Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department 8.1 Resonance in A. C. Circuits: In this chapter we will study the effect of varying the frequency of the sinusoidal source on different type of electric circuits, which refer to frequency response ofthe circuit (voltage or current wrt. frequency). According to ohm’s law the frequency response represents a relationship between total impedance or admittance wrt. frequency. There are three primary reasons for studying frequency response: 1. The ability to design circuits that are frequency selective circuits, like radio, telephone, and television communication systems 2. We can predict the response of the circuit to any other non-sinusoidal inputs, so the engineer can carry out the design in terms of frequency specification and exert control over the response. 3. We can measure the frequency response in the laboratory and from these data; we can formulate a model for the circuit or device. A network is in resonance (or resonant) when the voltage and current at the network input terminals are inphase. So the equivalent impedance or admittance consists of rea/ part only and the power factor is waity. In other words the resonance ocours in electrical circuit at a frequency when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is minimum (zero} or the transfer impedance is maximum (one). The energy will be oscillating between magnetic field of inductance and electrical field of capacitance. Resonance is a condition in-an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely resistive impedance. Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for constructing fiters, as their transfer functions can be highly frequency selective. They are used in many applications such as selecting the desired stations in radio and TV receivers. Resonant Frequency (ao): is the frequency that makes the total impedance seen by the source is purely resistive and the corresponding total admittance purely conductive since Y;=1/Z; (imaginarypatt equal to zero in both). Bandwidth (Bp): is the range of frequencies in which the amplitude of the output voltage or current is equal or greater than the maximum value divided byy2. So an acceptable output voltage or current has an amplitude is at least 1/A2=0.707 times the maximum amplitude that can be transmitted by the circuit, Note: because the amplitude is reduced by 1/V2, so the average power delivered to the circuit is half its maximum value and this called half power frequency (HPF). Lower & Upper Side Frequencies (a & @): these are the two frequencies for which the output voltage or current amplitude is equal to 1/42 from its maximum amplitude that can be transmitted bythe circuit. Quality Factor (QJ: is the amount of sharpness of the response curve of any resonant (frequency selective) circuit (the circuit response are closely ideal). maximum energy stored total energy lost per period (cycle) Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -78 Q= quality factor = 2xMustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department The Quality Factor for Some Circuits: For series RL circuit: BR JoL