tsurr + Ts

)]* A(T

surr

- Ts )

1
hArad

)( )(

R1 =

l
1
1
, R2 =
, R3 =
h1 A
kA
h2 A

Rtot = R1+ R2 + R3

q& x=

Series Resistances

T1 - T 2 T1 - T2 T1 - T2
=
=
= ...
Rtot
R1 + R2
R2

Parallel Resistance:
q& = q&1 + q&2

q& =

DT DT
+
R1
R2

17

1
1
1
= +
R R1 R2

18

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5

Themal contact Resistance:

19

T1 - T 2
Rt

= &q

T1 - T4
R2 + R3 + R4

= &q

 :
-1
-2
-3
* .
(1
k k
.
(2 . .
(3 k ) .
( .
(4 Convection
.
Rc, H2 < Rc , He k H 2 > K He
k Air < k oil Rc , Air > Rc ,oil

:
(1 :
(2

20

.( 3
:
dE
E& in + E& G - E& out =
dt
q& x = q& x+ dx q& x = constont ,

q' ' =

q' ' = -k

q& x = - kA

dT
q& .d
x x = - kdT
dx
A

T
q& .d
x x = - kdT
x1
T
A
x

q& x
A

pd 2
, d = ax
A=
4

d1 d 2 d
p
=
= A = a2 x2
x1 x2 x
4
q& x / pa

dx
= - k (T2 - T1 )
x1 x 2

4q& x 1 1
- = T - T1
kpa 2 x1 x

T = T1 +

4q& x 1 1
- -
kpa 2 x x1

Heat condaction in cylinder:. x *

:

21

Assumption: one-dimensional; no Heat Generation, steads stotes

.

q&G 1 T
=
+
k a t

1 T
r
r r r

1 d dT
dT
C
= cfe dT = 1 dr
r
=0 r
r dr dr
dr
r

T (r ) = C1 ln + C2

* ) .
(.
:A :
dT
dT
) = - k (2prl
q& = cons tan t .
dr
dr

q& r = - kA

* .
q& r

A

22

* .

= ''qr

dT
= corstont
dr

dT
dr

()

: r
T = T1 C1 ln ri + C2
T -T
T -T
C1 = 2 1 , C2 = 2 1 ln ro
B.C :
ro
r
T = T2 C1 ln ro + C2
ln
ln o
ri
ri

T (r ) = T2 - T1

r
ln o
ri

= T2 +

ln r + T2 -

T2 - T1
ln ro =
ro
ln
ri

T2 - T1 r
ln
ro ro
ln
ri

q& r = - k (2prl )

T2 - T1
T -T
= 1 2
r
r
r ln o ln o
ri
ri
2pkl

: :
:

ro

ri

q& r

q&r = - kA

dT
dT
= - k (2prl )
dr
dr

T2
r
dr
= - 2kpldT q& r ln o = 2kpl (T1 - T2 )
T1
r
ri

q& r =

2kpl (T1 - T2 )
r
ln o
ri

23

Rt ,cond

r
ln o
r
= i (For cylinder )
2kpl

( i , o ) :*
Radiation = 0

R1 = RConv =

R2 = Rcond

1
1
=
hi Ai hi (2pri l )

r
ln o
r
1
1
=
= i=
2pkl
ho Ao ho (2prol )

R 3 = Rconv =

1
1
=
ho Ao ho (2prol )

:multy layers Cylinder :

24

R1 = Rconv =

1
1
=
,
hi Ai hi (2pri l )

R3 = Rcond =

ln (r3 / r2 )
,
2pk2l

R5 = Rconv =

1
1
=
ho Ao ho (2pr4l )

R2 = Rcond

R4 = Rcond =

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 q&r =

Ti - To
Rtotal

r
ln 2
r
= 1
2pk1l

ln (r4 / R3 )
2pk 3 l

T1 - T4
= .......
R2 + R3 + R4

Heat conduction in sphere:

:*

25

 :
Assumption: one-Dimensional , steady state, no Heat Generation
:

* q
) . (.
*
* .
.
First law of thermo:
q& r = q& r +dr

c .v

E
= E& in + E& Q - E& out
t

q&r
&q
dr r = 0 q& r = cons tan t
r
r

q&r = q& r +
q& r

* ) - -( .

26

= '' qr

*
.
*

dT

dr

dT
dT
= - k 4pr 2
= cte
dr
dr

q& r = - kA

T2
1 1
dr
=
) - 4pdT q&r - = 4kp (T1 - T2
2

T
1
r
ri ro

T1 - T2

1 - 1
r
ro
i

C1
+ C2
r

= ) T (r

for sphere

:
*
*

27

www.forati.blogfa.com

ro

ri - 1
4kp

&q& r

ro

ri

= q& r

1
= Rt ,cond

 Critical Radius of insulation :

1
L1
l
= , R2 = 2 , R3
K1 A
k2 A
ho A
T1 - T

R1 + R2 + R3

= R1

= q& x

:
(1 :

= cte

hA

= Rconv

= cte

L
KA
1

Ti - To
Rtot
+ Rconv

Rins

=q

Rtot = Rconv + R1 +

KinsA
1
= cte
hoA

= Rins

= Rconv

28

)(

 ) l
(.
*
.

*
.
*
.

* :

29

1
1
=
ho Ao ho 2prol

= R2

r
ln o
r
= 1 ,
2pkin l

R1 = Rcond

T1 - To
R1 + R2

= q&r

*

.
* .
:
:

1
= cte
hiA

) Ln( r1
= Cte

2plk

ro
)
r1
=
R3 2plkins
(Ln

RL = hoAo
1

30

:
. max
rcr rcr
.
ro
r1
Ln( ) Ln( )
1
Ti - To
r1 + 1
ri +
q=
= Rtot = R1 + R 2 + R3 + R4 =
+
Rtot
hi 2pk 2p lk 1 2plkins ho 2plro
q
=0
ro
Rtot
=0
ro
1
1
Rtot
= 0 ro 2plkins 2hoplro
ro
1
1
=
2plkinsro 2pholro

rcr =

=0

kins
h
min max

Rtot

ro

=-

1
2pkinslro

-1
kins kins
2pl ( ho )

f 0

1
3

2p kins

1
hoplro

1
kins
hop (
)
ho
2

Rtot

ro

=
-1

=
2pk

ins

L
2

ho

1
=
pkinsl

ho

f0

ho

31

dRtot
=0
dro

Rt = R1 + R2
&dq
r = 0
dro

1
dRt
r
-1
Rtot = R1 + R2 ,
= 0 o +
=0
dro
2pkinl ho 2plro2

1 1
1
=0

ro 2pl kin ho ro

k
1
1
=
= 0 ro cr = in
ho
kin ho ro

1
2
+
2
k2
k
2p in2 2pl in2
ho
ho

1
2
d 2 Rt
=0+
=2
2
2p inplro ho 2plro3
dro

ho2

1
k in2

=
2pl

:
2k
ho

= rcr

*
.
* . ho .

