Abs

tra
ct

T
hes
tudyi
nve
sti
gat
edt
heme
dic
ina
lco
mpo
sit
ionso
fle
ave
sof

mus
apa
ras
idi
ci
aandt
hei
n-vi
tr
oant
iox
ida
ntspr
ope
rti
eso
fit
sho
t

wa
ter a
que
ous l
eaf e
xtr
act
. Qua
li
tat
ive a
nd qua
nti
tat
ive

phy
toc
hemi
cals
tudi
eso
ftheho
twa
ter l
eafe
xtr
acto
fmus
a

pa
radi
si
ci
ade
tec
tedt
hepr
ese
nce
sofphe
nol
s,t
anni
ns,f
lavo
noi
ds,

a
nda
lka
loi
d.T
her
esul
tso
fthei
n-vi
tr
oant
iox
ida
nts
tudyo
fthe

e
xtr
acts
howe
dfr
eer
adi
cals
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
ieso
fex
tra
cta
gai
nst1
,

1
-di
phe
nyl-
2-pi
cry
lhy
dra
zyl
,
and ni
tr
ico
xide we
res
igni
fi
cant
ly

(
p<0.
05) Re
duc
ing po
wera
nd t
ota
lant
iox
ida
nt c
apa
cit
y we
re

s
igni
fi
cant
ly(
p<0.
05)i
ncr
eas
ewi
thi
ncr
eas
ingc
onc
ent
rat
ion.
 I
ntr
oduc
tio
n
1
.1Bac
kgr
ounds
tudy

Pl
ant
sha
vel
ongbe
enus
eda
sas
our
ceo
ffo
oda
ndme
dic
ine
.The
yno
tonl
y

s
ervea
sve
get
abl
eso
fhi
ghnut
ri
ti
veva
lue
,butt
hei
rdi
ffe
rentpa
rts(
lea
f,f
rui
t,

a
ndr
oot
)ar
eus
edf
orhe
alt
hre
medi
alpur
pos
es

Me
dic
ina
lpl
ant
sha
ver
ela
tive
lynot
oxi
cora
dve
rsee
ffe
ctswhe
nus
edby

huma
ns,whi
les
omea
reve
ryt
oxi
ctobo
thhuma
nsa
nda
nima
lswi
tht
he

po
tent
ialo
fda
magi
ngc
ert
aino
rga
nsi
nthebo
dy.

Me
dic
ina
lpl
ant
sar
efr
eque
ntl
yus
edi
ntr
adi
ti
ona
lme
dic
inet
otr
eatdi
ffe
rent

di
sea
ses
.TheWo
rldHe
alt
hOr
gani
zat
ion(
WHO2
000)e
sti
mat
edt
hat7
5%o
f

t
hee
art
h’spo
pul
ati
onsde
pends
ole
lyo
ntr
adi
ti
ona
lme
dic
inef
ort
hei
rpr
ima
ry

he
alt
hca
rene
eds
,andmo
sto
fthi
sthe
rapyi
nvo
lve
stheus
eofpl
ante
xtr
act
s

o
rthe
ira
cti
vec
ompo
nent
s(J
ac le
ka t
,al
.2
007
).

T
heUs
eofhe
rba
lre
medi
esf
orpr
eve
nti
ona
ndt
rea
tme
nto
fai
lme
ntsi
sof
i
ncr
eas
ingi
nte
res
tduet
othes
upe
rio
rit
yande
ffi
ci
enc
yofa
cti
vit
ypr
ovi
dedby

phy
toc
ons
tit
uent
sinhe
rbsa
ndunde
sir
abl
eef
fec
tso
fmo
der
nme
dic
ine
.The
se

c
ons
tit
ute
ntss
ucha
sal
kal
oi
ds,t
erpe
nes
,fl
avo
noi
ds,l
igna
ns,pl
ants
ter
oids

c
urc
umi
nes
,sa
poni
ns,phe
nol
i
cs,f
lavo
noi
dsa
ndgl
uco
side(
Hani
1998
)pr
ote
cts

pl
ant
sfr
om di
sea
sea
ndda
magea
ndc
ont
ri
but
etot
hepl
ant
’sc
olo
r,a
romaa
nd

f
lavo
r.I
n ge
ner
al,t
he pl
ant c
hemi
cal
stha
t pr
ote
ct pl
ant c
ell
sfr
om

e
nvi
ronme
nta
lha
zar
dss
ucha
spo
ll
uti
on,s
tre
ss,dr
ought
,UVe
xpo
sur
eand

pa
tho
geni
cat
tac
kar
eca
ll
eda
sphy
toc
hemi
cal
s(Gi
bsne
o tal
.,
1998;Ma
t ie
ha t

al
.,
2000)
.

F
reer
adi
cal
sar
eco
nti
nuo
usl
ypr
oduc
edi
nourbo
dye
ithe
rna
tur
all
yoro
n

e
xpo
sur
etoe
nvi
ronme
nta
lst
res
sas we
lla
sot
herf
act
orsa
nd c
an be

i
mpl
ic
ate
dinma
nydi
sea
sesl
ikec
anc
er,a
the
ros
cle
ros
is,a
rthr
it
is,a
ginga
nd

o
the
rager
ela
tedpr
obl
ems(
Bha
ll
iwe
lle
tal
.,
198
9),Ma
mma
li
anc
ell
spo
sse
ss

e
labo
rat
ede
fens
eme
cha
nis
msf
orr
adi
calde
tox
ifi
cat
ion.

T
hea
nti
oxi
dantc
ont
ent
sofme
dic
ina
lpl
ant
sma
yco
ntr
ibut
etot
he

pr
ote
cti
ont
heyo
ffe
rfr
om di
sea
se.T
hei
nge
sti
ono
fna
tur
ala
nti
oxi
dant
sha
s

be
eni
nve
rse
lya
sso
cia
tedwi
thmo
rbi
dit
yandmo
rta
li
tyf
rom de
gene
rat
ive

di
sor
der
s(Gul
ci
n201
2)

Mus
apar
adi
si
acai
soneo
fthet
all
esthe
rba
ceo
uspl
ant(
upt
o9m l
ong)wi
th

t
hic
krhi
zome
,,e
achpl
antpr
oduc
esas
ingl
einf
lor
esc
enc
eli
kedr
oopi
ngs
pike
,
a
ndl
argebr
act
sope
ningi
nsuc
ces
sio
n,o
vat
e,1
5-2
0cm,ps
eudo
ste
mfl
eshy
,

s
ucc
ule
ntf
orme
dbyt
hei
mbr
ica
tel
eafs
hea
thsl
onggr
eeni
sh/
yel
lo
wedi
abl
e

f
rui
twi
del
ydi
str
ibut
eda
cro
sswo
rld,
Iti
spo
ssi
blyt
hewo
rld'
sol
des
tcul
ti
vat
ed

c
rop.I
teve
nspr
eadi
ntot
heI
sl
andso
fthePa
cif
ica
ndt
otheWe
stCo
asto
f

Af
ri
caa
sea
rlya
s200-
300BC(
Rahma
nandKa
bir
,2003
).I
tshe
lpspr
omo
tes

he
alt
hydi
ges
tio
n,i
mpr
ove
saf
fec
tives
tat
e,he
lpsi
nther
ete
nti
ono
fme
mor
y

a
nds
erv
esa
sgo
ods
our
ceso
fpo
tas
sium,c
alc
ium,pho
spho
rus
,i
ron,ni
tr
oge
n,

whi
chbui
l
dandr
ege
ner
atet
iss
uesi
nthebo
dy,a
ndi
sal
soar
ichs
our
ceo
f

Vi
tami
nsCa
ndE(
Ade
olue
tal
.,
201
3)

I
tiso
neo
fthewe
ll
kno
wnpl
ant
so heMus
ft aeaef
ami
lyt
hatha
vebe
enus
ed

i
ntr
adi
ti
ona
lme
dic
ines
inc
ehundr
edy
ear
stoa
ll
evi
ateva
rio
usdi
sea
sesa
nd

he
alt
hpr
obl
emss
ucha
sul
cer
,di
ebi
ti
cs,
etc
.i
tisno
tonl
yea
tena
sfo
odo
ras

me
dic
inebutf
oro
the
rthi
ngss
ucha
sani
malf
eeds
,bl
acki
ngo
fle
athe
rs,
soa
p

ma
king,
fil
le
rsi
nrubbe
rands
oon.

1
.2AI
MOFT
HEST
UDY

T
hea
imo
fthi
sst
udyi
stoe
val
uat
ethephy
toc
hemi
str
yandi
nvi
tr
ofr
ee

r
adi
cals
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
yofho
twa
tere
xtr
ac fmus
to apar
adi
si
aec
a

1
.3OBJ
ECT
IVESOFT
HEST
UDY

T
he o
bje
cti
ves o
f t
his wo
rk a
re

t
o: .1
.De
ter
mine
t
he qua
li
tat
ive phy
toc
hemi
cal c
ompo
sit
io f Mus
n o a par
adi
si
aca.

2
.De
ter
minet
hequa
nti
tat
ivephy
toc
hemi
calc
ompo
sit
io fMus
no apar
adi
si
aca.

3
.Eva
lua
t hei
et nvi
tr
ofr
eer
adi
cals
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
yofho
twa
tere
xtr
acto
f

Mus
apar
adi
si
aca.

CHAPT
ERT
WO

L
ITERAT
UREREVI
EW

T
her
evi
ewo
fpha
rma
col
ogi
cals
tudi
ess
ugge
stst
hatt
het
radi
ti
ona
lus
eso
f

t
hepl
anti
ndi
arr
hoe
a,dy
sent
ery
,ul
cer
,di
abe
tes
,hy
per
tens
iona
ndc
ardi
ac

di
sea
sesa
res
cie
nti
fi
cal
lyva
li
d.

Ho
weve
r,c
li
nic
als
tudi
esi
nhuma
nar
est
il
lno
tava
il
abl
etha
tma
ypr
ovi
de

e
vide
nceo
fef
fic
acyo
fthepl
anti
nhuma
n.Be
side
s,s
til
lthe
rea
reo
pti
onst
o

i
nve
sti
gat
ethe une
xpl
ore
d po
tent
ialo
fthe pl
ant ba
sedo
nit
s us
es.