The Sinusoidal Cycle Period = T =1/ WSs Maximum Energy (Power) Stored = Fuh Average Energy (Power) Stored Per Cycle = Seat. sa/t 2 Q=2n xo, = Stok = Bot Bihee FR For series RC circuit: R Vac The Sinusoidal Cycle Period = T =1/f wy - Maximum Energy (Power) Stored = ley? =1._1 i v 2 2 wc Average Energy (Power) = RI, xf stored per cycle dechotlle Onan em * o2Ee Tbe FFocr our For series RLC circuit: Rs Nets The stored energy in RLC series circuit at i Uy,» ae resonance are constant, because when the - capacitive voltage was maximum then the ™ Ve inductive current equal to zero and vise-versa. - Y2xLvi_iR? Y2xRVi. (Rx YE Q=2mx For parallel RLC circuit: Like series circuit at resonance when the inductive 7; current was maximum then the capacitive voltage Zi equal to zero and vise-versa. Ch) ancy, Co ee et Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -79Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department 8.2 Resonance in Series RLC Circui First we need to change the voltage source frequency: B=Constant (will not be effecied), while X,=@L = 27 or Xzof]& beg - = or x,0}] ac 2xfC £ ZR eS) & at resonance imaginary part-0 @ Nigh = Se > Wg = Farad/s oF fo = eal Resonant frequency f, = yFf, or a, = (om, B.W=Band Width =f; or [B= 0, Where: B= 2nxBW Sol INET RR ae, a vous I Sith oh Ta Va ( Sa +| @L- 2 QR we Solve the equation for two positive values yields ipper acl lower side frequencies Quality factor 2 z-R+tat(1-_)-R+sat]1-(22 oLe @ 2 L Ze afrosete(es) J - 24 ‘Total cirouit normalized impedance a Q o Where: /,y, =normalized frequency variable, Ath orf 1-2 , since P, -2R -Ex = |p=2Inatpower frequency a2 2 Avvreanlaeely () +a | andl (@ eat 2 2. (5) ) 1 1y _orusing Quality factor: a, = © “at 1} +1/and @, =0,] 1+ +1 1 Quality, 1 = Da (3) 2-0) 55 (a) Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -80-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department 8.3 Resonance in Parallel RLC Circ Fire we need to change the voltage source frequency: T B=Constant (will not be effected), while a Vie M,=@L= 2m or X,of|& e eee xa ac 2xfC £ Jvif@c——L) & at resonance imaginary pat-0 R oL 1 1 Tig|" "tae Resonant frequency £, = Jf, ot ay = foxy. B.W=Pand Width =ff; or [B= @, — Where: B= 2nxBW 8, 5 1 1 1 a -sSe—s) + 2 ae ess) Za |tipper & lower side frequencies —2_| Quality factor a Tisracr [25] <2 fi 3e] 2 28 | rosa einenit normalized admittance R @ R by @ Where: 7, =normalized frequency variable Atfi orf: V v vsines B= = = half power frequency : ; assent, =-2rf(8) v0ifindn= Be f(2) +08 2Q° 42g 2Q Chapter 8: AC. Resonance -81- a a . orusing Quality factor: nel ee (3) atfand oases [ ‘) |Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: For the circuit shown, find the resonant frequency. Solution: - “1 1 1 fom 5 = 356Hz °° WLC 2aWo.1x2x10* —T Example: A series circuit is desired that will resonate at 2MHz. if (10uH) inductor is available, what should be the value of capacitor used to form the circuit? Solution: _ 1 (anf. xL (2ax2x10°)* x10x10% Example: AM band radio station has a center frequency of 1010KHz and BW of 15KHz. What is the value of Q for the radio transmitter circuit? Solution: 9 _ 1010 x10" oar 15x10" Example: For a series circuit with L/C=400 and f.