32

* .
r > rocr

q&base

rcr
.
* rcr h h
h

33

1 d
2 dT
(r
)=0
2
r dr dr

1 d dT
(r
)=0
r dr dr

T = C1 + C 2
r
1
r

T = c1 ln r + c2

1 1
ri ro
4pk

ro
)
ri
2plk

2 Kins
h

Kins
h

(ln

=0

dT
dx
2

T=C1X+C2

:
:

L
KA

 : 50m 15o C .

10cm

. . 150o C .

20w / m 2 .c

( .
(

k = 0/ 035

.
( 69mm .
) (pDl )(Ts - T

m2 .c

q&bare = ho A(Ts - T ) = 20w

q&bare = 20 (p 0 / 1 50)(150 - 15) = 42412w

kin 0.035
=
1000 = 1.75mm
ho
20

= rcr

*

.
2kin
: for sphere
ho

= rcr

1
1
=
ho Ao ho 2prol

34

= R2 = Rconv

kin
: forcylinder
ho
r
ln o
r
= 1 ,
2pkinl

= rcr

R1 = Rcond

q&2 =

Ts - T0
=
R1 + R2

q&2 = 4241w

150 - 15
1
+
20 2p 69.2 10- 3 50
69.2
ln

50
2p 0.035 20

, q&bare = 42412

.*
: h *
Type of convection
gass
Free convection of
liquids
gasses
Forced convection
liquids

Boiling

& condension

h
2 - 25
10 - 1000
25 - 250
50 - 20000

2500 - 100000

35

Heat conduction with internal Heat (Energy) Generation

:
Electical Energy

chemical Energy Heat Thermal energy

nacler Energy

E& g = RI 2

q&G =

E& G
V

q&Q : Rate of Heat Generation per unit volume

1) Plane wall :
* Assumption: one- Dimensional, steady state, uniform heat generation

Ts1 = Ts 2

*
:

36

 c1 = 0 x = 0
.

dT
dx

d 2T q& 1 T
d 2T
q&
+
=

= - , q& = cte
2
2
dx
k a t
dx
k

d 2T
q&
dT - q&
x + c1
=-
=
2
dx
k
dx
k

T (x ) = -

q& 2
x + C1 x + C2
2k

q&l 2
:
x
l
T
T
T
=
=

=
- c1l + C2
s1
s1

2k
B.C

2
x = l : T = T T = - q&l + c l + c
s2
s2
1
2

2k

C2 =

Ts1 + Ts 2 q&l 2
+
,
2
2k

C1 =

Ts 2 - Ts1
2l

dT
=0
dx

x =0

:*
First law of thermo:
E
E& in + E& G - E& out =
t

c .v

E& G = E& out q& ( Al ) = hA(Ts1 - T )

Ts =

q&l
+ T
h

q& (2l A ) = hA(Ts1 - T1 ) + h2 A(Ts 2 - T2 )

x = 0 T (0) = To = C2 = Ts +

q&l 2
q&l 2
To - Ts =
2k
2k

37

:( 2
2. cylindrical wall:
Assumption: one-Dimensional, steady state, uniform heat generation.

1 d dT q& 1 T
1 d dT - q&

r
+ =
r
=
r dr dr k a t
r dr dr k
2
dT - q&r
q&r c1
r
+ C1 dT = + dr
=
2k
dr
2k r

r = ro

B.C
r = 0

q&r 2
T =+ c1 ln r + C2
4k

T = Ts
dT
dr

=0
r =0

C1 = 0

.*
- q&ro2
q&r02
r = ro Ts =
+ C2 C2 = Ts +
4k
4k
T (r ) = Ts -

q&R 2
for cylinder
4k

38

q&R 2
To - Ts =
6k
E
* first law of thermo E& in + E& G - E& out =
t

c .v .

:*
E& G = E& out

q& pR 2l = h(2pRl )(Ts - T )

Ts = T +

q&R
for cyhinder
2h

for sphere : q& pR 3 = h 4pR 2 (Ts - T )

3

Ts = T +

Ts = Tt

q&l
sphere
3h

q&
plane wall
h

: 68 :

.(
.

T2 , To

39

( .
(1

To

(2 T1

T2

(3 .
* B:

c . v.

E
= systemB : E& in + E& G - E& out
t

) E& in = E& out q& A (l A . A) = hA(T2 - T

1.5 106 50 10-3 m = 1000(T2 - 80) T2 = 105o c

ql A2
2k A

= To - T1

* T1 :
0 . 02
1
1
= , R2
=
150 A
hA
1000 A

lB
k B.A

= R 1 = R cond

T1 - T2 T2 - T
T - 105 105 - 30
=
1
=
0.02
1
R1
R2
150A
1000A
2
q& Al 2 A
)1.5 106 (0.05
= T0 - 115o
2k A
2 75

= T0 - T1

= & q

T1 = 115o C

T0 = 140o C

40

575o C

) (k = 35W / m.K

300mm 30mm
.
) (k = 0/1W / m.K .
e = 0/ 2 .

27 o C

)(

50o C

6W / m 2 .k

300
= 150m
2

= ri

tT = 30mm
k1 = 35 w m.k
k2 = 0.1 w m.k
Ti = T1
T3 = 50

41

t2 = ?, q&2 = ?
r1 = ri + t1 = 150 + 30

R1 = Rcond

180
r
ln 1 ln
r
150
= i=
2pk1l
2p 35l

r
r
ln o ln 0
r
180
R2 = 1 =
2pk2l
2p 0.1l
R3 = Rconv =

1
1
=
h0 A 6 2prol

R4 = RRad =

1
hr A

hrad = s e T32 + To2 (T3 + T0 )

hrod = 5.67 10-8 3232 + 3002 (323 + 300)

T1 - T3
T3 - T0
=
r0 =
R1 + R2 R5 (R3 + R4 )
ro = r1 + t2 t2 =

q& = ?