F
urt
her
mor
e,bi
oac
tivec
ons
tit
uent
(s)ne
edst
obei
sol
ate
dands
houl
dbe

c
ons
ide
redf
orf
urt
heri
nvi
vos
tudi
est
oco
nfi
rmt
hec
lai
msa
ndt
oex
plo
ret
he

po
tent
ialo
fde
vel
opme
nto
fle
adst
hatma
yco
ntr
ibut
eindr
ugde
vel
opme
nt
2
.1Mus
apar
adi
sic
a

Mus
apar
adi
si
acai
saf
ami
li
art
ropi
calf
rui
t.F
romi
tsna
tiveSo
uthwe
ste
rn

Pa
cif
icho
me,
thepl
ant
ainpl
ants
pre
adt
oIndi
abya
bout600BCa
ndl
ate
roni
t

s
pre
ada
llo
vert
het
ropi
calwo
rld.I
tispo
ssi
blyt
hewo
rld'
sol
des
tcul
ti
vat
ed

c
rop.I
teve
nspr
eadi
ntot
heI
sl
andso
fthePa
cif
ica
ndt
otheWe
stCo
asto
f

Af
ri
caa
sea
rlya
s200-
300BC(
Rahma
nandKa
bir
,2003
).

Mus
apar
adi
si
acai
sahe
rba
ceo
uspl
ant(
upt
o9m l
ong)wi
thar
obus
ttr
eel
ike

ps
eudo
ste
m,ac
rowno
fla
rgee
longa
tedo
valde
ep-
gre
enl
eave
s(upt
o365c
m

i
nle
ngt
hand61c
minwi
dth)
,wi
thapr
omi
nentmi
dri
bea
chpl
antpr
oduc
esa

s
ingl
einf
lor
esc
enc
eli
kedr
oopi
ngs
pike
,andl
argebr
act
sope
ningi
nsuc
ces
sio
n,

o
vat
e,1
5-2
0cml
ong,c
onc
ave
,da
rkr
edi
nco
lora
nds
ome
wha
tfl
eshy
.Fr
uit
s

a
rel
ong,
fle
shy
,5-
7cml
ongi
nwi
ldf
orma
ndl
onge
rint
hec
ult
iva
tedva
rie
tie
s.

2
.1.
1Ta
xno
mic
alc
las
sif
ica
tio
n

Ki
ngdo
m :Pl
ant
ae

Di
vis
ion:Ma
gno
li
ophy
ta

Cl
ass:L
il
io
psi
da

Or
der:Zi
ngi
ber
ale
s

F
ami
ly:Mus
ace
ae

Ge
nus:Mus
a

Spe
cis:Mus
e apar
adi
si
aca,
Mus
asa
pie
ntum
Mus
apar
adi
saec
apo
pul
arl
ykno
wna
spl
ant
aini
sonet
hemo
stwi
del
ypl
ant

t
hati
sgr
ownf
orf
oodi
nAf
ri
ca

Mo
stl
yinNi
ger
ia,
i
tgr
owsi
nthes
ort
her
npa
rtwhe
rei
tbe
engr
ownl
arge
lyf
or

f
oodo
rfo
rMe
dic
inepur
pos
e.t
radi
ti
ona
ll
yca
ll
eda
s"o
de"i
ntheuhr
oboc
ult
ure

2
.1.
2Medi
cali
mpo
rtanc
eofmus
apar
adi
sic
a

t
hispl
antc
anno
tbeo
vere
mpha
sisa
sit
sme
dic
ina
lus
eagef
ordi
ffe
rentt
ype

o
fil
lne
ss;

Mus
a par
adi
si
aca has been o
ne o
fthe mo
sta
nd c
ommo
nant
ise
pti
cs

e
spe
cia
ll
ythes
tal
kfo
rcuta
sithe
lpst
ost
opt
hebl
eedi
ngAddi
ti
ona
ll
ythel
eaf

c
ana
lsobeus
eda
sal
ter
nat
ivepo
lye
thy
lenes
urgi
caldr
apewo
unddr
ess
ing

ma
ter
iali
nfa
cia
labr
asi
ons

T
hef
rui
tofM.pa
radi
si
acai
str
adi
ti
ona
ll
yus
edi
ndi
arr
hoe
a(unr
ipe
),dy
sent
ery
,

i
nte
sti
nall
esi
ons ul
cer
ati
ve c
oli
ti
s,di
abe
tes(
unr
ipe
),i
nspr
ue,ur
emi
a,

ne
phr
it
is, go
ut, hy
per
tens
ion, c
ardi
ac di
sea
se (
Gha
ni,2
003
; Kha
re,

2
007
).dr
ess
ingsf
orbl
is
tera
nd bur
ns(
Gha
ni,2
003
).F
lowe
rsa
reus
edi
n

dy
sent
erya
ndme
nor
rha
gia
.St
emj
uic
eoff
rui
tedpl
anti
sus
edf
ort
rea
ting

di
arr
hoe
a,dy
sent
ery
,cho
ler
a,o
tal
gia
,ha
emo
pty
sisa
nd f
lowe
risus
edi
n

dy
sent
ery
,di
abe
tesa
nd me
nor
rha
gia(
Gha
ni,2
003
).T
her
ooti
sus
eda
s
a
nthe
lmi
nti
c(Kha
re,2
007
),bl
ooddi
sor
der
s,ve
ner
ealdi
sea
ses(
Gha
ni,2
003
).

T
hepl
anti
sal
sous
edi
ninf
lamma
tio
n,pa
ina
nds
nake
bit
e(Co
eandAnde
rso
n,

1
999

Se
ver
alf
lavo
noi
dsa
ndr
ela
tedc
ompo
unds(
Leuc
ocy
ani
din,
que
rce
tina
ndi
ts3
-

O-
gal
act
osi
de,3
-O-
gluc
osi
de,a
ndr
hamno
sylgl
uco
side
)we
rei
sol
ate
dfr
omt
he

unr
ipepul
pofpl
ant
ain(
Le se
wi tal
.,
1999;L
ewi
sandSha
w,2
001
;Ra
gaae
s tal
.,

2
007
).Se
rot
oni
n,no
r-e
pine
phr
ine
,tr
ypt
opha
n,i
ndo
lec
ompo
unds
,ta
nni
n,s
tar
ch,

i
ron,c
rys
tal
li
sabl
eand no
n-c
rys
tal
li
sabl
esuga
rs,vi
tami
n C,B-
vit
ami
ns,

a
lbumi
noi
ds,f
ats
,mi
ner
als
alt
sha
vebe
enf
oundi
nthef
rui
tpul
pofM.

par
adi
si
aca(
Gha
ni,
2003
).

s
eve
rals
tudi
es ha
sal
sos
hown t
hat mus
a par
adi
si
cae c
ont
ains hi
gh

a
nti
oxi
danta
cti
vit
ies
etha
nole
xtr
act
sofpl
ant
ainl
eaf
spo
sse
ssa
nti
oxi
dant

pr
ope
rti
esa
ndt
her
ebys
tabi
li
zet
hef
reer
adi
cal
sfo
rme
dasar
esul
tofva
rio
us

me
tabo
li
cpr
oce
sse
sint
hebo
dy.I
fthef
reer
adi
cal
sar
eno
tne
utr
ali
zed,t
hei
r

uns
tabl
eel
ect
ronsr
eac
twi
tht
heDNAa
ndpr
ote
inso
fhuma
nce
ll
sanda
lte
r

t
hei
rpr
ope
rti
es.T
hisc
anl
eadt
ose
ver
alc
hro
nicc
ondi
ti
ons
,inc
ludi
ngc
anc
er

a
nd he
art di
sea
se.So pl
ant
ainl
eafe
xtr
act
sca
n be us
edt
o he
alt
h

s
uppl
eme
ntsduet
oit
sant
iox
ida
ntpo
tent
ial
.ThusL
oga
nay
akie
tal
.,2
010

pr
ove
dthea
nti
oxi
dante
ffe
c fMus
to apar
adi
si
aca

T
her
ear
ese
ver
alc
uret
hatmus
apar
adi
si
acahasc
ont
ri
but
edt
otr
adi
ti
ona
l
me
dic
ine

2
.1.
3Hy
pogl
ycemi
cac
tivi
ty

T
hegr
eenf
rui
tofM.pa
radi
si
acahasbeenr
epo
rte
dtoha
vehy
pogl
yce
mic

e
ffe
ctduet
ost
imul
ati
ono
fins
uli
npr
oduc
tio
nandgl
uco
seut
il
iz
ati
on(
Oje
wol
e

a
ndAde
wunmi
,2003
).I
tshi
ghpo
tas
sium (
K)a
nds
odi
um (
Na)c
ont
entha
s

be
enc
orr
ela
tedwi
tht
hegl
yce
mice
ffe
ct(
Raie
tal
.,2
009)
.Fi
ber
sfr
om M.

par
adi
si
acaf
rui
tinc
rea
sedgl
yco
gene
sisi
nthel
ive
randl
owe
redf
ast
ingbl
ood

gl
uco
se(
Ushae
tal
.,
198
9).

Ant
ihy
per
gly
cemi
cef
fec
toft
hehy
dro
met
hano
li
cex
tra
c fM.pa
to radi
si
aca

r
ootha
sbe
enf
ounds
igni
fi
cant(
Mal
li
cke
tal
.,2
006;Ma
ll
ike
c tal
.,2
007
).T
he

c
hlo
rof
orme
xtr
acto
ffl
owe
r fM.Pa
so radi
si
acas
howe
dbl
oodgl
uco
sea
nd

gl
yco
syl
ate
dha
emo
glo
binr
educ
tio
nandt
ota
lhe
mogl
obi
ninc
rea
sea
fte
ror
al

a
dmi
nis
tra
tio
ninr
ats(
Par
iand Ma
hes
hwa
ri,1
999)
.Ita
lsoc
ont
rol
sli
pid

pe
rox
ida
tio
nindi
abe
tes(
Par
iandMa
hes
hwa
ri,
2000)
.Ho
weve
r,M.par
adi
si
aca

s
temj
uic
esho
wedhy
per
gly
cemi
cac
tivi
ty(
Singhe
tal
.,2
007
).I
sol
ate
dpe
cti
n

f
rom t
hej
uic
eoft
hei
nfl
ore
sce
nces
tal
kofM.s
api
ent
um i
ncr
eas
est
he

gl
yco
gens
ynt
hes
is,de
cre
ase
sgl
yco
geno
lys
isa
ndgl
uco
neo
gene
sis(
Goma
thy

etal
.,
1990)
.

2
.1.
4Hy
poc
hol
est
ero
laemi
cac
tivi
ty

He
mic
ell
ulo
sea
ndo
the
rne
utr
alde
ter
gentf
ibe
rs(
NDF
)fr
omt
heunr
ipeM.
pa
radi
si
acaf
rui
tsho
wedl
owa
bso
rpt
iono
fgl
uco
sea
ndc
hol
est
ero
landl
ow

s
erum a
ndt
iss
uel
eve
lso
fcho
les
ter
ola
ndt
ri
gly
cer
ide
s( hae
Us tal
.,1
984)
.