=2MHz: 1. Find the values of L&C. 2. What is the value of “R” needed so that Q=20. 3. Calculate the upper and lower cutoff frequencies. Solution: 1 1 °° aaLC 2my'400GxC sfe-3 _on = 0.99940 “ve” 20 [379x109 Ba = 633PE = 67.3 = ax10° = => C=3.979nF and 1=400%3,979x 10°%1,591H fs fo Pemex 4S op 7 ROSMEE HQ210 Example: A series resonant circuit has B.VW=100Hz and f{,=2000Hz: 1. Find the value of Q forthe circuit. 2. What is the value of “L” & “C”ifR=100. 3. Calculate the upper and lower cutoff frequencies. Solution: 2000) 100 20x10 © 2mx2000 =15.9mH and = 0,398 20x 2mx 2000%10 pe = 2000 2 100 _ | oskHz f =f +2 = 2000412 5 O-20sKcH | irqet0 Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -82-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: Design a series resonant circuit with input votage 2V, B.W=400Hz, and |,=250mA at resonance, with fo=10KHz find: 1. The value of Q forthe circuit. 2. The value of “L”& "C”. 3. The upper and lower cutoff frequencies Solution: 1 qe ft 1008. 295 2. at resonance B= = Bw 400 ly p-QB-_*8__3gigme md c-—1_-__1__. @, 2n<10000 Qagk 25% 2nx10000x8 = 19000 - = = 9.8KHz f “2700 IQ 10 Example: Series RLC circuit with B.\VWV=250Hz, and center frequency 750Hz. Use 100nF capacitor, compute Q,L,R, a, & a. Solution: Qe gee Teg pe som 250 (anf XC (Gx 750)? x100 x10 5 a pea Bale 2RX7S0%A50109 a or BWwek Q 3 aL =2n| 2X, Bay’ +£3 |= 399trad/s or oe, - 24+ HY 2 LB 2 Va BW Lie aS Peg =5562.8rad/s of @, = @_| —+4] =] + J nt 2Q Example: Design the component values for series RLC circuit with center frequency 4KHz and Q=5, use 500nF capacitor. Solution: - y ae Fae Go 0 eral i Bot eaeanlt 8 a) tenet 2Q ll 2x5 \laxs L 1 a, =o) 1+, /+ ) a = omxaxt0| 4+1]=27771.37rad/s 2 yl2q x5 Yass, Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -83-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: Design a component values for series RLC circuit with center frequency 20KHz and Q=5, use 1000 resistor. Solution: p= Qh - 8x10 5 osmit e-—)_-___1 _____ is sone mq 20x 2010 Qaok 5x 2n%20%10° x10 pow =f = 20X10" _ gee o EWe=f,-f-2 Q 5 on e aL) +1 |=20x10]-L (4) 41/518 1KHz 2Q axs Ylaxs 2 5 a Jl 241.1 | Saf (S) +1 |= 22. 1KHe 2Q 42 BS Yaxs, Example: Series-resonant circuit has resonant frequency S5MHz and lower half-power frequency 4.5MHz. Use 0.04,F capacitor to find: BW, Q, L, and R. Solution: f= 2 = PES = 5 seni BIW =f, ~f,= ($.56— 4.5) x10° = 1.06MEz af 45x 108 2 Q » fy 5x10% =f = 474 Sa Toaxt08 = So tat @RC (24x Sx105)*x0.01x10% gb _ Bmx Sx 108 x 0.101 «10% oe 672 Q ATA 109 0.2mH Example: For the series RLC circuit shown, calculate: resonant frequency, Q, B.W, fj, and f, (half-power frequencies). Solution: nF 1 1 fp = = = 0.5 etn °°" DW LC Gaylo.axtoexsx107 ak _ IMx0.16M10xO9M0* 4, R 10 pow fo 216810" oeicete = skHZ Q 20 7 o,=- Fs (2) 44 =orsnrad’s = f,=S1= 0.152 a aL} “Le on z oy- af ®) 44 -oomadis = £ aL LL. Le Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance “84Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: Ze),,=20, fo=20KHz and C=0.001uF find: 1. “L” & ‘R’. 2. Vo, if s Vs=1V, 2KHz voltage source. 