42

)Heat Transfer from Extended surface: (fin

)( ) .(
) q = hA(Ts - T
ifTs = cte

:
(1 h.
(2 T .
(3 ) (A.

43

* fin

Straight fin of uniform cross sectined aren

fin
Straight fin of noniform cross sectioned area

* .

44

:
Fin Analysis:
Assumption: strady state , one , dimensione
k=cte , Radiation=0
, No heat Genration

n=1

, hisuniform from fin surface

:
q& x = q& x +

q& x = q& x +dx + dq&conv

q& x
dT
dx + hdAs(T - T ), q& x = - KAc
x
dx

d
dT
- kAC
+ h(T - T )dAs = 0
dx
dx

Straight fin of uniform cross sectioned area:

AC = w.t , p = 2(w + t )
- kAc

d 2T
d 2T hp
(
)
(T - T ) = 0
hpd
T
T
+
=

0
x

dx 2
dx 2 kAc

: T - T = q
hf
m =
KAC

d 2q
= m2q = 0 2
2
dx

: t 2 - m2 = 0 t = m q = C1e mx + C2 e - mx

45

q b = Tb - T

x = 0, T = Tbase
B.C .I
0

A : very long fin : Tfin tip = T

dT

B.C .2 B : Insulatrd fin tip : x = l q x =l = 0 = -kA

n =1
dx

dT

C : convection from fin t ip - kA C dx = hAC (Tl - T )

x = 0
A : Very long fin : B.C
x = l

T = Tb q = q b
T = T q = 0

x = 0 q b = C1 + C2
x = l 0 =
c1e ml + c2er-ml = 0 C1 = 0 C2 = q b
lim

q
= e -mx
qb

q fin = -kAc

T - T
= e - mx
Tb - T

dT
dx

q fin = qb = - kAc

x =0

= qb

dq
dx

x =0

q fin = - kAcq b - me - mx

x =0

hp 2
q b
q f = kAc
KAc
1

q f = (hp kAc )2 q b = M = qbase

x = 0

B
x = l

T = Tb q = q b
- kA

dT
dx

x= l

= 0

dq
dx

x= l

=0

q b = C1 + C2

- ml
ml
m C1e - C 2 e = 0

46

C! + C2e -2 ml

q b = C2 (1 + e -2ml ) C2 =
C1 =

qb
1 + e -2 ml

e mx
e - mx
q b .e -2ml
qb
q
=

=
+
1 + e -2ml 1 + e 2ml
q b 1 + e2 ml 1 + e -2ml

e ml - e - ml
sinh ml =
2
Re view :
2 ml
ml
- ml
cosh .ml = e + e = e + 1

2
2e ml

e m (l - x ) + e - m (l - x )
e - mx
e mx
- ml
ml
q
2
= 2e ml + 2e -2 ml =
2
1+ e
qb 1 + e
cosh ml
2e ml
2e -ml

q cosh m(l - x )
=
qb
cosh ml

:
q& fin = q&base = - KAC

dq
dx

x =0

q& f = - KAC

qb
(- m sinh m(l - x )) x=0
cos h ml

q& f = (hpkAc )2 q b tan h ml

q& f = M tanh ml

x = 0

C :
x = l

T = Tb q = q b
-k

dq
dx

x= l

= hq (l )

q b = C1 + C2

) (

- k C1me ml - C2 me - ml = h C1e ml + C2 e - ml

47

C2 , C1

.
fin Effectioness :
(1
.
q fin
qnofin

= ef

(2 2.
(3 .
1

For very long fin with straight fin : q f = M = (hpkAc )2 q b

1
2

kp

e f =
h
Ac

1
2

(hpkAc ) qb
hACq b

= ef

(4 k
.
(5 h .

48

ef

P
Ac

ef

h ) (

www.forati.blogfa.com

* h
h ) (

h1

.
h2 > h0

) :(fin Efficiency :
base.
q fin
qmax

hf 1

hf

= hf

lf 0

qmax = hA f (Tb - T ) = hA f q b

for very long fin:

1

q fin = M = (hpkAc )2 q b

w >> t
1

49

1 kA
= C
l hp

(hpkAC )2 q b
=
hplq b

h fin

50

* For industrial fin Tip:

1

q fin = M tan h ml = (hpkA c )2 q b . tan ml

qmax = hA f q b , A f = pl

h fin =

q fin
qmax

(hpkAc )2 qb . tanh ml
=
(hplqb )
h fin =

tanh ml
straight
ml

LC : Corrected fin length

h fin =

tanh ml
hp

kAC

1
2

.l

A p = LC .t

of uniform cross sectionl area

Ap

51

AC = w.t
A
t

p = 2(w + t ) C = LC = L + t / 2
P 2
p = 2w

rectangular fin
if t << w

:
p 2
D
p / 4D 2
D

=
+
lC = l +
L
L
4

C
pD
4
p = pD

= AC

: Al 50mm

200o C

20o c

m .k

4mm

40 w

15mm

( 125

19-3

52

50

r1 = 2 = 25mm

oc
Tb = 200
r = r + 15 = 40mm
2 1

53

T = 20o c
m 2 .k

h = 40w

r2c = r2 + t / 2 = 40 + 4 = 42mm
2

LC = L + t 2 = 15 + 4 2 = 17mm
A p = Lc t = 17 4 = 68mm

k 1-

200 + 20
= 110
2

110 273

383k 300

400k

383k

400k

:
= 240 w m . k
1
2

= 0 . 11

40 w 2
m .k

240 w 68 10 - 6 m 2

m .k

3
2

10 - 3

1
2

AL @ 400 k

h
L
kA
p

= 1 . 68

r2 c
42
=
r1
25

= 17

3
2
e

0.11 1 2
1.68 2
h .
) h = 0 . 96

q fin = h fin = h f .qmax

qmm

qmax

.
2

54

q fin

= ) h f

)] 2 = 0 . 98 m

( [

= N p r22c - r1 2

r2c

.
qtotal = q fin + q1

q1 = hA1q b

( ) A1 = (2pr1 1m ) - 125(2pr1t

2p 0 . 025 m 0 . 5

= ))

A1 = 2p r1 (1 - 125 (0 . 004
2

A 1 = 0 . 078 m

w
0 . 078 m 2 (200 - 20 )k q 1 = 561 . 6 w
2
m .k

q 1 = hA 1q b = 40

q max = hA f q b = 40 0 . 98 (200 - 20 ) = 7056

= h f . q max = 0 . 96 7056 = 6773 . 76
+ q 1 = 6773 . 36 + 561 . 6 = 7335 . 36 w

fin

q fin
fin

q no

fin

q total = q

=?=

* :
2
m
3
1

=L

m = [hp / kA c ]2

55

Chapter 4
:

: :

T +T
X Y
2

=0

) (pde
: ) (.
.
) ( :
T
T
li +
) ij
X
Y

( = -k

ij

il

q = q x + q

.
Y

T2

T1

T1
X
L

56

T1


.( ) .