F
lavo
noi
dsi
sol
ate
dfr
om unr
ipef
rui
tss
howe
dhy
pol
ipi
demi
cac
tivi
tye
vide
nce
d

by de
cre
asei
n c
hol
est
ero
l,t
ri
gly
cer
ide
s(T
G),f
reef
att
yac
ids a
nd

pho
spho
li
pidsl
eve
lsi
nse
rum,l
ive
r,ki
dne
yandbr
aino
fra
ts.T
hec
hol
est
ero
l

l
owe
ringe
ffe
ctwa
sat
tri
but
edt
oahi
ghe
rde
gra
dat
ionr
ateo
fcho
les
ter
olt
han

s
ynt
hes
is(
Vij
aya re
kuma tal
.,2
009)
.Me
tha
nol
icr
oote
xtr
ac fM.pa
to radi
si
aca

s
howe
dto
talc
hol
est
ero
l(T
C),
tri
gly
cer
ide(
TG)
,LDL
candVL
DLcl
owe
ringe
ffe
ct

i
ndi
abe
ticr
ats(
Mal
li
cke
tal
.,
2006)
.

2
.1.
5Ant
ihy
per
tens
iveac
tivi
ty

T
hea
nti
hype
rte
nsi
vee
ffe
c fM.pa
to radi
si
acai
nal
binor
atswa
sre
por
tedby

Os
ime
tal
.(1
990)
.La
terOs
ima
ndI
bu(
199
1)r
epo
rte
dtha
tba
nanadi
etha
sa

me
ana
rte
ria
lbl
oodpr
ess
urel
owe
ringa
swe
lla
sons
etpr
eve
nti
nge
ffe
cti
n

r
atswi
the
leva
tedbl
oodpr
ess
urei
nduc
edbyde
sox
yco
rti
cos
ter
onea
cet
ate

(
DOCA) a
dmi
nis
tra
tio
n. Pe
rfumi e
t al
.(1
994) r
epo
rte
d t
hat t
he

a
nti
hype
rte
nsi
vee
ffe
cto
fri
peba
nanapul
pinde
oxy
cor
ti
cos
ter
onee
nant
ate
-

i
nduc
edhy
per
tens
iver
atswhi
chma
ybeduet
othehi
ght
rypt
opha
nand

c
arbo
hydr
atec
ont
ento
fba
nanat
hati
ncr
eas
ess
ero
toni
nle
vel
sandgi
ves

s
ero
toni
n-me
dia
ted na
tri
ore
xice
ffe
ct.Ho
weve
r,Or
ie(
1997
)re
por
tedt
hat

s
ero
toni
npr
oduc
edac
ont
rac
tio
ninpl
aceo
fre
lax
ati
oni
nis
ola
tedr
ata
ort
ic
r
ings
.Thea
que
ouse
xtr
acto
fther
ipeM.pa
radi
si
acaf
rui
twa
sfo
undt
ogi
vea

c
onc
ent
rat
ion-
depe
nde
nt hy
pot
ens
ive e
ffe
cti
n bo
th no
radr
ena
li
nea
nd

po
tas
sium c
hlo
ride
-co
ntr
act
eda
ort
icr
ingsi
sol
ate
dfr
omr
at.T
hee
ffe
ctwa
s

duet
otheno
n-s
pec
ifi
cint
erf
ere
ncei
nca
lci
um i
ona
vai
la
bil
it
yne
ede
dfo
rthe

s
moo
thmus
clec
ont
rac
tio
ntha
tre
sul
tsi
nre
lax
ati
on.

2
.1.
6Ef
fec
tinat
her
osc
ler
osi
s

Sa
ras
wat
hia
nd Gna
nam (
1997
)re
por
tedt
hat M.pa
radi
si
acai
nhi
bit
s

c
hol
est
ero
lcr
yst
all
iz
ati
oni
nvi
tr
owhi
chma
yha
vea
nef
fec
tona
the
ros
cle
ros
is

pl
aquea
ndga
ll
sto
nesi
nvi
vo.Pa
rma
randKa
r(2
007
)te
ste
dthepe
ele
xtr
acto
f

M.par
adi
si
acai
nra
tswi
thdi
et-
induc
eda
the
ros
cle
ros
is.T
hiss
tudyr
epo
rtst
he

pr
ote
cti
ver
oleo
fthee
xtr
acti
nat
her
osc
ler
osi
sandt
hyr
oiddy
sfunc
tio
ntho
ugh

i
twa
sno
tve
rye
ffe
cti
vel
ikeo
the
rpl
ant
ste
ste ne
d.Yi tal
.(2
008
)fur
the
r

s
tudi
edt
hee
ffe
cto
fpl
ant
aini
nhuma
nandf
oundt
hatpl
asmao
xida
tive

s
tre
sswa
ssi
gni
fi
cant
lyr
educ
eda
ndt
her
esi
sta
ncet
oox
ida
tivemo
dif
ica
tio
n

o
fLDLwa
senha
nce
donl
yaf
teras
ingl
e me
al.T
hee
ffe
ctma
ybeduet
othe

pr
ese
nceo
fdo
pami
ne,
asc
orbi
cac
ida
ndo
the
rant
iox
ida
ntspr
ese
nti
npl
ant
ain

2
.1.
7Ant
iox
idantac
tivi
ty

Pl
asmao
xida
tives
tre
ssi
ssi
gni
fi
cant
lyr
educ
edo
nlya
fte
ras
ingl
epl
ant
ain

me
ali
nhe
alt
hyhuma
nduet
othepr
ese
nceo
fdo
pami
ne,a
sco
rbi
cac
ida
nd

o
the
rant
iox
ida
ntspr
ese nmus
nti apar
adi
si
ca(
Yine
tal
.,2
008
).Ant
iox
ida
nt
a
cti
vit
ywa
sal
sor
epo
rte
dwi
tha
que
ousa
cet
onee
xtr
acto
fmus
apa
radi
si
ca

pe
elbyβ-
car
ote
nebl
eac
hingme
tho
d,DPPH f
reer
adi
cals
cave
ngi
nga
nd

l
ino
lei
cac
ide
mul
si
onme
tho
d.Gl
yco
side
sandmo
nos
acc
har
idec
ompo
nent
s

a
rema
inl
yre
spo
nsi
blef
ort
hea
nti
oxi
danta
cti
vit
y(Mo
kbe
landHa
shi
naga
,

2
005
).Vi
j
aya re
kuma tal
.(2
008
)re
por
tedt
hea
nti
oxi
danta
cti
vit
yoft
he

e
xtr
act
edf
lavo
noi
ds f
rom M.pa
radi
si
acai
nra
ts.T
heyf
ound t
hatt
he

f
lavo
noi
dsf
rom pl
ant
ains
timul
ate
dthea
cti
vit
ieso
fsupe
rox
idedi
smut
ase

(
SOD)a
ndc
ata
las
ewhi
chmi
ghtber
espo
nsi
blef
ort
her
educ
edl
eve
lof

pe
rox
ida
tio
n pr
oduc
ts s
uch a
s ma
londi
al
dehy
de, hy
dro
per
oxi
des a
nd

c
onj
uga
teddi
ene
s.

2
.1.
8Wo
undheal
ingac
tivi
ty

Aga
r le
wa tal
.(2
009)r
epo
rte
dthewo
undhe
ali
nga
cti
vit
yofbo
thme
tha
nol
ic

a
nda
que
ouse
xtr
ac fMus
to a.par
adi
si
acai
nra
ts.Bo
the
xtr
act
swe
ref
oundt
o

i
ncr
eas
ehy
dro
xypr
oli
ne,he
xur
oni
cac
id,he
xos
ami
ne,s
upe
rox
idedi
smut
asea
s

we
llt
hewo
undbr
eaki
ngs
tre
ngt
handr
educ
edgl
uta
thi
onel
eve
l.T
heya
lso

de
cre
ase
dthewo
unda
rea
,sc
ara
reaa
ndl
ipi
dpe
rox
ida
tio
n.T
hee
ffe
ctswe
re

a
ttr
ibut
edt
othea
nti
oxi
dantpr
ope
rtyo
fthepl
ant
ain.Ant
i-
all
ergi
cac
tivi
ty

2
.1.
9Ant
imal
ari
alac
tivi
ty

T
hede
coc
tio
noft
hel
eave
sofM.pa
radi
si
acaaddedt
oOc
imum a
mer
ica
num

a
ndOc
imum gr
ati
ssi
mum i
sus
eda
stot
rea
tma
lar
iali
nCo
mor
es,Nga
zidj
a.
Buti
nvi
tr
ost
udyus
ingPl
asmo
dium f
alc
ipa
rum c
hlo
roqui
ne-
res
ist
ants
tra
in

pr
ove
sthi
spl
anti
nef
fec
tivei
nma
lar
ia(
Kaue
o tal
.,
2008
).Ef
fec
tonMus
cle
The

s
tem j
uic
eofpl
ant
ain (
Mus
a.pa
radi
si
aca
)ha
sbe
enf
ound t
oinduc
e

c
ont
rac
tio
nins
kel
eta
lmus
cle
sbye
nha
nci
nge
xci
tat
ion-
cont
rac
tio
nco
upl
ing

a
ndt
rans
membr
aneCa
2+f
lux
es(
Singha
ndDr
yde
n,1
990)
.

2
.1.
10Ant
i-
snakeveno
m ac
tivi
ty

Bo
r se
ge tal
.(2
005
)re
por
tedt
hei
nvi
tr
one
utr
ali
zi
ngc
apa
cit
yofBo
thr
ops

j
ara
rac
uss
uandBo
thr
opsne
uwi
edis
nakeve
nomsbyt
hes
temj
uic
eofM.

pa
radi
si
aca
.Thepho
spho
lypa
seA2(
PLA2
)andhe
mor
rha
gica
cti
vit
iesi
nduc
ed

byt
heve
nom wa
sinhi
bit
edbyt
hee
xtr
acta
sitf
ormsuns
pec
ifi
cco
mpl
exwi
th

t
heve
nom pr
ote
in.Ho
weve
r,t
hei
nvi
voa
cti
vit
yoft
hee
xtr
acti
nmi
cewa
sno
t

s
igni
fi
cantt
opr
ote
cta
gai
nstt
heve
nom(
Bor
gese
tal
.2005
).

