INTRODUCTION TO THE
social networks and the multiplication of
THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION
“Take, for instance the path that a strawberry
in a Chicago supermarket took to get there.
The strawberry “is likely to have come from
Mexico, where it might have been grown with
the help of pesticides made in the Rhine
Valley of Germany and a tractor made in
Japan. The tractor, perhaps constructed with
Korean steel cast from iron dug from the
territory of tribal peoples in Papua New
Guinea, was likely fueled with diesel pumped
from the earth in southern Mexico. At harvest
time, the strawberry may have been packed in
a box made of cardboard from Canadian
softwood pulp, wrapped in plastic
manufactured in New Jersey, and loaded on a
truck made in Italy with German, Japanese,
and American parts. The ecological wakes of
the…strawberry – like the production lines
themselves – span the globe.” – Alan Durning
Globalization: A Working Definition
Globalization first appeared in the 1940s but
did not gain widespread traction until the
1990s.
It is sometimes mistaken for an unstoppable
juggernaut “Americanizing” the world.
However, a more nuanced understanding of
the interactions between local, national,
regional, and global. And the indiscrimate use
of the word globalization is confusing.
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a set of social processes by
which the world, previously isolated through
physical and technological distance becomes
increasingly connected.
It is manifested by the increase in interaction
between people around the world that
involves, and processes aided by information
technology. sharing of ideas, cultures, goods,
services, economic, political, cultural,
ideological, investment, environmental
Manfred Steger’s Definition of
Globalization
“the expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world–time
and across world–space.”
Expansion refers to “both the creation of new
existing connections that cut across traditional,
political, economic cultural and geographical
boundaries.”
Intensification refers to the expansion,
stretching, and acceleration of these networks.
Multiple Globalizations
Some scholars have found it simpler to avoid
talking about globalization as a whole.
Instead, they want to discuss “multiple
globalizations” instead of just one process.
Arjun Appadurai’s “scapes”
For Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai different
kinds of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration that he
calls “scapes”
Appadurai‘s argument is simple: there are
multiple globalizations.
Ethnoscape - global movement of people
Mediascape - flow of culture
Ideoscape - realm where political ideas move
Technoscape - circulation of goods and
software
Financescape - global circulation of money
1999 UNDP Human Development
Report
The “challenge of globalization in the new
century is not to stop the expansion of global
markets.” Rather, the challenge is to “ensure
that globalization works for people – not just
for profits.”
The 1999 HDR says we need globalization
with:
• Ethics
• Equity
• Inclusion
• Human Security
• Sustainability and Development
History of Globalization
When did globalization begin?
1st View - It has been evolving since the
beginning of time.
2nd View - It began with the rise of modern
era and the development of capitalism.
3rd View - Globalization is on its infancy.
BELT AND ROAD – Silk Road
AGE OF DISCOVERY – Ferdinand Magellan Trip
First Wave of Globalization
(19th century-1914)
John Maynard Keynes, the economist,
observed:
“The inhabitant of London could order by
telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the
various products of the whole Earth, in such
quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably
expect their early delivery upon his doorstep.”
By the end of the 19th century, the Khan
Academy notes, “most [globalizing and
industrialized] European nations grabbed for
a piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only
independent country left on the continent was
Ethiopia”.
 In a similarly negative vein, large countries
like India, China, Mexico or Japan, which
were previously powers to reckon with,
were not either not able or not allowed to
adapt to the industrial and global trend.
 Many workers in the industrialized nations
also did not benefit from globalization,
their work commoditized by industrial
machinery, or their output undercut by
foreign imports.
Second and Third Wave of
Globalization
 The end of the World War II marked a
new beginning for the global economy.
 Under the leadership of a new hegemon,
the United States of America, and aided by
the technologies of the Second Industrial
Revolution, like the car and the plane,
global trade started to rise once again.
 At first, this happened in two separate
tracks, as the Iron Curtain divided the
world into two spheres of influence. But as
of 1989, when the Iron Curtain fell,
globalization became a truly global
phenomenon.
Globalization 4.0
 In a world increasingly dominated by two
global powers, the US and China, the new
frontier of globalization is the cyber world.
 The digital economy, in its infancy during
the third wave of globalization, is now
becoming a force to reckon with through
e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing.
It is further enabled by artificial
intelligence but threatened by cross-
border hacking and cyberattacks.
Depending on what is being globalize a
different dynamic or dynamics may emerge.
So, while it is important to ask “what is
globalization?” It is likewise important to ask
“what is/are being globalized?” depending on
what is being globalized and conclusions
change.
“Treat each lesson not as an end in itself
but as windows the broader
phenomenon of globalization”
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
Academic literature commonly subdivides
globalization into three:
 ECONOMIC
 CULTURAL/SOCIAL
 POLITICAL
 ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
What Is Globalization in the Economy?
● It refers to the widespread international
movement of