B .S

q=

T1
T ( L ,Y ) =T 1

T(X,O)=T1

T ( O ,Y ) =

T(X,W)=T2

T -T 1

T -T
2

B .S

q ( X ,O ) = 0

q ( O ,Y ) = 0

q ( X ,W ) = 1

q ( L ,Y ) = 0

o
X
Y

X Y + Y X = 0
== Cte = + l 2
X
Y
-l 2

x
2
2
= - l x + l x = 0
x

X (x) =

cos l x +

t +l
2

= 0 t = il

sin l x

q (0 , y )= 0 X (0 )= 0 =C 1
B .C
q ( 0 ,Y ) = 0 X ( L ) = 0 C 2 sin

n = 1, 4 ,.......

nn
l l sin l l = 0 l l = n n l =
l

57

nn
X (x) = C2sin x
l
n = 1,4,.....

t +l
2

y
2
2
- = -l y = -l y = 0
y
ly

= 0 t = l

-ly

Y ( y) = C3e + C4e

q (x,0) = 0 = X (x) y(0) = 0

0 = C3 + C4 = C4 = -C3
ly

-ly

y( y) = 2C3( e e
2

) = 2C3sinhly

nn
Y ( y) = 2C3sinh( y)
l
-

nn
nn
q = X (x)Y ( y) qbsinh( y) sin( x)
l
l
-

nn
nn
q ( x, y ) = b n sinh(
x) q = ( x, w) = 1
y) sin(
l
l
-

nn
nn
x)
bn sinh( y) sin(

l
l
n =1
x
= 0 x = 0 x = C1 X (0) = C1X + C 2
x
q ( 0,Y ) = 0 = X ( 0 )Y (Y ) X ( 0) =0 = C 2
B.S
q ( L ,Y ) = 0 = X ( L )Y (Y ) X ( L ) =0 = C1L C1= 0

58

X
= +
X
2

X -

= 0

= 0 t l

X (x) = C1
B . S

lX

+ C 2

-lX

q ( 0 , y )= 0 X ( 0 )= 0 C 1+ C 2 = 0
q ( L ,Y ) = 0 X ( L ) = 0 C 1

C 2 = (-

ll

-ll

lL

-ll

ll

+C 2

- ll

) = 0

0 C1= C2 = 0

x(X ) = 0 q = 0
x
= 0 x = 0 x = C 1 X = C 2
x
B .C

q ( 0 ,Y ) = 0 X ( 0 ) Y ( Y ) X ( 0 ) = 0 = C 2 N
q ( L ,Y ) = 0 X ( L ) Y ( Y ) X ( L ) = 0 = C 1 L C 1 = 0

X
= +
X

l
2

X -

X = 0

= 0 t = l

X (X ) = C1e

lX

+ C 2

-lX

59

q ( 0 , y ) = 0 C1+ C 2 = 0
lL

q ( l , y ) = 0 X ( L ) C1

1
-ll

0 C1 = C2 = 0

+C 2

- lL

= 0 C 2 ( -

lL

- ll

e +e

) =0

1
lL

X (X ) = 0 q = 0
X
2
= - l X +
X

X = 0

= 0 T = il

x ( x ) = C 1COS l X + C 2 SIN l X

B .C

q ( 0 ,Y ) = 0 X ( 0 ) = 0 = C 1= 0

q ( 0 ,Y ) = 0 X ( L ) = 0 = C 2 SIN p L

C 2=0
SIN l L

60

 l L = h p X ( xc ) Y ( y )

l =

hp
n = 1, 2 , 3 ,......
l

x ( x ) C 2 SIN

y
2
= - l y y

hp
x h = 1, 2 , 3 ,....
l

y = 0

= 0 T = l

Y (Y ) = C 3 e

ly

+ C 4e

-lY

q ( x , 0 ) = 0 = X ( x )Y ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) = 0
0 = C 3 + C 4 C 4 = -C 3
Y ( y ) = 2C 3( e
= 2 C 3 SINh (

ly

-ly

) = 2 C 3 SINh l y

np
y)
l

q = X ( x )Y ( y ) q = b sinh(

q ( x, y) =

sinh(

q ( x , w) = 1 = bn sinh(
n =1

np
np
x)
y ) sin(
l
l

np
np
x)
y ) sin(
l
l

np
np
x)
w ) sin(
l
l

F ( x) = 1

= b n sinh(

np
w)
l

np
np
2
2 -1
B n = l 1 sin l xdx = l np cos l x
0
0
l
l

61

) )2(1 + ( -1
2
np
n
(sinh
)
(
1
(
)
=

=
w
bn
-1 bn
np
l
np
)w
(np sinh
l
n +1

np
)
) l . sin( np x
np
l
)w
(sinh
l
(sinh

)1 + ( -1

n +1

p n =1

= ) q ( x, y

T -T1
1

T -T

=q

) (:

:Finite Difference

m-n

y.n
x,m

62

:
T T
+
=0
X 2 Y 2
2

Tm, n - Tm -1, n
T
=

X m - 1 m
DX
2
Tm+1, n - 2 m , n
T
=

X m + 1 m
DX
2

T
2 X
2

=
m ,n

T
2 X
2

T
T

X m+ 1 ,n X m - 1 , n
2
2
DX

=
m, n

Tm +1, n - Tm ,n
DX

Tm ,n - Tm -1, n

DX

DX

DX

Tm+1,n + Tm-1, n - 2Tm ,n

DX 2

2T
=
y 2 m ,n

T
T

y m , n + 1
y m ,n - 1
2
2
Dy

T
y

Tm, n+1 - Tm, n

=
Dy
m, n + 1 2

T
y

Tm , n1 - Tm ,n - 1

=
Dy
m, n - 1 2

+ Tm ,n +1 - 2Tm ,n
T
2T
= m ,n +1
2
y m ,n
( Dy ) 2

63

 2 T 2T
+
=0
y
X 2
ifDX = Dy
Tm +1, n + Tm -1,n + Tm, n+1 + Tm, n-1 - 4Tm , n = 0
Tm +1, n + Tm -1,n + Tm, n+1 + Tm, n-1
4

= Tm , n

1 .4

:
) (
:
* .
* .
* .
* x .y
* k .