2
.11Mut
agenec
ity

(
Andr
adee
tal
.,
(2008
)re
por
tedt
hemut
age
nice
ffe
cto
fM.pa
radi
si
acaf
rui
t

pe
ele
xtr
acti
nmi
cea
sse
sse
dbyt
hes
ingl
e-c
ellge
lel
ect
ropho
res
is(
SCGE)a
nd

mi
cro
nuc
leusa
ssa
ys.T
hee
xpe
rime
ntss
howe
dDNA da
magi
ngpr
ope
rtyi
n

pe
riphe
ralbl
oodl
euko
cyt
esf
or1
500a
nd2
000mg/
kgbo
dywe
ight
.

2
.3F
REERADI
CAL
S

F
reer
adi
cal
sre
act
ive o
xyge
nspe
cie
sand r
eac
tive ni
tr
oge
nspe
cie
sar
e

ge
ner
ate
dbyo
urbo
dybyva
rio
use
ndo
geno
uss
yst
ems
,ex
pos
uret
odi
ffe
rent
phy
sio
che
mic
alc
ondi
ti
onso
rpa
tho
logi
cals
tat
es.A ba
lanc
ebe
twe
enf
ree

r
adi
cal
sanda
nti
oxi
dant
sisne
ces
sar
yfo
rpr
ope
rphy
sio
logi
calf
unc
tio
n.F
ree

r
adi
cal
sthusa
dve
rse
lya
lte
rli
pids
,pr
ote
ins
,andDNAa
ndt
ri
gge
ranumbe
rof

huma
ndi
sea
ses
.Ther
ece
ntgr
owt
hint
hekno
wle
dgeo
ffr
eer
adi
cal
sand

r
eac
tiveo
xyge
nspe
cie
s(ROS)i
nbi
ol
ogyi
spr
oduc
ingame
dic
alr
evo
lut
iont
hat

pr
omi
sesane
wageo
fhe
alt
handdi
sea
sema
nage
ment
.Ar
uoma2
003
;Iti
s

i
roni
ctha
tox
yge
n,a
nel
eme
nti
ndi
spe
nsa
blef
orl
if
e,Mo
hamme
deta
l.unde
r

c
ert
ains
itua
tio
nsha
sde
let
eri
ouse
ffe
ctso
nthehuma
nbo
dy.Ba
gchie
t

a
l.1
998Mo
sto
fthepo
tent
ial
lyha
rmf
ule
ffe
ctso
fox
yge
nar
eduet
othe

f
orma
tio
nanda
cti
vit
yofanumbe
rofc
hemi
calc
ompo
unds
,kno
wna
sROS,

whi
chha
veat
ende
ncyt
odo
nat
eox
yge
ntoo
the
rsubs
tanc
es.F
reer
adi
cal
sand

a
nti
oxi
dant
sha
vebe
comec
ommo
nlyus
edt
ermsi
nmo
der
ndi
scus
sio
nso
f

di
sea
seme
cha
nis
ms.
(Ar
uomaOI
2003
)

Af
reer
adi
calc
anbede
fine
dasa
nymo
lec
ula
rspe
cie
sca
pabl
eofi
nde
pende
nt

e
xis
tenc
etha
tco
nta
insa
nunpa
ire
del
ect
roni
nana
tomi
cor
bit
al

T
hemo
sti
mpo
rta
nto
xyge
n-c
ont
aini
ngf
reer
adi
cal
sinma
nydi
sea
ses
tat
esa
re

hy
dro
xylr
adi
cal
,supe
rox
idea
nio
nra
dic
al,hy
dro
genpe
rox
ide
,ox
yge
nsi
ngl
et,

hy
poc
hlo
rit
e,ni
tr
ico
xider
adi
cal
,andpe
rox
yni
tr
it
era
dic
al.T
hes
ear
ehi
ghl
y

r
eac
tives
pec
ies
,ca
pabl
eint
henuc
leus
,andi
ntheme
mbr
ane
sofc
ell
sof

da
magi
ng bi
ol
ogi
cal
ly r
ele
vant mo
lec
ule
s s
uch a
s DNA, pr
ote
ins
,
c
arbo
hydr
ate
s,a
ndl
ipi
ds.
(Yo Se
ungI tal
.,
2001
)Fr
eer
adi
cal
sat
tac
kimpo
rta
nt

ma
cro
mol
ecul
esl
eadi
ngt
oce
llda
magea
ndho
meo
sta
ticdi
srupt
ion.T
arge
tso
f

f
reer
adi
cal
sinc
ludea
llki
ndso
fmo
lec
ule
sint
hebo
dy.Amo
ngt
hem,l
ipi
ds,

nuc
lei
cac
ids
,andpr
ote
insa
ret
hema
jort
arge
ts.
Somei
nte
rna
ll
yge
ner
ate
d

s
our
ceso
ffr
eer
adi
cal
sar
e:

Mi
toc
hondr
ia,
Xant
hine

o
xida
se,
Per
oxi
some
s,I
nfl
amma
tio
n,Pha
goc
yto
sis
,Ar
achi
dona
te

pa
thwa
ys,
Exe
rci
se,
I
sche
mia
/re
per
fus
ioni
njur
y

So
mee
xte
rna
ll
yge
ner
ate
dso
urc
eso
ffr
eer
adi
cal
sar
e:

Ci
gar
ett
e s
moke
,Envi
ronme
nta
l po
ll
uta
nts
,Ra
dia
tio
n,Ce
rta
in dr
ugs
,

pe
sti
ci
des
,I
ndus
tri
als
olve
nts
,Oz
one

2
.4Ox
ida
tives
tres
sandhuman

Ox
ida
tives
tre
ss,a
ris
inga
sar
esul
tofa
nimba
lanc
ebe
twe
enf
reer
adi
cal

pr
oduc
tio
nanda
nti
oxi
dantde
fens
es,i
sas
soc
iat
edwi
thda
maget
oawi
de

r
angeo
fmo
lec
ula
rspe
cie
sinc
ludi
ngl
ipi
ds,pr
ote
ins
,andnuc
lei
cac
ids
..(
Mc

Co
rd2
000)Sho
rt-
ter
mox
ida
tives
tre
ssma
yoc
curi
nti
ssue
sinj
ure
dbyt
rauma
,

i
nfe
cti
on,he
ati
njur
y,hy
per
tox
ia,t
oxi
ns,a
nde
xce
ssi
vee
xer
cis
e.T
hes
einj
ure
d

t
iss
uespr
oduc
einc
rea
sedr
adi
calge
ner
ati
nge
nzy
mes(
e.g.
,xa
nthi
neo
xida
se,

l
ipo
gena
se,c
ycl
oox
yge
nas
e)a
cti
vat
iono
fpha
goc
yte
s,r
ele
aseo
ffr
eei
ron,

c
oppe
rio
ns,o
radi
srupt
iono
fthee
lec
tro
ntr
ans
por
tcha
inso
fox
ida
tive
pho
spho
ryl
ati
on,
pro
duc
inge
xce
ssROS.

Ox
ida
tives
tre
ssha
sbe
ens
tipul
ate
dtoc
aus
eso
medi
sea
sesi
nthebo
dys
uch

a
s c
ondi
ti
ons
,inc
ludi
ng a
nthe
rsc
ler
osi
s,i
nfl
amma
tor
yco
ndi
ti
on,c
ert
ain

c
anc
ers
,andt
hepr
oce
sso
fagi
nga
lsos
omes
igni
fi
cantc
ont
ri
but
iont
oal
l

i
nfl
amma
tor
y di
sea
ses (
art
hri
ti
s, va
scul
it
is, gl
ome
rul
one
phr
it
is,l
upus

e
ryt
hema
tous
,adul
tre
spi
rat
orydi
sea
sess
yndr
ome
),i
sche
micdi
sea
ses(
hea
rt

di
sea
ses
, s
tro
ke, i
nte
sti
nal i
sche
ma)
, he
moc
hro
mat
osi
s, a
cqui
red

i
mmuno
def
ici
enc
ysy
ndr
ome
,emphy
sema
,or
gant
rans
pla
nta
tio
n,ga
str
ic

ul
cer
s,hy
per
tens
iona
nd pr
eec
lamps
ia,ne
uro
logi
caldi
sor
der(
Alz
hei
mer
's

di
sea
se,
Par
kins
on'
s)e
tc.

Al
argea
mounto
fox
ida
tives
tre
ssi
nca
nle
adt
otheo
xida
tio
nofl
ipi
dsa
nd

pr
ote
ins
,whi
chi
sas
soc
iat
edwi
thc
hange
sint
hei
rst
ruc
tur
eandf
unc
tio
ns.

2
.5Ant
iox
idant

Amo
lec
ules
tabl
eeno
ught
odo
nat
eane
lec
tro
ntoar
ampa
gingf
reer
adi
cal

a
ndne
utr
ali
zei
t,t
husr
educ
ingi
tsa
bil
it
ytoc
aus
eda
magei
nthehuma
nbo
dy

Ot
hers
mal
le
rant
iox
ida
ntsa
ref
oundi
nthedi
et.t
hepr
inc
ipl
emi
cro
nut
ri
ent

(
vit
ami
ns)a
nti
oxi
dant
sar
evi
tami
nE(
α-t
oco
phe
rol
),vi
tami
nC(
asc
orbi
cac
id)
,

a
ndB-
car
ote
ne.
Bec
aus
ethe bo
dyc
anno
tma
nuf
act
uret
hes
emi
cro
nut
ri
ent
s,

s
othe
y mus
tbe s
uppl
ie
dthr
ough t
he di
et.
Ant
iox
ida
ntsa
cta
sra
dic
al

s
cave
nge
r,hy
dro
gen do
nor
,el
ect
ron do
nor
,pe
rox
ide de
compo
ser
,si
ngl
et
o
xyge
nque
nche
r,e
nzy
mei
nhi
bit
or,s
yne
rgi
st,a
ndme
tal
-c
hel
ati
nga
gent
s.

Bo
the
nzy
mat
ica
ndno
nenz
yma
tica
nti
oxi
dant
sex
isti
nthei
ntr
ace
ll
ula
rand

e
xtr
ace
ll
ula
renvi
ronme
ntt
ode
tox
ifyROS.