goods, capital, services, technology and
information
● According to the Committee for
Development Policy (a subsidiary body of
the United Nations), from an economic
point of view, globalization can be defined
as:
“(…) the increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of the
growing scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, the flow of
international capital and the wide and
rapid spread of technologies. It reflects
the continuing expansion and mutual
integration of market frontiers (…) and the
rapid growing significance of information
in all types of productive activities and
marketization are the two major driving
forces for economic globalization.”
● Economic globalization primarily
compromises the globalization of
 Production
 Finance
 Markets
 Technology
 Organization
 Institutions
 Corporation
 Labor
The Economic Negative Effects of
Globalization
● The consequences of globalization are far
from homogeneous: income inequalities,
disproportional wealth and trades that benefit
parties differently. In the end, one of the
criticisms is that some actors (countries,
companies, individuals) benefit more from the
phenomena of globalization, while others are
sometimes perceived as the “losers” of
globalization.
● As a matter of fact, a recent report from
Oxfam says that 82% of the world’s generated
wealth goes to 1% of the population.
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
• It refers to the growth of a worldwide
political system both in size and complexity.
• The political dimension of globalization looks
at political arrangements beyond the nation
state.
• It includes national governments, their
governmental and intergovernmental
organizations, government independent
elements of global civil society such as
international nongovernmental organizations.
Difference between Intergovernmental
Organizations (IGOs) and
Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)?
• IGOs are typically organized by their
membership and by their purpose.
Example: United Nation
• Some IGOs are regional and limit their
membership to states within the designated
regions.
Example: ASEAN, European Union, African
Union
• Other IGOs are referred to as selective
organizations because they base their
membership on criteria other than geography.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• NGOs are formed by two or more individuals
rather than by nations.
• NGOs are therefore typically independent of
governments, are usually non-profit
organizations, and receive at least a portion of
their funding from private sources.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
● Refers to the rapid transmission of ideas,
meanings, and values and cultural products
across the world in such a way as to extend
and intensify social relations
● Phenomenon by which the experience of
everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of
commodities and ideas, reflects a
standardization of cultural expressions around
the world.
Understanding Glocalization
(Investopedia, 2020)
● A combination of the word "globalization"
and "localization.“
● The term was coined in the Harvard
Business Review, in 1980, by sociologist
Roland Robertson, who wrote that
glocalization meant "the simultaneity—the co-
presence—of both universalizing and
particularizing tendencies.“
● The term is used to describe a product or
service that is developed and distributed
globally but is also adjusted to accommodate
the user or consumer in a local market.
A global product or service, something
everyone needs and can get used out of, may
be tailored to conform with local laws,
customs, or consumer preferences.
Products that are "glocalized" are, by
definition, going to be of much greater
interest to the end user, the person who ends
up using the product.
Seven Global Contradictions
Adapted from Kishore Mahbubani’s The Great
Convergence (2013)
1. Global Interests Versus National
Interests
What do you think is ourcountry’s national
interest?
What would be considered Global Interests?
Rafael Alunan III (2016) What is in our
national interest?
Because human existence is one of never-
ending risk, our national interests and
priorities should be risk-based. I would classify
those risks as:
those that threaten national survival;
e.g., all-out war to include nuclear, biological,
and chemical weapons of mass destruction;
the irreversibility of climate change and its
global impact on human and ecological
security; collapse of the global economic and
financial system.
those that threaten national security but
not national survival;
e.g., armed insurgencies, transnational crimes,
and terrorism.
those that affect national well-being but
not its overall security and survival;
e.g., feudalistic practices, government capture,
and poor civics that perpetuate the cultures of
entitlement, exclusion, impunity, poverty,
ignorance, corruption, and injustice.
It is, therefore, in our national interest to have
a governance system that enables us to elect
qualified public servants to apply “whole of
government” and “whole of nation” solutions
to root causes like the oligarchy, injustice,
poverty, ignorance, exclusion, impunity,
armed insurgency, and the full spectrum of
crime and corruption.
It calls for:
a. functioning parties that select candidates
imbued with a keen sense of nationhood and
public service;
b) an honest and reliable electoral counting
system;
c) a responsible system of public information
and communication that shapes public thinking
toward nation-building and ethical choices.
Good governance and good civics, in
furtherance of participatory democracy for the
common good, will fuel the journey to
nationhood; enhance competitiveness; and
underscore our reliability as a responsible
member of the family of nations, security ally,
trade partner, and investment haven.
We need to develop a strong and diverse
economy; restore and protect ecological
balance; and build a credible defense shield
for our people, territory and resources from In contrast to the Orient (from the Latin word
any threat, foreign and domestic. oriens, "rise, East"), or Eastern world,