3. V, for the condition in “2”. Solution: Lbs = = de = ——._____ = 63.4mH wAxC (2nfg xO (tux 20%10%)* x 0.001% 10" sk, Rraoc Mtg a soat Bop X2mx 20%10? x 0.001510 2.x,2— o_O bed 2nX 2X10 X0,001X10 Xy, = nx 2x10? x 63.4x 107 = 796.32 ya L ~ 179.6210" - tov IR +(Xy—X,)] |398+I(796.3—79.62 x10%)| 3. vex ds T73g {= 0.0101V Rp HIG, =%,)| [398579605 —79.62x107) Example: A circuit is operate at 100KHz with B.W of SKHz. If the magnitude of voltage source is 1V, with internal resistance (250), and the coil available has a resistance (200) and (Q=50). Find the values of R, L, and C, which make up the circuit. Also find current magnitude and voltage across capacitor, inductor, and resistor. Solution: Fe ee a pi» + lili oo EE og For the coil: a @ol = Q& XRe = 50%20 = 10008 Vi BLA Po 5 1000 RB, +RARE 254+R 120 1000 =O 8 1.59mEt at resonance X=! 2nx100%10" “<€ 1 Bak g@yb 2ex100x10 «1000 vio Ry, 25435420 Vy = IR = 12.510 x35= 043750 We = ite = 12.5107 1000= 12.59 = ¥ Vg, ~IRe = 12.5% 10x 20 = 0.25 Vea =f VE + Ve, = v2.5)? + (0.25)? = 12.5020 Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -85- =1590F I =12,5mAMustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: Parallel-resonant circuit with resonant frequency 10KHz, B.W=400Hz, input current 20mA, and V,,=50V at resonance, find: Q@, R,L, C. f, and 6. Solution: ° fy _ 10x10? BW 400 R 2.5107 pp ar, OTE _ 6 = 0.159 Qa, 25x 2nx10x107 x10 10 x 25x10 es F=f AE. ox 19? - sates Ag geHz | 19210 Example: If the resonant tequency of RLC parallel circuit is 100KHz, and B.W=1KHz, use 60nF capacitor, calculate Q,R,L, a1, & 2. Seltion: x08 gata 1021 Bi co pe -_ 8 100 _ ags2.60 BW hae pC Bad x10 K60xT0 R 26526 => = 82.2 Qay 100x2mx100%10° : | a. ea [e-amxrof -t He =625.2Ktad/s=o,-£ 2Q s 200 2 o-afaee (& 4 ) v1 -ae0n0| of i as) ope skrad/e2iag+£ m Yl2g 200 2 Note: ao=2nf and B=27B.W = Example: Parallel RLC circuit with f9=10MHz, B=100KHz, and R=100KQ, calculate Q,L, C, a), 8 a2. Selon tox108 100 x10" = = 100 = a = 155 oe BW “To0x10 Qa, 100 x 2nx10x10* ee Q 100 1 z z =a), 41]= 2nxtoxt0®) ff 1) 41 | o2.seatrad/a = oy 2Q 2 300” ¥\ 200, 1 1 q B y= | —~+ |] — ) a1 [ezmcroxist] +1] = 63,1SMrad/s =a + 2Q 200" ¥(200, 2 Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -86-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: For the parallel RLC circuit shown, find: Suma + 1. 0, 01, 0, and |V,| at og, o, and a uta, 2. Value of ‘R” for B.W of 80Hz. - 3. Value of *Q” in “2”. Solution: 1. ag = = ett © fy 82 = as 91 55HH2 WLC yanx10% x0.28%10% an Q=WgCR = 10° x0,25x10% x 2x10 = aw=/o 115 J siesm or B= Qs 2ARC e ona an seams 20 ey] 2Q 2Q, 2 2 Ee 1 (S }- ‘pe s8rad fs =2nx| Ny, a) “| 2Q 22 2, 2 Vo(@o) = LR = 50x10 x 2000= 1007 Vo (i) = Vo(@,) = 0.707V, (m9) = 707V 1 2.R= = = 7957.70 2RB.WC 2mxB0x0.25 «10 3, qa ata = S55 _ 59 BW 80 Example: For the parallel RLC circuil shown, if f=2MHz and Q=10, calculate: C, f,, , BW, 0% - Vo, cand I, at resonance (t) CEN Solution: : R= Qagh 10x Inx 210° x25x 10 = 31400, -2 GBe Bn @R 2nx2x10°x3140 pw-f-200 Lo nae Q 10 ‘ f 2M. ato 22 =1.9MHz 9.2108 =21MEz | 1210 fy 45 2x108 + Vol@o) =1,R = 10x 107 «3140=31.4V output voltage a resonance I, = Volay) ¥; = 