2
.6Mec
hani
smo
fant
iox
idant

T
hef
ir
sti
sac
hai
n-br
eaki
ngme
cha
nis
m bywhi
cht
hepr
ima
rya
nti
oxi
dant

do
nat
esa
nel
ect
ront
othef
reer
adi
calpr
ese
nti
nthes
yst
ems
.Thes
eco
nd

me
cha
nis
m i
nvo
lve
sre
mova
lofROS/
rea
cti
ve ni
tr
oge
nspe
cie
sini
ti
ato
rs

(
sec
onda
rya
nti
oxi
dant
s)byque
nchi
ngc
hai
n-i
nit
iat
ingc
ata
lys
t.Ant
iox
ida
nts

ma
yex
ertt
hei
ref
fec
ton bi
ol
ogi
cals
yst
ems by di
ffe
rentme
cha
nis
ms

i
ncl
udi
nge
lec
tro
ndo
nat
ion,me
tali
onc
hel
ati
on,c
o-a
nti
oxi
dant
s,o
rbyge
ne

e
xpr
ess
ionr
egul
ati
on(Kr
ins
kyNI
1992
)

2
.6T
ypeso
fant
iox
idant

Supe
rox
idedi
smut
ase

Supe
rox
idedi
smut
ase
s(SODs
)ar
eac
las
sofc
los
elyr
ela
tede
nzy
mest
hat

c
ata
lyz
ethebr
eakdo
wno
fthes
upe
rox
idea
nio
nint
oox
yge
nandhy
dro
gen

pe
rox
ide
.

Gl
uta
thi
ones
yst
ems

T
hiss
yst
emi
sfo
undi
nani
mal
s,pl
ant
s,a
ndmi
cro
orga
nis
ms.(
Mei
ste
rA2
017
)

.
Glut
athi
onepe
rox
ida
sei
soneo
fma
nyi
nthegl
uthf
ami
lye
nzy
mec
ont
aini
ng

f
ours
ele
nium-
cof
act
orst
hatc
ata
lyz
ethebr
eakdo
wno
fhy
dro
genpe
rox
idea
nd
o
rga
nichy
dro
per
oxi
des
enz
yme
sar
eatpa
rti
cul
arl
yhi
ghl
eve
lsi
nthel
ive
rand

a
lsos
ervei
nde
tox
ifi
cat
ionme
tabo
li
sm

Ot
her
sar
e

Ur
ica
cid,
Toc
ophe
rol
sandt
oco
tri
eno
ls(
Vit
ami
nE)
Mel
ato
nin,
Asc
orbi
cac
ide
tc

o
the
rant
iox
ida
ntbo
thna
tur
ala
nds
ynt
het
icha
veus
edr
out
ine
lyi
nthef
ood

a
ndme
dic
inea
sant
iox
ida
nts
,but
yla
tedhy
dro
xyt
olue
ne(
BHT
)andbut
yla
ted

hy
dro
xya
nis
ole(
BHA)be
ingpr
omi
nente
xampl
es.

CHAPT
ERT
HREE

MAT
ERI
ALSANDMET
HODS

3
.1 Ma
ter
ial
s

3
.1.
1Chemi
cal
sandReagent
s

Re
age
nt Ma
nuf
act
ure
r

1
,1-
diphe
nyl
-2-
pic
ryl
-hy
dra
zyl Si
gmaAl
dri
ch Spr
uceSt
ree
t,St
.

L
oui
s,USA
So
dium c
hlo
ride L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
aIndi
a

Di
pot
ass
ium hy
dro
genPho
spha
te J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

Po
tas
sium di
hydr
oge
npho
spha
te J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

Hy
dro
chl
ori
cAc
id J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

So
dium hy
dro
xide Ti
tan Biotec
h L
td, Bhi
wadi
-
Raj
ast
han,
Indi
a

Sul
phur
ica
cid L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a

T
ric
hlo
roa
cet
ica
cid L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a

Po
tas
sium I
odi
de J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

Ammo
nium mo
lybda
tet
etr
ahy
dra
te J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

So
dium di
hydr
oge
npho
spha
tedi
hydr
ate J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

Gl
aci
ala
cet
ica
cid J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

So
dium ni
tr
opr
uss
ide L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a

Co
ppe
r(I
I
)sul
pha
tepe
nta
hydr
ate J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

Ca
tec
hinhy
dra
te Ce
ntraldrugho
use(
P)L
td,Ne
w
Del
hi,
Indi
a

Hy
dro
cho
lor
ica
cid J
HDSha
nto
u,Gua
ngdo
n,Chi
na

F
err
icc
hlo
ride L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a
So
dium hy
dro
genc
arbo
nat
e L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a

Po
tas
sium f
err
icy
ani
de L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
a,I
ndi
a

At
ropi
n L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
aIndi
a

Br
omo
cer
oso
lgr
een L
obaChe
miePvtL
tdMumbi
aIndi
a

3
.1.
2 Equi
pment
/Appar
atus

Ro
tat
oryEva
por
ato
rRI
I-HB (Buc
hil
abort
echni
kb AG
Switer
zla
ndCH-923
0).

Wa
terba
th-Supe
rfi
tdi
git
al (
Supe
rfi
t c ont
ine
nta
l (
p) L
td
mumbia343
)

pHme
ter (
pHs
-25Se
arc
hTe
chI
nst
rume
nt)

We
ighi
ngba
lanc
e (
Ohausc
orp pi
ne Br
ook,Nj
,USA
AP2
23CN)

Ce
ntr
if
uge (
Sea
rchT
echI
nst
rume
nt)

Do
ubl
ewa
terDi
sti
ll
er Ha
mil
tonL
abo
rat
oryGl
assL
imi
ted

Spe
ctr
opho
tome
ter Ther
mo F
isheSci
ent
ifi
cG1
0SUV–
VisSN:2L55
355
820
3
.1.
3 Co
ll
ect
iono
fpl
antmat
eri
alandi
dent
ifi
cat
ion

Mus
apar
adi
si
acal
eave
swe
reha
rve
ste
dfr
oms
taf
fre
side
nti
alqua
rte
rsi
nca
mpusI
I
,De
lta

St
ateUni
ver
sit
y,Abr
akai
ntheMo
ntho
fFe
brua
ry,2
020.T
hes
tudi
edpl
antwa
side
nti
fi
ed

a
nda
uthe
nti
cat
edbyDr
.Ha
rri
sonA.Er
henhio
ftheDe
par
tme
nto
fBo
tany
,De
ltaSt
ate
Uni
ver
sit
y,Abr
aka–Ni
ger
ia.

3
.2 Me
tho
ds

3
.2.
1 Ex
trac
tpr
epar
ati
on

F
ivehundr
edgr
a fMus
mso apar
adi
si
acamat
ure
dle
ave
swe
reha
rve
ste
dfr
eshl
y,we
ighe
d

a
ndwa
she
dwi
tht
apwa
ter
.Upo
nwe
ighi
ng,t
hel
eave
swe
ret
hent
rans
fer
redi
ntoapo
t

c
ont
aini
ng2
000ml(
2li
tr
es)o
fta
pwa
tera
ndwe
ret
henbo
il
edf
or1
5mi
nsus
ingmi
l
dhe
at

r
egul
ati
ono
nake
ros
enes
tove
.Onc
ompl
eti
ono
fthebo
il
ingo
fthel
eave
sofMus
a

par
adi
si
aca,t
hee
xtr
actwa
sthe
nal
lo
wedt
oco
ol.T
hee
xtr
actwa
sthe
nfi
lt
ere
dthr
ough

c
hee
sec
lot
hwi
thf
inepo
re,a
ndt
hef
il
tr
atewa
sfi
lt
ere
dfo
rthes
eco
ndt
imeus
ing

Wha
tma
nNo
.1f
il
terpa
per
.Ther
esul
ti
ngf
il
tr
atewa
sthe
nus
edf
ort
hes
tudy
.St
ora
geo
f

f
il
tr
atewa
sdo
nei
nar
efr
ige
rat
o t40C.
ra

3
.2.
2. Phy
toc
hemi
cals
cree
ning

3
.2.
2.1 Qual
it
ati
vephy
toc
hemi
cals
creeni
ng

Pr
eli
mina
ryphy
toc
hemi
cals
cre
eni
ngo
ftheva
rio
usl
eafe
xtr
ac fMus
to apar
adi
si
acawer
e

c
arr
iedo
utus
ings
tanda
rdme
tho
dsa
sde
scr
ibe
dbyBo
roki
nia
ndOmo
tay
o(2
012
),a
nd

Nj
oku a
nd Obi(
2009)t
osc
ree
nfo
rthe pr
ese
nceo
fva
rio
us c
hemi
calc
ons
tit
uent
s,

qua
nti
tat
ivephy
toc
hemi
calde
ter
mina
tio
nfo
rto
talphe
nola
ndf
lavo
noi
dswe
rede
ter
mine
d

byt
heme
tho
dofSi
ngl
eto
nandRo
ssi(
1965
)andJ
iae
tal
.(1
999)
.
T
estf
ors
apo
nins

T
heF
rot
hingt
estwa
sus
ed.T
o1go
fsa
mpl
e,3
0mlo
fdi
sti
ll
edwa
terwa
sadde
d.T
he

mi
xtur
eswe
revi
gor
ous
lys
hake
n.T
hes
ampl
eswe
reo
bse
rve
dfo
rthef
orma
tio
noff
rot
h.

T
estf
orphl
obat
ani
n

A 0.
2go
fthes
ampl
ewa
sdi
sso
lve
din1
0mlo
fdi
sti
ll
edwa
tera
ndf
il
ter
ed.2
mlo
fthe

f
il
tr
atewa
sthe
nbo
il
edwi
th2
mlo
f2% hy
dro
chl
ori
cac
ids
olut
ion.A r
edpr
eci
pit
ate

i
ndi
cat
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hepr
ese
nceo
fphl
oba
tani
n.

T
estf
orc
ardi
acgl
yco
sides

T
heKe
ll
er-
Kil
la
nit
estwa
sus
ed.I
ntoat
estt
ube
,5mlo
fthes
ampl
eand2
mlo
fgl
aci
ala
cet
ic

a
cidwa
sadde
d,f
oll
owe
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ti
ono
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opo
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hen1
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o
fco
nce
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ate
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ol
etr
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ura
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sh

r
inga
tthel
owe
rpa
rti
ndi
cat
edpo
sit
ivef
orc
ardi
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yco
side
s.

T
estf
orf
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ds

T
hes
hino
dat
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sus
ed. I
nat
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ubec
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e,1
0dr
opso
f

c
onc
ent
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nds
mal
lpi
ece
sofma
gne
sium wa
sadde
dandt
hes
olut
ionwa
sbo
il
edf
or

5mi
ns.T
hepr
oduc
tio
nofr
eddi
sh-
pinkc
olo
ura
tio
nindi
cat
edt
hepr
ese
nceo
ffl
avo
noi
ds.