We must increase our investments in nation the Western world is also known as the
building -- education, moral recovery, skills Occident (from the Latin word occidens,
training, science and technology, research and "sunset, West").
development to reduce poverty, reverse the
diaspora, reunite our families and reenergize
The West The “Rest”
the nation.
World Population Only 12 percent (12%) 88 percent
Similarly, we need a strong Navy, Air Force, (88% )
Coast Guard and Land Forces (including law
enforcement) to thwart internal and external Global Institutions Severely over-represented
threats. Keeping our military alliances strong UN Security Council (Five Three are from W est – China, Russia
and relevant, and developing new ones, are Permanent Members) France, the UK, and US
just as important.
IMF Controls 50 percent of the
The Global Interests in the Process of votes
Globalization, Yang (2010) The Head can only be a
 Global interests are still unclear today. European

 Global interests are human common

interests including all individual interests,
nations and countries’ interests, and sorts
of interest relations.
 Everyone is responsible for global interests
and has a voice in global interests, just as
people are responsible for national affairs
and have a voice in national affairs.
Samuel P. Huntington's 1996 Clash of
Civilizations
Premise: Non–Western nations have three
choices
Option 01: Try to isolate themselves
Option 02: Develop economic and military
power and cooperate with non– Western to
battle Western influence.

2. The West Versus the Rest Option 03: Just accept Western culture

As the term "Western world" does not have a

strict international definition.
Many anthropologists, sociologists and
historians oppose "the West and the Rest" in a
categorical manner.
The exact scope of the Western world is
somewhat subjective in nature, depending on
whether cultural, economic, spiritual or
political criteria are employed.
It is a generally accepted western view to
recognize the existence of at least three
"major worlds" (or "cultures", or
"civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the
Western: the Eastern world, the Arab and the
African worlds, with no clearly specified
boundaries.
Fun Fact
3. The World’s Greatest Power Versus
the World’s Greatest Emerging Power
This is not a new contradiction. No great
power likes to cede its number one spot.
The number one power is America, a Western
power.
The number two rapidly catching up on
number one is China, an Asian power.
If, and when China becomes the number one
power in the next decade or two it will be the
first time in two centuries that a non–Western
Power has emerged as number one.
4. Expanding China Versus a Shrinking
World
The global village was shrinking rapidly yet in
its middle one home was getting bigger and
bigger.
That home was China.
What China Is Really Up To In Africa
(Shepard, 2019)
 Africa has become the fastest urbanizing
region of the world.
 By 2050, Africa’s 1.1-billion-person
population is slated to double, with 80%
of this growth happening in cities, bringing
the continent’s urban headcount up to
more than 1.3 billion.
 The IMF recently declared Africa the
world’s second- fastest growing region,
and many are predicting that it is well on
its way to becoming a $5 trillion economy,
as household consumption is expected to
increase at a 3.8% yearly clip to $2.1
trillion by 2025.
 China is now Africa’s biggest trade
partner, with Sino-African trade topping
$200 billion per year.
 According to McKinsey, over 10,000
Chinese-owned firms are currently
operating throughout the African
continent, and the value of Chinese
business there since 2005 amounts to
more than $2 trillion, with $300 billion in
investment currently on the table.
 Africa has also eclipsed Asia as the largest
market for China’soverseas construction
contracts
There have already been warning signs:
1. The $4 Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway ended
up costing Ethiopia nearly a quarter of it’s total
2016 budget,
2. Nigeria had to renegotiate a deal with their
Chinese contractor due to their failure to pay,
and
3. Kenya’s 80% Chinese-financed railway from
Mombasa to Nairobi has already gone four
times over budget, costing the country
upwards of 6% of its GDP.
In 2012, the IMF found that China owned 15%
of Africa’s external debt, and hardly three
years later roughly two-thirds of all new loans
were coming from China.
This has some analysts issuing warnings about
debt traps – with some even going as far as
calling what China is doing a new form
colonialism.
5. Islam Versus the West
The most dangerous global contradiction. The
sources of misunderstanding are many.
 The first is historical.
 The second source is religious.
 The third source of misunderstanding is
psychological – both sides will have a
sense of victimhood.
Second source – Religion