64

:
m,n+1
q

m-1,n

m,n
q

h T
m,n-1
q

q1 = K (Dy )

Tm-1, n - Tm , n
DX

DX Tm ,n -1 - Tm ,n
)
2
Dy
DX Tm , n+1 - Tm, n
)
q3 = K (
2
Dy
q 4 = hDy (T - Tm, n )

q2 = K (

q ( DX )
hD x
hDx
Tm -1,n + 1 (Tm, n+1 + Tm, n-1 ) +
T + G
)=0
- Tm ,n (2 2
K
2K
K

65

m,n+1
q
4

q
1

m-1,n

m,n

m+1,n
q
5

Th
3

m,n-1
Bi =

q1 = kDy

h.DX
K

Tm -1, n - Tm, n

q 2 = kDX

DX
Tm, n+1 - Tm ,n

Dy
Dy Tm =1, n - Tm ,n
q2 = K
2
DX
DX Tm ,n -1 - Tm ,n
q3 = K
2
Dy
Dx
Dy
(T - Tm , n )
q5 = h( 1)(T - Tm ,n ) + h
2
2
1
Tm -1,n + Tm , n+1 + (Tm +1, n + Tm ,n -1 ) - Tm ,n (3 + Bi) + Bi.T = 0
2

q3

T1

h, T

q2
q1

T2

66

h = 200
k=4

w
m, k

T2 = 700 C
T3 = 700 C
T = 400 C
DX = Dy = 1cm
T1 = ?

q1 = K (

DX T2 - T1
)(
)
2
Dy

Dy T3 - T1
)(
)
2
DX
DX
q3 = h(
1)(T - T1 )
2
hD X
hDX
)+
.T
T2 + T3 - T1 (2 +
K
K
hDX 200 0 / 01
Bi =
=
= 0/5
4
K
q2 = K (

70 + 70 - T1 (2 + 0 / 5) + 0 / 5 40 = 0 T1 =

160
= 64 * c
2/5

67

Chapter 5
:
.

1
q
=
a
k
2T
2T =
+
x 2
2T +

T
t
2T
2T
+
2
y
z 2

Assumption : One Dimensional- Steady state No heat generation

: PDE

2T 1 T
Equation 2 = a
x
t

Initial Condition

T(x,0) =f(x)

T(0,t)
Boundary condition :
T(L,t)=0
T(x,t)=XnT(x)

+ l2
X" T = 1

a XT '

X"
T
= 1
= 0
a
X
T'

- l2

.
. :
. .1
. K .2
Bi =

( h)( L )
( K )

. h .3

68

:
E
E& in + E& G - E& out =
c .v
t
E
- E& out =
c .v
t
T
hA(T - T ) = rvC p
t

E
E& in + E& G - E& out =
c .v
t
dq dT
=
q = T - T
dt
dt
dq
hA
=
q
dt
rvC p

rv = m

dq
hA
q q = 0 - rvC p dt
i
t

q = T - T = q i
t=0

ln

T = Ti

hA
q
=t
qi
r vC p

hA

Bi =

t
r vC
q
=e p
qi

( )

hV
hL c
A
=
k
k

- Bi f 0 =

T - T
= e - Bi f0
Ti - T

h
hL c
t=
. f0
k
r LcC p

hA

t
r vC
T - T
=e p
Ti - T

f0 =

at
L2c

T - T
= exp( - B i . F0 )
Ti - T

850 0 C

20mm 40

100 0 C

1000
.

69

T = 40 0 C
W
m2K
T1 = 100 0 C
h = 1000

l =7900

l, cp

kg
m3

C C P = 477

1-

100 - 40
=e
850 - 40
7900 kg

J
kg.k

- 1000Wm2 k
m

3 0 / 01m 477
kg.k

3
A 4pR
=
=
V 4 3 R
pR
3
60
Ln(
T = 32 / 95Sec
810) = -0 / 079t
S=

70

 :
)Chapter 6:Introduction of convection (fundamental of converection

) dq' ' = h(Ts - T ) q = hAs (Ts - T

* h ) (
) fluid proprtios (k, cp, m , p
h
surface Geometry

) hdAs = hAs (Ts - T

As

q = h(Ts -T )dAS = (Ts - T )

1 l
hdx
l 0

=h

hdAs

As

1
AS

=h

)(the velocity Boundary Layer

*
. .
.

The thermal Boundary Layer :

71

T - TS
= 0.99
T - T2

* turbulent .

72

pu x U x
=
v
m

= Re

) Re cril = 5 105 (for flat plate

* .
. .
*
.

.
P
2

* )(h

* h x

73

1
PV
2

= CF

''
''
qcond
= qconve

T
) = h(Ts - T
y

-k

T
y =0
y
=h
Ts - T
-k

(1

T
y

T
y

.
(2 Turbuleat
. ) h Turbulent
h luminer .

