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Circuit & Electronics 02
Circuit & Electronics 02
6.002 ELECTRONICS
∂φ B Outside elements
=0
∂t
∂q Inside elements
=0
∂t
wires resistors sources
Allows us to create the lumped circuit
abstraction
Review
i
+
v Lumped circuit element
-
KVL:
∑ jν j = 0
loop
KCL:
∑jij = 0
node
Review
R1 R4
R3
+ b
– d
R2 R5
lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve
Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis
Element Relationships
R
For R, V = IR
For voltage source, V = V0 +–
V0
For current source, I = I 0 J
Io
3 lumped circuit elements
KVL, KCL Example
a
+ +
ν1 R1 ν4 R4
– R3 –
+ + b
ν 0 = V0 – d
– +ν 3 –
+ +
ν2 R2 ν5 R5
– –
c
The Demo Circuit
Associated variables discipline
i
+
ν Element e
-
c
L4
The Demo Circuit
Analyze
ν 0 …ν 5 ,ι0 …ι5 12 unknowns
1. Element relationships (v, i )
v0 = V0 given v3 = i3 R3 6 equations
v1 = i1 R1 v4 = i4 R4
v2 = i2 R2 v5 = i5 R5
2. KCL at the nodes
a: i0 + i1 + i4 = 0 3 independent
b: i2 + i3 − i1 = 0 equations
d: i5 − i3 − i4 = 0
e: − i0 − i2 − i5 = 0 redundant
3. KVL for loops
L1: − v0 + v1 + v2 = 0 3 independent
L2: v1 + v3 − v4 = 0 equations
L3: v3 + v5 − v2 = 0 n s
o
L4: − v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant ati ns
u now
eq u nk
1 2 1 2
/
ugh @#!
Other Analysis Methods
Method 2— Apply element combination rules
R1 R2 R3 RN R1 + R2 + + RN
A … ⇔
B G1 G2 GN ⇔ G1 + G2 + GN
1
Gi =
Ri
V1 V2 V1 + V2
C +– +– ⇔ +–
D
⇔ I1 + I 2
J
J
I1 I2
Example I =?
V +
–
R1
R2 R3
I I
R1
V +
– V +
– R
R2 R3
R2 + R3
R2 R3
R = R1 +
R2 + R3
V
I=
R
Method 3—Node analysis
Particular application of KVL, KCL method
V0
R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5
J
I1
Step 1
Step 2
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
V0
R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
for
R2 R5 I1 convenience,
J
write
1
Gi =
Ri
KCL at e1
(e1 − V0 )G1 + (e1 − e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0
KCL at e2
(e2 − e1 )G3 + (e2 − V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 − I1 = 0
Step 3
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
V0
R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5
J
I1
1
Gi =
Ri
KCL at e1
(e1 − V0 )G1 + (e1 − e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0
KCL at l2
(e2 − e1 )G3 + (e2 − V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 − I1 = 0
move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns
e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (−G3 ) = V0 (G1 )
e1 (−G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1
2 equations, 2 unknowns Solve for e’s
(compare units) Step 4
In matrix form:
⎡G1 + G2 + G3 − G3 ⎤ ⎡ e1 ⎤ ⎡ G1V0 ⎤
⎢ =
⎣ − G3 G3 + G4 + G5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣e2 ⎥⎦ ⎢G V + I ⎥
⎣ 4 0 1⎦
Solve
⎡G3 + G4 + G5 G3 ⎤ ⎡ G1V0 ⎤
⎡ e1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ G3 G1 + G2 + G3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣G4V0 + I1 ⎥⎦
⎢e ⎥ = (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) − G3 2
⎣ 2⎦
e = 3 4
(
G +G +G G V + G G V + I
5 1 0 3 4 0 1
)( ) ( )( )
1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G
1 3 1 4 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4 3 5
(same denominator)
G1 ⎫ 1 G2 ⎫ 1 1
⎬ = ⎬= G3 =
G5 ⎭ 8.2 K G4 ⎭ 3.9 K 1.5 K
I1 = 0
(
G G V + G +G +G G V + I
e = 3 10 1 2 3 40 1
)( )
( )(
2 G + G + G + G + G + G −G 2
1 2 3 3 4 5 3
)
1 1 1
G +G +G = + + =1
1 2 3 8.2 3.9 1.5
1 1 1
G3 + G4 + G5 = + + =1
1.5 3.9 8.2
1 1 1
× + 1×
e2 = 8.2 1.5 3.9 V
0
1
1− 2
1.5
Check out the
e2 = 0.6V0 DEMO
If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0