 Most Christian societies with the possible
exception of America, are becoming more
secular whereas most Islamic societies are
becoming more religious.
 The declining religiosity in the West and
the rising religiosity of the Islamic world
are potentially are a potentially significant
source of misunderstanding.
Third Source – Psychological For the
Muslim (Victimhood)
For the Muslim
Muslims feel Victimize because
 for two centuries and more until the late
1940s, virtually all Islamic countries
stretching from Morocco in the West to
Indonesia in the East were colonized.
 even after the colonization, Western
Power trampled over all their interest
 the ongoing inability of 1.3 million Muslims
to liberate the West Bank and Gaza from
Israel sticks like a very painful bone in
their troops.
Additionally, it is increased by the knowledge
that during the last decade Western bombs
have fallen only on Muslim populations.
For the West
 By contrast, especially since 9/11 the West
has developed its own powerful narrative
of victimhood.
 Many Americans believe that 9/11 was a
completely irrational attack on innocent
civilians by dangerous Islamic terrorists.
 The subsequent attacks in Madrid on
March 11 2004 and in London on July 5
2005 only reinforced the western belief
that fanatical Islamists want to destroy
western civilization.
 The average American and average
European believe “We do the Muslims no
harm. Why are they killing us especially
killing innocent people?”
6. Global Environment Versus Global
Consumer
As Consumerism Spreads, Earth Suffers, Study
Says (National Geographic, 2004)
 About 1.7 billion people belong to the
global "consumer class.”
 Approximately 1.7 billion people worldwide
now belong to the "consumer class"— the
group of people characterized by diets of
highly processed food, desire for bigger
houses, more and bigger cars, higher
levels of debt, and lifestyles devoted to
the accumulation of non-essential goods
The increase in prosperity is not making
humans happier or healthier, according to
several studies.
 Increased consumerism evidently comes
at a steep price.
 People are incurring debt and working
longer hours to pay for the high-
consumption lifestyle, consequently
spending less time with family, friends,
and community organizations.
 "Excess consumption can be
counterproductive," said Gardner. "The
irony is that lower levels of consumption
can actually cure some of these
problems."
Global Warming is the most obvious threat,
but the global environment is being
threatened by many other dimensions:
rainforests, fishery stocks, water supply, to
name just a few.
 It is ethical to save our planet.
 It is equally ethical to elevate people from
poverty.
 The only ethical solution is to spread the
burden equitably throughout theworld,
with the rich population bearing the most
Government
7. Government Versus Nongovernmental
Organizations
In theory, international life is driven by
national governments.
In practice, nongovernmental organization and
forces, in various stages and forms are also
driving international life across the world.
United Nation
 Principle of non–interference in internal
affairs sacrosanct “Nothing contained in
the present charter shall authorize the
United Nations to intervene in matters
which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of any state”
 In the area of human rights, for example
has been completely transformed by the
global human rights organization such as
Amnesty International and Human Rights
Watch
 Countries do not have to respond to
negative reports by these international
NGOs but they ignore them at their burial.
Global Migration
1. Definition and Types
Human Migration
1. The movement of persons away from their
place of usual residence, either across an
international border or within a State.
Source: UN Migration Agency (IOM)
2. The movement of a person or people from Internally displaced people (IDPs)
one country, locality, place of residence, etc.,
• Internally displaced people (IDPs) have not
to settle in another; an instance of this.
crossed a border to find safety.
Source: Oxford English Dictionary
• IDPs stay within their own country and
remain under the protection of its
Migrant government, even if that government is the
reason for their displacement.
A migrant is any person who is moving or has
moved across an international border or within Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees
a State away from his/her habitual place of
residence, regardless of
External Migration / International
(1) the person’s legal status;
Migration
(2) whether the movement is voluntary
• The movement of persons away from their
or involuntary;
place of usual residence and across an
(3) what the causes for the movement are; or international border to a country of which they
are not nationals.
(4) what the length of the stay is.
Source: UN Migration Agency (IOM)
Source: UN Migration Agency (IOM)