74

 (3 Transition .
(4
.
U

Y
PS CF

Y
h q

St

. 5 CF .
.6 Turbolent laminar
.
* ):(laminar

y =0

75

u
y

t =m

 turbulent laminar

u
y

y =0

. laminar turbuleit .
T
y

u
t tubulent t lo min ar
y

y =0

Cf

The Boundary Layer Equations

The conservation of mass Equation ()

m& - m&
i

= Dm& c.v

( pu )

pu (dg 1) + pv(dx 1) = pu +
dx (dy 1) +
Dx

pv
( pu ) ( pv )
dy (dx 1)
+ pv +
+
= 0
y
x
y

( pu ) ( pv ) ( pw)
+
+
= 0
x
y
z

Unsteady:
Dm& c.v =

( pd x d y d z )
t

( pu ) ( pv ) ( pw) p

+
+
=
x
y
z
t

76

( )

r
p
. PV = Div( pv ) =
t

r
pv = pui + pvj + pwk
r

=
i+
j+ k
Dx
y
z

If: p=de (incompressible fluid):

x v w
+
+
= 0
x y z

.**
Conservation of momentum Equation:( )

1)(two dimensiona l)
2) ( incompres sible)

Assumption :
3 ) - (stea dy)
4)( consteact properties)

Qx =

u u x v y
u
u
= . + . =u
+v
t x t y t
x
y

d m = P(dx.dyx )

= max p(dy 1) - p +
dx (dy 1) x

77


t
- t (dx 1) + t +
dy (dx 1) + (dxdydz ) = pd x dy
y

u
u
u
+ v
y
x

u
t p
u
+ X = p u
+ v
y x
y
x

t =m

u
t
2u
u

= m = m 2
y
y y y
y

u u
2u
= m = m 2
x y y
y

u
u 1 2u p
+v
= m 2 +
+ x
x
y p y
x

x = 0 u
u

u
u
2u 1 p
x-direction
+v
=v 2 x
y
y
p x

v
v
2 v 1 p
+v =v 2 x
y
y
p y

y =0

momentum Equation

x - direction

p
=0
y

.*
y = 0 u ( x,0) = 0, v(x,0) = 0

B.C y
u (x, ) = U , v( x, ) = 0
x = 0 u (0, y ) = U , v(0, y ) = 0

U >> v

y
u
>>
x
y

v,u v ( 1
.
. 0.3 ( 2
for flat plate

p
=0
x

78

u
v
2u
+v
= v 2
x
y
y

3.Conservation of Energy Equation: for laminar flow

1.two Dimensiona l
2.steady state

Assumption :
3. in compresibl e fluid
4. constract properties

:*
E& in, Heat , x = Q& x

(E& in - E& out )Heat , x

yQ& x
&
Eout ,Heat , x = Qx +
dx
x

- k
dy
&
Qx
x

=
dx =
dx
x
x

T
- k
dx
y
2T

&
&
(Ein - Eout )by Heat, y =
dy = - k 2 dxdy
y
y

(E&

in

T
- E& out )by Heat , x = -k 2 dxdy
x

E& in,mass , x = pe&stream udy

79

estrem = utpo + ke + pe = h = CpT

( pudyCpT )
dx
E& in,mass , x = pestram udy +
x

- (uT )
u
dT
- E& out )by ,mass , x =
+T
Cpdxdy = - pC p u
dxdy
x
x
dx

(E&

in

(E&

in

T
v
- E& out )by .mass , y = - pc p v
+ T dxdy
y
y

(E&

in

T
u v
T
- E& out )by ,mass ,( x , y ) = - pc p dxdy u
+v
+ T + ( )
y
x y
x

(E&

in

E
E& in + E& G - E& out =
t

c .v

- Eout )mass + (E& in - E& out )Heat = 0

2T 2T
T
T
- pc p dxdy u
+ v + kdxdy 2 + 2
y
y
x
x

= 0

2T 2T
2 + 2
y
x

k
T
T
+v
=
x
y pc p

2T 2T
T
T
+v
= a 2 + 2
x
y
y
x

www.forati.blogfa.com

80

Assumption: Steady , laminar, incompressible flow, with constant

) ( continuity Equation
E q.
Energy Eq.

u v
+
=0
x y

Properties.

u
u
2u 1 p
momentum
+v
=v 2u
x
y
y
p x
2

v u

Cp y
1
424
3

viscous pissipation mQ

(1

T
T
2T
+v
u
=a 2 +
x
y
y
14243 123
conduction

u, v = 0

advection

.
b

=0
y > d v = 0, u = u = cte
x

(2

u

y

u
cp

For flot plate:

.
.
u
u
2u Q

u
: for flat plate
v
v
+
=
x
2
y
y x

2
u T + v T = a T (nogligible viscous
) (v,u ))(T
x
y
y 2

*
.
Fs = t S . A

81

y =0

u
y

ts =m

*
) (u,v .
.
*
) (h .

:
pVl
) (for flat pbte : V = u
m

= Re

:L
inertia force vl
=
viscous force v

= Re

*
. .
* Re
. Turbolent
*
.

:
) ( Nusselt number:

82

h x .x
kf

= Nu

) re

Ts + T
(fime temperatu
2

, k f :

= Tf

* k f t f .
:

D m / p mc p
=
=
k
k
a
pc p

3.prandtel number:

= pr

moloucular diffusivit y of mo
moloucular diffusivit y of Heat

= Pr

* .
. .
Pr<1 .
.
:

prgass 1

0.004-0.03

prliguid metal << 1

0.7-1

prgass 1

1.3-17

prwater > 1

50-105

proils >> 1

*
*

dt > d

d > dt

* ) (
.
n

83

= pr

: d

dt

gasses : Pr = 1 d d t

liquid metal : Pr << 1 d << dt

oils : P >> 1 P >> 1 d >> dt
r
r

4. pecelt Number:
pe = Re . pr
pe :Re, Pr

VL J
VL
.
J X
X

5. stantom. Number: ()

st =

Nu
pe

hl
kf
h
pcp
h
Nu kf
St :
=
=
=
vl
kfv
pcpv
Pe
x

6. colbarn y factor:()

7. Grashot Number:()

J = St. pr 3

Gr =

gb (Ts - T )l 3 Buoyancy force

=
v2
viscous force

8. Ra : Gr . Pr
(Chilton-colburn Analogy) : Re
cf
= st. pr
2

2
3

o.b pr bo

84

 laminar
Turbolent laminar .
Turbolent . Turbolent
x )( laminar
x.

:
Analogies between momentum and Heat transfer:
ts
1
rV 2
2

1
Ff = Ts . A = C f . pv2 A
2

hx .x
kf

= Cf

= h, Nu

Reynolds Analogy: For steady, incomepressible, laminar flow of a

) ( fluid with constaut properties
u
u
2u p
: u + v = v 2 = 0
x
y
y x

negligible

T
T
2T
+v
=a 2
x
y
y

* : p * , x .
x
l

)(flat plate

Pr = 1

= *x

* p
= 0,
* x

p
,
pv 2

= *p

= st

Cf

chilton Colburn Analogy:

0.6 pr 60

85

= st. pr 3 = j

Cf
2

* p
=0
* x

hx
h
Nu
Nu
= st
=
= = k
pe Re . pr vx . v PVCp
v a

:St h.
* .
.