31.4% Bax 2 10 x253x10" = OLA=1, (phase difference 180% Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -87-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: For the circuit shown, find at resonance: 6, Q, B.W, output voltage, and the current in each element. Solution: 1 NLC Y2x107F «5x 107 Q=agCR = 3.16x10* x5x 10 x10x 10 = 15.8 3 pw=fo 503.10 storm or BWw-— Q. 158 2aRC Vo(@o}=1,R= 1x10" x10°=10¥ output voltage atresonance Te = Vo l0g) Ye = 10x2mx50.3x10°xSx10" =15.8mA=1, (phase difference 180° ) a : i Example: For the circuit shown: 1. Estimate oo wert. circuit elements. 2. Find that resonance Rg Rt frequency. 42 Son vf Solution: ©) 1 1 @ L ee ee 20uF 3imE R,-ik, By HX, R R, x, xX, Ye 4 RD | yf Me Ge +X? RP LXE Ré+X? Ri+X? Since at resonance imaginary part of total admittance=0 Xe X Ri+K? ® =3.16x10°radfs = SK(Ri +XL)= KBE +e) Tsay, aya a, 2 pot attic? LE ——R} +081?) = @L(R2+——>) = Ri +031? -o}LCRE -=- 0 BG REO) = OL RE + ea) > RE +51? -abtcr? ~E mer? Sic ef where! @, = 2nf,for real frequency |Ry > L/C&Re > LIC] 2 aaa Fe 28, a A sess ene oc fara fan 72e 10 x 20%10° 44° —107/ 2010 Example: For the circuit shown, estimate ao wrt. circuit elements. Solution: i Ch) & 1 1 Yeo+ +100 R, R4ob x(t ay) my) atresonance im aginary part of ()=0 2 RE +(@oLY to \L. Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -88-Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department 8.4 More on Serial and Parallel Resonant Circuits: - RL Serial to Parallel: 2 b. 1 ann{ ty) a2 b & Qe a1) 14+ ce. RC Serialto Parallel: - g B, =Ri1+c8) eg a Bi ae i) oR, => bE c d.RC Parallel to Serial: “J 1 =e. t ia e{t5) Qp = RC. 5 1 =| ( @) Example: For the circuit shovvn, find the quality factor R and Bandwidth. Bets Solution: 1) c 2 4 L fo.09, 1_(R 1 25 ME 0 ees sos Togve sx10*xo.oax10% \sx10 =100Krad/s or =f = 28 = 15.9KHe Qn gg ~ Bok. _ WOMIOEXSK10™ _ 94 R 5 Rp=R (1+ Q2)=250+-(20)) = 100250 _ RexRp _ 4.7x10° «10025 ORR, 47x107+10025 =3.2KQ ty-b fet) -sao-{1+4)-sor2sme g 20 Si0" =P -__3.x10_ gg o,2,¢ Goby 10010" 5.0125 x10 _ fy _ 15.910" BW= = 2.49KHz Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -89Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering Elec. Eng, Department Example: For the circuit shown, find: Ta 1. The value of Xo at resonance. Sonik 2. The total circuit impedance at resonance. Ke 3. The currents |_ & I; at resonance. x 4. The value of ‘L” & “C” at resonance frequency 200 20KHz 5. Parallel quality factor and Bandwidth. Solution: iv~ty v0c-[ rena} 0c ou Ry R+JoL RB, R?+(oL) Bi + (oLy At resonance the imaginary part of (¥)}=0 ob 2 20 BR? +(woL)* = 0.04950 20.20 Zz Gem OO07T Inst ree partof (A) orreal valne at resonance 450" 743 1 apn angy \ a iy i 3 22H. R RO® R Tp’ Tp Rak (14+2)= 2014 (10)%) = 2020 => Peo Lp x x L ny Bee Be _ 450202 99 4 R,+h, 4504202 Vo(Oo) =1pBy = 8010 199.4 = 11.15 b b Vo (wo) Ye = 11.15% 0.0495 = 0.552. (phase difference 180% Tp 5 _ 9 ossak, Ry 203 4 len)? + Cp) = (0.0552)? +(0.552)? = 0.5554] -R 2 Sree ape AO? isda @, 2mx 20x10? ——— Lyat! [= i )-oasssc0n ce =0.16mH 1 1 (2mx 20 x10)? x0.16x10 139.4 X20 x10" X0.16%10 20x10? 6.94 2.9KHz Chapter 8: A.C. Resonance -90-