Categories of International Migration

EMIGRANT
• Immigrants – those who move
If you emigrate, you leave your own country
permanently to another country.
and go to live permanently in another country.
• Temporary labor migrants
Leaving one country for another one on a
voluntary basis for economic, political, • Highly skilled and business migrants
personal or other reasons.
• Migrants whose families have “petitioned”
IMMIGRANT them to move to the destination country.

Means entering another country for a Categories of International Migration

permanent or temporary residence or for some
• Refugees
other reasons.
• Asylum seekers

• International Students
Different types of human movements?

Internal Migration

• The movement of people within a State

involving the establishment of a new
temporary or permanent residence.

Source: UN Migration Agency (IOM)

Example: 2013 Zamboanga Siege and 2017

Marawi Siege
2. Why We Move: Push and Pull Factors

 Push Factors are negative things that Figures and Data

make people want to move to a new area
e.g war.
 Pull Factors are positive aspects that
attract people to move to a place e.g good
employment opportunities.
 Migration usually happens as a result of a
combination of this push and pull factors.
• From 2008 to 2012, close to 70,000 Filipino
nurses worked abroad according to
government data from the Philippine Statistics
Authority (cited in McLaughlin, 2020).
• In 2017, some 145,800 Filipinos
worked as registered nurses in the United
States according to the Washington-based
Migration Policy Institute (cited in Batalova,
2020)

3. Filipino Nurses and their Migration

The State of Global Nursing

• According to the WHO report on the State of

the World’s Nursing – 2020, the result of the
collaborative effort of 191 countries, nursing is
the largest category in the health sector, with
nurses accounting for 59 per cent of all health
workers.

Nurses and their Migration

• Today the country is ‘the leading exporter of

nurses in the world’ (Lorenzo et al., 2007,
1406).

• The Philippines is a preferred source of

nurses because of its exceptionally well-
educated workforce, which is a result of the
Philippine education system and the quality of
training the population receive.