* Dp
* 0

Dx

www.forati.blogfa.com

86

Chupter 7
External flow:

* .
Assumption: steady, laminar, incompressible flow of fluid
)

p
( = 0
x

With constant properties: ,

:
* :
u v
+
=0
x y
u
u
2v
+v
=v 2
x
y
y

T
T
2T
+ v.
=a 2
x
y
y

u.

Similarity solution:
: Y

Y
x

v=-

) (Blasius Equation
Vx U x
5
= , Re
=

v
v
Re x

)(1

87

5
d
=
dax 2
x
U x
v

Y
,
y

=u

2 f ' ' '+ ff ' ' = 0

=

www.forati.blogfa.com

:

* x
) .
(
* laminar

* ) (1
) x(
4

d 0.37
=
d a x5
1
x
Re 5x

* turbulent

x5

Turbulent:

laminar .
) ( For flat plate:
pvx vx
=
m
u
1
2

= Re x

0.0664

dax

d
5
=
1
x
Re x2

1
2
x

laminar :

Re < 5 10

= Cf

Re

From chiltion colburn enalogy:

0.664

1
2

88

Cfa

2
3

Cf

Re 2x
Nu x
= st . pr
=
. pr 3
2
2
Re x. pr

1
2
x

1
3

Nu x = 0.332 Re . pr =

hx .x
1
ha 1
k
x2

0.6 pr 60
1

pr 0.05
pr 100

pr : Nu x = 0.565Pex2
1

d
d
= pr 3 d t = 1
dt
pr 3

5 105 < Re x < 10 7

For flat plate & turbulent:

d 0.38
=
1
x
Re 5x

Cf =

0.0592
Re

Cfa x

Nu x = 0.0296 Re 5x . pr 3 =

da x

1
5
x

1
5

hx .x
h a x5
k

d dt

4
5

. turbulent laminar *

la min ar =

s
=
x

5
Re x

Turbolent =

5
Re x

1
2

0.382
s
=
1
x
Re x 5

cfx =

o.664
Re x

cfx =

1
2

0.0592
Re x

1
5

Sa

Sa

1
2

4
5

89

Laminar:
Nu

h = 2hx
1

= 0 . 332 Re x2 . pr

Nu = 2 Nu

C f = C fx

1
3

= 0 . 664 Re

0 . 664
= 2
1
Re 2
x

hx .x
h x = answer
k
1
2
x

. pr

h = answer

1
3

1 . 328
=
1

Re 2x

(q = cte, Ts = cte) *

90

Laminar:
Nuq '' = cte > NuT = cte

1
3

1
3
2
Nu
0
453
.
Re
=

x
x . pr
q ' ' = cons tan t
4
Turbulent : Nu = 0 . 0308 Re 5 . pr
x
x

1
3

1
1

3
2
laminar : Nu x = 0 . 332 Re x . pr
T s = cte
4
turbulent : Nu = 0 . 0296 Re 5 . pr
x
x

:
laminar Turbolent laminar
%36

Nuq = cte 0.453

=
@ 1.36
NuTS = cte 0.332

%0/04

la min ar

Nuq = cte 0.0308

=
1.04
NuTs = cte 0.0296

Turbolent

* laminar 36% .
tubulet %.04 .

* :

p
v2
+ gz + = cte
p
2

91

z = cte

* A

92

Laminar: q s. p 80o

= z 10 5

D cr

PVD VD
=
v
m

Re

= Re D

brug :D
:C .
D , pressure

+ C

D , friction
o

140

= C

s. p

Lurbulet: q

Re Re=5.105
Re Re=2.105

Turbolent Turbolent .

:
* laminar Turbolint
* laminar Turbolent
*

www.forati.blogfa.com

93

* min min
min .
* 2 Turbolent min Min min
laminar Turbolent .
*
laminar Turbolent
.

94

 Flow across tabe banks:

*
turbulent .

95

 Chapter 8: Internal f.low:

x fol,h
= 0.05 Re D
Laminar :
D low

turbulent :10 x fol, h 60

D

turb

pu m D
m

= Re D

x fol .h 10D

pD
4

Turbuleut:

) m& = rumA = (rum D

&4m
mpD

= Re D

Re cir 2300
Re cir : 104

) (.
.

x .
.

96

4A
P
2

=D

4 pd
4
pD

4ab
2ab
=
2(a + b) a + b
2

4a
4a

= Dh

= Dh

= Dh

= Dh

:
* ) (U max Laminar turbulent
.:
m& = cte pum. A = cte U mlam = U mtur U max > U max
lur

law

4
Cf

= la min ar : f

*
.

*
min .

97


x fd, t
= 0.05 Re D . pr
laminar :
D lam

turbulent : x f, D , t b x = 10D
fdt
D

turb

*
X .
* laminar
.
cond = conr .
T
) / = h = (TS - TM
V
T
)r = R
V
TS - TM

- kf

h = -k

=h

* .

98

) q' ' = h(Ts - Tm

q' ' = h(Ts - Tm ) = cte

*
DT

' 'q

DT

:
Re > 104

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 . pr n

0.6 < pr < 160

n = 0.4

n = 0.3

* )

99

l
10
D

Turbulent:

Heating Ts > Tm

cooling Ts < Tm

Chapter 11
Heat Exchangers:

) (
) (

flow Grrangement
Type of construction

Heat Exchangers Types :

) ( 1. Double pipe:

.2

* .
3. shell & Tube Heat Exhonger:

100

* U sheat sheat
.
4. Compact Heat Exch:
*
compoct .
.

:
U:
q = UADT
r
ln o
r
1
1
= R1
= , R2 = i , R3
hi Ai
ho Ao
2pkl

: R f - .
Ai = pDil = 2p ril
Ao = pDol = 2p r00l
r
ln o
r
1
1
= Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
+ i+
hi Ai
2pkl
ho Ao

1
Rt

Ti - To
Rtot
= UA

* .

