Introduction to Computing

UNIT I: OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION AND UNIT II: DATA REPRESENTATION

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
I. Definition of Computer I. Number Systems
II. Unit of Measurements a. Decimal Number System
a. Storage Measurements b. Binary Number System
b. Speed Measurements c. Octal Number System
III. Classification of Computers d. Hexadecimal Number System
a. According to Purpose II. Conversion of Number System
- General Purpose a. Integer/Whole Number Conversion
- Special Purpose - Decimal to Radix
b. According to Type of Data Handling o To Binary
- Analog Computers o To Octal
- Digital Computers o To Hexadecimal
- Hybrid Computers - Radix to Decimal
c. According to Size/Capacity o From Binary
- Microcomputer o From Octal
- Minicomputer o From Hexadecimal
- Mainframe computer - Other Conversions
- Supercomputer o Binary -> Octal
d. According to functionality o Binary -> Hexadecimal
- Servers o Octal -> Binary
- Workstation o Octal -> Hexadecimal
- Information Appliances o Hexadecimal -> Binary
- Embedded computers o Hexadecimal -> Octal
e. Computers for Individual Users b. Decimal/Fractional Number Conversion
- Personal Computer - Decimal to Radix
- Workstation o To Binary
f. Laptop/Notebook/Netbook o To Octal
g. Handheld/Palmtop o To Hexadecimal
h. Tablet Computer - Radix to Decimal
i. Smartphone o From Binary
IV. Data, Information, Knowledge o From Octal
V. Capabilities and Limitations of Computer o From Hexadecimal
1. Capabilities: - Other Conversions
a. Speed o Binary -> Octal
b. Accuracy o Binary -> Hexadecimal
c. Reliability o Octal -> Binary
d. Storage Capability o Octal -> Hexadecimal
e. Versatility o Hexadecimal -> Binary
2. Limitations: o Hexadecimal -> Octal
a. Dependent on User Input c. Number Systems Arithmetic
b. Cannot decide on their own - Addition
c. No feeling - Subtraction
d. Computers can’t implement - Multiplication
VI. Computer Viruses - Division
a. Viruses III. Decimal Digit Representation
b. E-mail Viruses a. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
c. Trojan Horses b. Unpacked Decimal Format (UDF)
d. Worms c. Packed Decimal Format (PDF)
VII. History of Computers IV. Binary Number Representation
1. Earliest computing devices a. Signed Binary Numbers
2. Generations of computers - Sign-magnitude Representation
- Absolute Value Representation
- Complement Representation
 o 1’s Complement
UNIT VI: COMPUTER NETWORKS
o 2’s Complement
b. Floating Point I. Data Communication
c. Overflow II. Computer Network
V. Character Representation 1. Elements
a. ASCII a. Protocols
b. EBCDIC b. Data and Messages
c. ISO c. Communication medium
d. Devices
d. JIS
2. Classification according to
e. UNICODE Geographic Scope
VI. Parity Bit a. Local Area Network
a. Even Parity b. Metropolitan Area Network
b. Odd Parity c. Wide Area Network
d. Global Area Network
UNIT III: HARDWARE e. Personal Area Network
I. Components of the System Unit III. Basic Network Models
1. Hardware definition IV. Network Topologies
2. Main Units of a Computer 1. Point to point
a. Processor 2. Multipoint
b. Main Storage/Memory a. Star
c. Input Device b. Bus
d. Output Device c. Ring
e. Secondary or Auxiliary Storage d. Mesh
Devices e. Tree
II. Digital Logic System f. Hybrid
1. Boolean Algebra V. Internet Concepts
2. Logic Gates 1. Internet History
a. NOT 2. World Wide Web (WWW)
b. AND 3. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
c. OR 4. Internet Protocol Address
d. NOR 5. Domain Name
e. NAND 6. Web Addresses
f. Exclusive OR (XOR) 7. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
g. Exclusive NOR (XNOR) 8. Protocol
3. Postulates and theorems for Boolean 9. Intranet
Algebra
4. Equivalence among circuits UNIT VII: COMPUTER TRENDS AND ISSUES IN
ICT
I. Current Trends and Issues
UNIT IV: PEOPLEWARE 1. Cloud Computing
2. Internet of Things
I. People in ICT (Roles and Job Titles) 3. Mobile Application
II. Codes of Ethics for ICT Professionals 4. Human Computer Interaction
5. Data Analytics
UNIT V: SOFTWARE 6. Artificial Intelligence
7. Data Security
I. Software definition 8. Data Privacy
II. Categories of Software 9. Cybersecurity
1. System Software 10. Malware
a. Operating System
b. Utility Programs
2. Application Software
III. Assembly and Machine Language
IV. Compilers and Translators
V. Programming Languages
UNIT VIII: SPECIAL INTEREST TOPICS IN ICT
I. Artificial Intelligence
a. History
b. Applications of AI to different fields
c. Machine Learning
d. Deep Learning
II. Data Science and Big Data
III. Social Networking and Society