T
estf
ort
anni
ns

F
err
icc
hlo
rideT
estwa
sus
ed.T
o2.
0mLo
fsa
mpl
eex
tra
ctf
ewdr
opso
f5%a
que
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err
ic

c
hlo
rides
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d.T
hebl
uis
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olo
urf
orme
ddi
sappe
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dona
ddi
ti
ono
ffe
w
mi
ll
it
reso
fdi
lut
esul
phur
ica
cidf
oll
owe
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hef
orma
tio
nofay
ell
owi
shbr
ownpr
eci
pit
ate
,

i
ndi
cat
ingt
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ese
nceo
fta
nni
ns.

T
estf
orpheno
l

F
err
icc
hlo
ridet
estwa
sus
ed.T
o1.
0mLo
fsa
mpl
eex
tra
ct,
2mLo
fdi
sti
ll
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terwa
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d

f
oll
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d byaf
ew dr
opso
f10% a
que
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err
icc
hlo
rides
olut
ion.F
orma
tio
nofbl
ue

c
olo
ura
tio
nindi
cat
edt
hepr
ese
nceo
fphe
nol
s.

T
estf
ors
ter
oids

T
o2mlo
fac
eti
canhy
dri
dewa
sadde
d0.
5gs
ampl
eofs
ampl
eex
tra
ct,f
oll
owe
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mlo
f

s
ulphur
ica
cid.Bl
uec
olo
ura
tio
nindi
cat
edapo
sit
ivet
estf
ors
ter
oids
.

T
estf
ort
erpenes
/ter
peno
ids

T
heSa
lko
wskit
estwa
sus
eda
nd5
mlo
fthes
ampl
ewa
smi
xedwi
th2
mlo
fchl
oro
for
mand

3
mlo
fco
nce
ntr
ate
dsul
phur
ica
cidwa
sadde
dtof
orm al
aye
r.Re
ddi
shbr
ownc
olo
ura
tio
n

i
ndi
cat
edt
hepr
ese
nceo
fte
rpe
nes
/te
rpe
noi
ds.

3
.2.
3 Quant
itat
ivephy
toc
hemi
calanal
ysi
s

3
.2.
3.1 Es
timat
iono
fto
talpheno
lsandt
otalt
anni
n(Si
ngl
eto
nandRo
ssi
,1965
)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

T
hephe
nol
icc
ompo
undsa
reo
xidi
zedt
ophe
nol
ate
sbyF
oli
n-Ci
oca
lte
au’
sre
age
nta
tal
kal
ine

pHi
nas
atur
ate
dso
lut
iono
fso
dium.
Pr
ocedur
e

Mus
apar
adi
si
aca(
hotwa
tere
xtr
act
)of1
.0mLvo
lumewa
smi
xedwi
th1
.0mLo
fFo
li
n-

Ci
oca
lte
au’
sphe
nolr
eage
nt,a
nda
fte
r3mi
n,1
.0mLo
fsa
tur
ate
dNa
2CO3wa
sadde
dtot
he

mi
xtur
eandt
hevo
lumewa
sma
deupt
o10mLbya
ddi
ngdi
sti
ll
edwa
ter
.Ther
eac
tio
n

mi
xtur
ewa
ske
pti
nda
rkf
or90mi
n,a
fte
rwhi
chi
tsa
bso
rba
ncewa
sre
ada
t72
5nm.A

c
ali
bra
tio
ncur
vewa
sco
nst
ruc
tedwi
thdi
ffe
rentc
onc
ent
rat
ionso
fga
ll
ica
cida
ndt
anni
c

a
cid(
20-1
00µ/
gml
)fo
rphe
nola
ndt
anni
nre
spe
cti
vel
y.T
her
esul
tswe
ree
xpr
ess
eda
smg

o
fga
ll
ica
cid(
GAE)
,equi
val
ent
s/ge
xtr
act
sandmgo
fta
nni
cac
id(
TAE)e
qui
val
ent
s/g

e
xtr
act
sre
spe
cti
vel
y.

3
.2.
3.2Es
timat
iono
fto
talf
lavo
noi
ds(
Jae
i tal
.,
1999)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

T
hes
ampl
ewa
smi
xedwi
thar
eage
ntc
ont
aini
nga
lumi
nium c
hlo
ridea
nds
odi
um ni
tr
it
e.

Pi
nkc
olo
ure
dfl
avo
noi
dal
umi
nium c
ompl
exwa
sfo
rme
dina
lka
li
neme
dium.T
hei
nte
nsi
tyo
f

t
hec
olo
uri
sre
ada
t51
0nm.

Pr
ocedur
e

Mus
apar
adi
si
acal
eafe
xtr
act
s(ho
twa
tere
xtr
act
)of0.
5mLwa
sadde
dint
ote
stt
ube
s

c
ont
aini
ng1
.25
mLdi
sti
ll
edwa
tera
nd0.
075mLo
f5% Na
NO2 s
olut
ion.T
het
ube
swe
re

a
ll
owe
dtos
tandf
or5mi
n.0.
15mLo
f10%Al
Cl3wa
sadde
danda
fte
r6mi
n0.
5mLo
f1.
0M

Na
OHwa
sal
soa
dde
dandt
hemi
xtur
eswe
redi
lut
edwi
th0.
275mLo
fdi
sti
ll
edwa
ter
.The

a
bso
rba
ncewa
sme
asur
edi
mme
dia
tel
yat5
10nm.Ca
tec
hinwa
sus
eda
sthes
tanda
rd(
20-
1
00µg/
ml)
.Thet
ota
lfl
avo
noi
dsc
ont
entwa
sex
pre
sse
dasmi
ll
igr
amo
fca
tec
hin(
CAE)

e
qui
val
ent
s/ge
xtr
act
s.

3
.2.
3.5 Quant
itat
iveEs
timat
iono
fAl
kal
oi
ds(
Sha
msae
tal
.,
2008
)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

T
hisme
tho
disba
sedo
nther
eac
tio
nbe
twe
ena
lka
loi
dandbr
omo
cer
eso
lgr
een(
BCG)t
o

f
orm ay
ell
owc
ompl
exwhi
chi
sea
sil
yex
tra
cta
blebyc
hlo
rof
orma
tpH4.
7

Pr
ocedur
e

T
o1mlo
fho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
actMus
apar
adi
si
aca,5mlpH4.
7pho
spha
teBuf
ferwa
sadde
d

a
nd5mlBCGs
olut
iona
nds
hakeami
xtur
ewi
th4mlo
fchl
oro
for
m.T
hee
xtr
act
swe
re

c
oll
ect
edi
na1
0-mlvo
lume
tri
cfl
aska
ndt
hendi
lut
edt
oadj
ustvo
lumewi
thc
hlo
rof
orm.T
he

a
bso
rba
nceo
fthec
ompl
exi
nchl
oro
for
m wa
sme
asur
eda
t47
0nm a
gai
nstbl
ankpr
epa
red

a
sabo
vebutwi
tho
ute
xtr
act
.At
ropi
nei
sus
eda
sas
tanda
rdma
ter
iala
ndc
ompa
redt
he

a
ssa
ywi
thAt
ropi
nee
qui
val
ent
s(40-1
20µg/
ml)

3
.24 I
. n-Vi
troant
iox
idant
sac
tivi
ti
es

3
.3.
1 Det
ermi
nat
iono
fant
iox
idantac
tivi
tyandf
reer
adi
cals
cavengi
ngo
fleafex
trac
ts

fMus
o apar
adi
siac
a

3
.3.
1.11
,1-
dipheny
l-2
-pi
cry
lhy
draz
yl(
DPPH)as
say(
Manz
ocoe
c tal
.,
1998
)

Pr
inc
ipl
e
DPPH(
1,1
-di
phe
nyl-
2-pi
cry
lhy
dra
zyl
)ra
dic
ali
ssc
ave
nge
dbyt
hea
nti
oxi
dant
sthr
ough

do
nat
iono
fapr
oto
nfo
rmi
ngt
her
educ
edDPPH.T
hec
olo
urc
hangef
rom pur
plet
oye
ll
ow

a
fte
rre
duc
tio
nca
nbequa
nti
fi
edbyi
tsde
cre
asei
nabs
orba
ncea
t51
7nm.

Pr
ocedur
e

A0.
2mlo
fdi
ffe
rentc
onc
ent
rat
ionso
fho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
ac fMus
to apar
adi
si
acal
eaf(
3–

2
1%w/
v)wa
sadde
dto2mlo
fDPPHs
olut
ion(
0.3mM)
.Af
ter3
0mi
nofi
ncuba
tio
nint
he

da
rk,
thea
bso
rba
ncei
sme
asur
eda
t51
7nm.T
hepe
rce
nta
gei
nhi
bit
iono
ftheDPPHr
adi
cal

s
cave
ngi
ngi
sca
lcul
ate
dus
ingt
hee
qua
tio
nbe
low:

%i
nhi
bit
iono
fDPPHr
adi
cal=(
[A0–A1]
/A0)x1
00

Whe
reA0i
sthea
bso
rba
nceo
fthec
ont
rol(
bla
nk,
wit
houte
xtr
act
)andA1i
sthea
bso
rba
nce

i
nthepr
ese
nceo
fthee
xtr
act
.

3
.3.
1 Ni
tri
cox
ide(
NO)f
reer
adi
cals
cavengi
ngac
tivi
ty(
Mar
coc
cie
tal
.,
1994)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

So
dium ni
tr
opr
uss
idei
naque
ouss
olut
iona
nda
tphy
sio
logi
calpHs
pont
ane
ous
lyge
ner
ate

ni
tr
ico
xide
,whi
chi
nte
rac
ts wi
tho
xyge
nto pr
oduc
e ni
tr
it
eio
ns t
hati
ses
tima
ted

s
pec
tro
pho
tome
tri
cal
lya
t540nm.

Pr
ocedur
e

T
womi
ll
il
it
reo
f10mMs
odi
um ni
tr
opr
uss
idedi
sso
lve
din0.
5mlo
f10mMpho
spha
tebuf
fer

s
ali
ne(
pH7
.4)wa
smi
xedwi
th0.
5mlo
fdi
ffe
rentc
onc
ent
rat
ionso
fho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
act
 0
Mus
apar
adi
si
aca(
3–2
1%w/
v).T
hemi
xtur
ewa
sthe
ninc
uba
teda
t25C.Af
ter1
50mi
nof

i
ncuba
tio
n,0.
5mlo
fthei
ncuba
teds
olut
ionwa
swi
thdr
awna
ndmi
xedwi
th0.
5mlo
fGr
ies
s

r
eage
nt[
(1.
0 mls
ulf
ani
li
cac
idr
eage
nt(
0.3
3%i
n20% gl
aci
ala
cet
ica
cida
tro
om

t
empe
rat
uref
or5mi
nwi
th1mlo
fna
pht
hyl
ethy
lene
dia
minedi
chl
ori
de(
0.1
% w/
v)]
.The

mi
xtur
ewa
sthe
ninc
uba
teda
tro
omt
empe
rat
uref
or3
0mi
nandi
tsa
bso
rba
ncewa
s

me
asur
eda
t546nm a
gai
nstbl
ank.T
hepe
rce
nta
gei
nhi
bit
iono
ftheni
tr
ico
xider
adi
cal

s
cave
ngi
ngwa
sca
lcul
ate
dus
ingt
hee
qua
tio
nbe
low:

%i
nhi
bit
iono
fNOr
adi
cal=(
[A0–A1]
/A0)x1
00

Whe
reA0i
sthea
bso
rba
nceo
fthec
ont
rol(
bla
nk,
wit
houte
xtr
act
)andA1i
sthea
bso
rba
nce

i
nthepr
ese
nceo
fthee
xtr
act
.