101

=q

* . .
* ) (k
.
*

R2

(ro - ri )t
r
ln o
r
R2 = i
2pkl

R2 :
* h .
1

1
1
+
hi ho

=U

Heat Exchenger thermal Analysis:

properties

DKE, DPE @ 0 - Adiabatic- constant

Dh = C p DT

Assumptions:

Constant prppert:

Q& C = m& Dh = m& o Cpo DT

) = m& cp(Tco - Tci

m& c cpc DTc = m& h cph DTh

) Q& H = -m& Dh = m& cpn (Thi - Tho

.
Parallel flow:

102

DT

LMTD: log Mean Temperatue Diffrence
e -NTU: Effectivenss

Number of Transfer Unit

q = UADTlm

DTlm =

DT1 - DT2
DT
ln 1
DT2

DT1 = Th,i - Tc ,i
DTlm , PF
DT2 - Th,o - Tc,o

DT

DT1 = Th,i - Tc ,o
counter flow :
DT2 = Th,o - Tc ,i

DTlm.cf > DTlm. pE

103

 DT DT .
Special cases:

Q& H = m& h Cph DTh

Q& C = m& c cpc DTc

m& h cph >> m& c cpc

ch >> CC

* .
Cross flow oR multipass flow:
q = FUADTlm

F : correction factor

:
- 2 /5kg / s 15o C

85o C

160o C .
. ho = 400W / m 2 .K
.
.

100o C

D = 25mm

:
Q& C = Q& h

104

m& C CpC (Tc,o - Tc ,i ) = m& h cph (Tho - Thi )

Tov, c =

((1) )

15 + 85
= 50o c
Cpav = 4181 j
kg .k
A- 6
2

160 + 100
=130o C =403k
Cpav , h =2350 j
Tav, h =
rg .k
2

2.5 kg
(1)

(4181)(85 - 15) =m& h (2350)(160 - 100) m& h =5.19 kg s

q = FUADTlm

q = m& c cpc DTc = (2.5)(4181)(85 - 15) q = 731675w

= 731.675kw, DTl ,m =

DT1 - DT2
DT
ln 1
DT2

DT1 = Thi - TCo = 160 - 85 = 75o c

DT2 = TCo - Tci = 100 - 15 = 85o c

DTlm =

U=

75 - 85
= 79.9o c
75
ln
85

1
1
+
hi ho

Re =

4m&
mpD

- 6 N .S
m T = 50o c = 548 b
m2
water

-3
pr T =50o C = 3.56, k = 643 10
water
Re =

m& =

m& c 2.5
=
= 0.25
N
10

4 0.25
Re = 23234 > 10.000 .
548 10- 6 p 0.025

Nu = 0 . 023 . Re
Nu =

0 .8

hiD
hi (0 . 025
=
k
0 . 643

. pr

0 .4

) = 119

Nu = 0 . 023 (23234
h i = 3061

)0 . 8 .(3 . 56 )0 . 4

= 119

w
m 2 .k

105

U =

1 1
+
hi ho

p=

to - ti
Ti - ti

R=

Ti - To
t o - ti

p=
R=

1
1
+
3061 400

= 354

85 - 15 70
=
= 0.48
160 - 15 145

160 - 100 60
= = 0.86
85 - 15 70

F = 0087

q = FUA.DTlm 731675w = 0.87 354. A 39.9

A = 29.7 m2

A = 10 8 pDl l = 4.7m

. : e - NTU *
Q& h = Q& C m& hCph (Thi - Tho ) = m& C .C& pc (Tco - Tci )

.*

(DTmax = Thi - Tci )

m& cp = C
Cc (Tbc ,o - Tc,i ) = Ch (Thi - Tho )
qmax = C min .DTmax = C min (Th,i - Tc,i )
* If .Cc < Ch Cmin = Cc

* IfCh < Cc C min = C h

e=

q
qmax

NTU =

q = eqmax

NTU: Number of TransferUnit ()

UA
q min

3-11

106

C min
C max

e = f ( NTU , Cr ),

= Cr

) NTU = f (e , C r

14-11 19-11 .
=CC >> Ch C
0
r

Evaportor:

C h >> Cc ,

e = 1 - e - NTU

Condansor:

=C
0
r

* LMTD
e - NYTU .
:

. -
30000 . D = 25mm
ho =11000W / m2 .K
. q

20o C

3 104 kg / s

2 109 W

) 1kg / s( .

50o C

107

) qh = qC m& c .cpc (Tco - Tci ) = m& h cph (Thi - Th ,o

q = m& c .cpc (Tc ,o - Tci ) 2 109 w = 3 104

kg
4179(Tc ,o - 20)
s

Tc ,o = 36o C

. : F
q = FUADTlm , F = 1
DT1 = 50 - 20 = 30

DT2 = 50 - 36 = 14
DTl ,m =

U=

DT1 - DT2
= 21o C
DT
ln 1
DT2
1

1 + 1
hi
ho

, ho =

m = 855 10-6 N .s 2
m

4m&
3 104
o
w
Re =
, m& =
T = 28 C K = 0.613
=1
m.k
D
30000
mp

Pr = 5.83

Re =

41
Re = 59567 > 10 4
-6
855 p 10 0 . 025

Nu D = 0 .023 Re 0 .8 . pr

= 0 . 023 (59567

: turbulent

)0 . 8 (5 . 83 )0 . 4

= 308

h i 0 . 025
= 308 h i = 7552 w 2
m .k
0 . 613

U =

+ 1
7552 11000

U = 4478

. h U
2 10 9 w = 1 4478 w

m 2 .k

A 21 k A = 21268

A = NM p Dl = 30 . 000 2 p 0 . 25 l = 21268

l = 4.51m

108

Cr =

C min
=0
C max

NTU =

UA
Cmin

e=

q
qmax

C min = m& C C p = 3 104 4179

j
kg.k

= 1.25 108

w
k

e = 1 - e - NTU
qmax = C min .DTmax = Cmin (Thi - Tci ) = 1.25 108 (50 - 20)

= 3.75 109 w

e=

q
qmax

0.53 = 1 - e - NTU e - NTU =

0.76 =

2 104
= 0.53
3.75 109

AU

Cmin

4478 A
A = 21215
1.25 108

21215

= 30000 2 p 0 . 025 l l = 4 . 5

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The End.

109