3
.3.
1.3 Reduc
ingpo
weras
say(
RP)(
Oya
izu,
198
6)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

3+
T
her
educ
ingpo
werwa
sme
asur
edbydi
rec
tel
ect
rondo
nat
ioni
nther
educ
tio
nofF
e (CN-)
6

2+
t
oFe (CN-)
6 .T
hepr
oduc
twa
svi
sua
li
zedbyt
hea
ddi
ti
ono
ffr
eeF
e3+
i
onsa
fte
rthe
3
+ 2
r
educ
tio
nre
act
ion,f
ormi
nga
nint
ens
epr
uss
ianbl
uec
olo
urc
ompl
ex,F
e4 [e+(
F CN-)
6]
3and

wa
squa
nti
fi
edbyme
asur
ingi
tsa
bso
rba
ncea
t700nm i
nas
pec
tro
pho
tome
ter
.

Pr
ocedur
e

T
woa
ndha
lfmi
ll
il
it
reso
f0.
2Mpho
spha
tebuf
fer(
pH6.
6)a
nd2
.5mlo
fK3F
e(CN)
6(1
%w/
v)
we
rea
dde
dto1
.0mlo
f ho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
actMus
apar
adi
si
aca(
3– 2
1% w/
v).T
he

r
esul
ti
ngmi
xtur
eisi
ncuba
teda
t500Cf
or2
0mi
n,f
oll
owe
dbyt
hea
ddi
ti
ono
f2.
5mlo
f

T
ric
hlo
roa
cet
ica
cid(
10% w/
v).T
hemi
xtur
ewa
sce
ntr
if
uge
dat3
000r
pm f
or1
0mi
nto

c
oll
ectt
heuppe
rla
yero
fthes
olut
ion(
2.5ml
),mi
xedwi
thdi
sti
ll
edwa
ter(
2.5ml
)and0.
5

mLo
fFe
Cl(
30.
1%,
w/v)
.Thea
bso
rba
ncewa
sthe
nme
asur
eda
t700nm a
gai
nstbl
anks
ampl
e

(
tha
tco
nta
ine
ddi
sti
ll
edwa
tera
nds
odi
um pho
spha
tebuf
fer
).

3
.3.
1.4 Det
ermi
nat
iono
fto
talant
iox
idantc
apac
ity(
Pri
etoe
tal
.,
1999)

Pr
inc
ipl
e

T
hea
ssa
yisba
sedo
nther
educ
tio
nofMo
(VI
)-
Mo(
V)byt
hee
xtr
acta
nds
ubs
eque
nt

f
orma
tio
nofgr
eenpho
spha
te/
Mo(
V)c
ompl
exa
tac
idi
cpH.T
hea
bso
rba
nceo
fthes
olut
ion

wa
sme
asur
eda
t695nm.

Pr
ocedur
e

T
her
eage
nts
olut
ion(
0.6Ms
ulphur
ica
cid,
28mMs
odi
um pho
spha
tea
nd4mMa
mmo
nium

mo
lybda
te)o
f1.
0mLwa
sta
keni
nsc
rewc
appe
dtube
stowhi
ch0.
1mLo
fho
twa
terl
eaf

e
xtr
actMus
apar
adi
si
acawer
eadde
danddi
sso
lve
d.T
het
ube
swe
rec
appe
dandi
ncuba
ted

i
nat
her
malbl
ocka
t95°
Cfo
r90mi
n.Af
terc
ool
ingt
oro
omt
empe
rat
ure
,thea
bso
rba
nceo
f

t
hea
que
ouss
olut
ioni
nea
cht
ubewa
sme
asur
eda
t695nm a
gai
nstabl
ank.Ga
ll
ica
cid(
20-

1
00µ/
gml
)wa
sus
eda
sst
anda
rdsa
ndt
het
ota
lant
iox
ida
ntc
apa
cit
yise
xpr
ess
eda
s

e
qui
val
ent
sofga
ll
ica
cid(
GAE)
.

3
.4 St
ati
sti
calanal
ysi
s
Al
lda
tawe
res
ubj
ect
edt
ost
ati
sti
cala
nal
ysi
s.Va
lue
swe
rer
epo
rte
dasMe
an±St
anda
rd
 de
via
tio
nwhi
leo
ne-
wayANOVAwa
sus
edt
ote
stf
ordi
ffe
renc
esbe
twe
ent
rea
tme
nt

gr
oups
.Ther
esul
tswe
rec
ons
ide
reds
igni
fi
canta
tp-
val
ueso
fle
sst
han0.
05,
tha
tis
,at95
%

c
onf
ide
nceCHAPT
ERF
OUR

RESUL
TS

4.
1 Res
ult
s

4.
1.1 Qual
it
ati
ve Phy
toc
hemi
cals
creeni
ng o
fho
taqueo
us l
eafex
trac
t f mus
so a
par
adi
siac
a
Theresult
so fthequal
it
ati
vephy
toc
hemica
lscre
eni
ngofho
taque
ousleafex
tra
ctsofmus
a
paradi
siacaareprese
ntedi
nTabl
e4.1
.Theout
comesho
wedthedet
ect
ionofFl
avono
id

T
abl
e4.
1: Qualit
ativephyt
ochemi
calSc
reeningofho
taqueousl
eafex
trac
tso
fmus
a
paradi
siaca
Phy tochemical
s Aque
ousext
rac
t
Sapo ni
n -
Tannin -
Terperne -
Ste r
oid -
Alkaloid -
Phloba ta
nin -
Cardiacglycos
ide -
Fl
a vonoid +
Phe nol -
Key+=Pr e
sent,-=Abs ent

4.1
.2 Quanti
tati
vedeterminati
onofphyt
ochemicalcompo
siti
ono fhotaqueo
usleaf
ex
trac
to fmusaparadi
siac
a
Thefi
ndi
ngsofthequant
itati
vephyt
oche
mic
alanal
ysiso
fhotaqueousl
eafex
tra
ctofmusa

par
adi
siac
a ar
eembo
die
dinT
abl
e4.
2. Phe
nolc
onc
ent
rat
ionwa
shi
ghe
st(
7.3
9±0.
50

mg/
gTAE)
,fo
ll
owe
dbyt
anni
n(6.
77±0.
50mg/
gGAE)a
ndt
hel
owe
stwa
sfl
avo
noi
1.
44±0.
00

mg/
g).
Tabl
e4.2:Quant
itat
ivephy
toc
hemi
calanal
ysi
sofho
taqueo
usl
eafex
trac
tofMus
a
para
dis
iac
a

Phy
toc
hemi
cal
s Aque
ouse
xtr
act

Phe
nol
s(mg/
gGAE) 7
.39±0.
50

F
lavo
noi
d(mg/
gCAE) 2
.66±0.
92

T
anni
n(mg/
gTAE) 6.
77±0.
50

Al
kal
oi
d(mg/
gAT
E) 1
.44±0.
00

Valuesaremeans+s ta
ndarddevi
ati
onso
ftr
ipl
ic
atedete
rminat
ions
.GAE=Ga l
li
cacid
equiva
lent,
CAE=Catec
hinequi
val
ent,
ATE=At
ropi
nequi
val
ent
, Gl
uE=Gluc
osee
qui
vale
nt.
TAE=T anni
caci
dequi
val
ent

4.1
.3 In-
vit
rofr
eer
adicalsc
avengingac
tivit
iesofhotaqueo
usleafext
ractofMus
apar
adi
siaca
Theout
comeo hei
ft n-
vitr
oanti
oxidantac
tivi
tiesofhotaqueouslea
fe x
trac
tofMusapar
adis
iacaar
e

s
howni
nta
ble4.
3.T
her
esul
tsho
wedt
hatt
hea
cti
vit
ieso
fthee
xtr
acta
gai
nst1
,1-
diphe
nyl
-2-
pic
ryl

hy
dra
zyla
ndni
tr
ico
xidewe
res
igni
fi
cant
ly(
p<0.
05)ado
sede
pende
ntma
nne
r.Re
duc
ingpo
wera
ndt
ota
l

a
nti
oxi
dantc
apa
cit
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T
abl
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n-vi
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idantac
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Conc. %Inhibi
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Val
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dde v
iati
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ipto
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F
igur
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igur
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a
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00nm
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7

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igur
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iesf
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Musapar
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igur
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l
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.Tur
keyHSDpo
st-Ho
cto
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orba
siso
fst
ati
sti
calc
ompa
ris
on
Pl
ant
sco
nta
inna
tur
ala
nti
oxi
dant
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tpo
sse
ssbe
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ici
ale
ffe
ctsi
nhe
alt
hma
int
ena
nce
,

ma
nage
ment o
f di
sea
ses
,and a
ll
evi
ati
ng t
he ha
rmf
ule
ffe
ctso
fto
xica
gent
s.t
he

qua
nti
tat
ivee
xpr
ime
ntso
ftheho
twa
tere
xtr
acto
fmus
apa
radi
sci
asho
wst
hatt
her
eisa

hi
gh c
onc
ent
rat
ionsphe
nol
sac
tivi
tyf
oll
owe
d byt
anni
nand a
lka
loi
d wi
tht
hel
owe
st

c
onc
ent
rat
ion(
Mis
hrae
tal2
012
)Phe
nol
icc
ompo
undsa
reac
las
sofa
nti
oxi
danta
gent
stha
t

c
ani
nhi
bita
nds
cave
ngef
reer
adi
cal
sduet
othe
irr
edo
xpr
ope
rti
es.
Fro
mthee
xpe
rime
nt,
it

i
sobs
erve
dtha
tthepha
rma
col
ogi
calpr
ope
rtyo
fta
nni
nint
egr
ate
swi
tht
hei
rac
tivi
ti
es

s
ucha
s he
alt
h be
nef
itsha
vebe
enr
eco
gni
zedf
ort
hei
nta
keo
fta
nni
nsa
nd s
ome

e
pide
mio
logi
cala
sso
cia
tio
nswi
tht
hede
cre
ase
dfr
eque
ncyo
fchr
oni
cdi
sea
sesha
vebe
en

e
sta
bli
she
d[3
8].

T
hee
xtr
act
iongo
tto
nfr
omt
hel
eave
sofmus
apa
radi
si
ci
aca
nsuppo
rti
tse
thno
-

me
dic
ina
lus
eint
hema
nage
mento
fobe
sit
yando
the
rre
lat
eddi
sea
sesi
tpo
sse
sse
sa

c
onvi
nci
nga
nti
oxi
dantc
apa
cit
yandha
sbe
ens
hownt
opr
ote
ctbo
dyf
romt
iss
ueda
mage
,

c
anc
er,
andt
oimpr
ovebl
oodc
irc
ula
tio
nbys
tre
ngt
heni
ngt
hec
api
ll
ari
es,
art
eri
es,
andve
ins
.

Phy
toc
hemi
cal
sar
ethei
mpo
rta
ntc
ompo
nento
fpl
ant
s,a
ndt
heypl
ayavi
talr
olet
hati
s

be
nef
ici
alt
ohuma
nhe
alt
h(Ba
tta
,201
6).Qua
li
tat
ivephy
toc
hemi
cals
cre
eni
ngo
fho
twa
ter

l
eafe
xtr
acto
fmus
apa
radi
sci
asho
wedt
hepr
ese
nceo
fonl
yfl
avo
noi
dsNda
meta
l.(
201
4)

Qua
nti
tat
ivephy
toc
hemi
cala
nal
ysi
ssho
wedt
hatpl
antc
ont
aine
dfl
avo
noi
dsc
las
sof

phy
toc
hemi
cal
sofc
ate
chi
ns;phe
nol
,gl
yco
side
scl
asso
fsa
poni
nanda
lka
loi
d,F
lav
ono
ids

a
rekno
wnt
oha
vea
nti
mic
robi
al
,ant
i-
inf
lamma
tor
yanda
nti
oxi
dantpr
ope
rti
es(
Tij
j
anie
tal
.,

2
013
;My
hae
tal
.,2
014;Ba
tta
,201
6).Phe
nol
spl
aya
nac
tiver
olei
nfr
eer
adi
cals
cave
ngi
ng

bya
cti
nga
saque
nche
rtof
reer
adi
cal
sre
act
ions(
Tij
j
anie
tal
.,
201
3).

T
hei
n-vi
tr
oant
iox
ida
nts
tudyr
eve
ale
dtha
ttheho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
acto
fmus
a
pa
ras
idi
ci
a po
sse
sse
sant
iox
ida
nta
cti
vit
yinado
se-
depe
nde
ntma
nne
raga
ins
tDPPH,

r
educ
ingpo
wera
ndl
ipi
dpe
rox
ida
tio
nac
tivi
ty(
p<0.
05)
.Thee
xtr
acts
howe
dahi
ghl
eve
lof

pe
rce
nta
gei
nhi
bit
iona
gai
nstl
ipi
dpe
rox
ida
tio
ntha
nDPPH.Ant
iox
ida
nta
cti
vit
ieso
fpl
ant
s

r
ela
test
othepr
ese
nceo
fphy
toc
hemi
cal
s.DPPHa
ssa
yisba
sedo
nsc
ave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
ieso
f

f
reer
adi
cal
swhi
chs
ervea
sgo
odc
rit
eri
afo
rme
asur
ings
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
ieso
fthepl
ant
s,

t
hel
eve
lso
fto
talphe
nol
sandf
lavo
noi
dsa
rede
ter
mina
ntt
oDPPHs
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
yof

pl
ant
s(Bo
nie
tal
.,
201
4).

Ant
iox
ida
ntsa
cti
vit
yaga
ins
tre
duc
ingpo
wera
rea
ttr
ibut
edt
othepr
ese
nce
sofr
educ
tone
s.

Re
duc
tone
sme
cha
nis
mofa
cti
oni
sbyt
hedi
si
nte
gra
tio
noff
reer
adi
calc
hai
ns(
Bonie
tal
.,

2
014)
.

Co
ncl
usi
on

T
hes
tudys
howe
dtha
tthepr
ese
nce
sofbi
oac
tivec
ompo
nento
fphe
nol
,fl
avo
noi
ds,

a
lka
loi
ds,t
anni
ns,a
nd s
apo
nins we
re de
tec
tedf
rom t
he qua
li
tat
ive phy
toc
hemi
cal

s
cre
eni
ngo
fmus
apa
radi
sci
a.T
hequa
nti
tat
ivephy
toc
hemi
cala
nal
ysi
ssho
wedt
hatphe
nol

ha
dthehi
ghe
stc
onc
ent
rat
ion,whi
let
hel
owe
stwa
sta
nni
n.T
hei
n-vi
tr
oant
iox
ida
nt

a
cti
vit
ieso
fho
twa
terl
eafe
xtr
acto
fmus
apa
radi
sci
asho
weds
cave
ngi
nga
cti
vit
ies

a
gai
nstDPPH,r
educ
ingpo
wera
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ipi
dpe
rox
ida
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n.T
hel
eave
sofm.
par
adi
sci
apo
sse
sse
s

ago
ods
our
ceme
dic
ina
lpr
ope
rti
es.

Re
fer
enc
es

Ade
olu,
A.T
.andEne
se,
D.O.(
201
3).As
ses
sme
nto
fpr
oxi
mat
e,mi
ner
al,
vit
ami
nand

phy
toc
hemi
calc
ompo
sit
ions o
fpl
ant
ain br
act(
ana
gri
cul
tur
alwa
ste
).I
nter
nat
ional
Res
ear
chJ
our
nalo
fPl
antSc
ienc
e,4(
7):1
92-
197
.

Ar
uoma
OI.
Met
hodo
logi
cal
cons
ide
rat
ionf
orc
har
act
eri
zat
ionf
orpo
tent
ial
ant
iox
ida
nta
cti
ons
ofbi
oac
tiv
eco
mp

o
nent
sinpl
ant
sfo
o .Mut
ds ati
onRes
ear
ch2
003
;53
2:9–2
0.

Aga
rwa
lP.
K.,
SinghA.
,
Gaur
avK.
,
Goe
lS.
,
Kha
nna
H.D.
,
Goe
lR.
K.Eva
lua
tio
nof
woundhe
ali
nga
cti
vit
yof
ext
rac
tso
f

pl
ant
ainba
nana
(Mus
asa
pie
ntumva
r.pa
radi
si
aca
)inr
ats
.I
ndi
anJ
our
nal
Exper
iment
alBi
ol
ol
gy2
009;
47:
322
-40.

Andr
ade
C.U.
B.,
Per
azz
oF.
F.
,Ma
ist
roE.
L.
Mut
age
nic
ity
oft
heMus
apa
radi
si
aca
(Mus
ace
ae)
frui
tpe
ele
xtr
act
inmo

us
epe
riphe
ral
blo
odc
ell
si
nvi
voGenet
ics
andmo
lec
ular
res
ear
ch2
008
;7(
3):
725
-73
2.

Ba
tta
,A.(
201
6).Ar
evi
ewo
nphy
toc
hemi
cal
sandt
hei
rac
tivi
ti
es.I
nter
nat
ionalJ
our
nalo
f

Cur
rentRes
ear
chi
nMedi
calSc
ienc
es,
2(1
):2
0-2

Ba
gchi
K,Pur
iS.
Fre
era
dic
als
anda
nti
oxi
dant
sinhe
alt
handdi
sea
seEas
. t Medi
ter
ranean Heal
th J
our
nal

1
998
;4:
350–60.

Bo
rge
sM.
H.,
Alve
sD.
L.
F.
,Ra
sla
nD.
S.,
Pil
ó-Ve
los
oD.
,
Rodr
igue
sV.
M.,
Homs
i-

Br
ande
bur
goM.
I
.,
deL
ima
M.E.
Neut
ral
iz
ingpr
ope
rti
eso
fMus
apa
radi
si
aca
L.(
Mus
ace
ae)
jui
ceo
npho
spho
li
pas
eA

2
,my
oto
xic
,he
mor
rha
gic
andl
etha
lac
tivi
ti
eso
fcr
ota
li
dae
veno
msJ
.our
nal
ofet
hno
phar
mac
olo
gy.
2005
;98
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–2

Bo
ni,A.N.R.
,Ahua
,K.M.
,Ko
uas
si,K.
,Ya
pi,H.
,Dj
ama
n,A.J
.,a
ndNgue
ssa
n,J
.D.(
201
4).

Co
mpa
ris
ono
fin-
vit
roa
nti
oxi
danta
cti
vit
iesa
ndt
ota
lphe
nol
icc
ont
ent
sinwa
tera
nd

me
tha
nole
xtr
act
sofs
temsba
rko
fSpo
ndi
asmo n.Re
mbi sear
chJ
our
nalo
fPhar
mac
eut
ical
,

Bi
ol
ogi
calandChemi
calSc
ienc
es,
5(3
):1
457
–1468
.

B.Ha
ll
iwe
lla
ndJ
.M.C.Gut
ter
idge
,“F
reeRa
dic
alsi
nBi
ol
ogya
ndMe
dic
ine
,”2
ndEdi
ti
on,

Ox
for
dSc
ienc
ePubl
ic
ati
ons
,Cl
are
ndo
n,1
989.

Gha
niA.
Medi
ci
nal
Pla
nts
ofBa
ngl
ade
sh:
Che
mic
alCo
nst
itue
nts
andUs
es.
2ndEdi
ti
onT
heAs
iat
icSo
cie
tyo
fBa
ng

l
ade
sh,
Dha
ka,
Bangl
ade
sh(
2003
)31
5.As
ianPac
ifi
cJo
urnal
oft
ropi
cal
bio
medi
ci
ne

Go
mat
hyR.
,
Vij
aya
leks
hmi
N.R.
,
Kur
upP.
Α.Hy
pogl
yce
mic
act
iono
fthe
pec
tinpr
ese
nti
nthe
jui
ceo
fthe
inf
lor
esc
e
nc
est
alko
fpl
ant
ain(
Mus
asa
pie
ntum)
—Me
cha
nis
mof
act
io J
n.our
nal
ofappl
iedphar
mac
eut
ical
sci
enc
e.1
990;
5

(
4):
297
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Gül
çinİ
.(2
012
).Ant
iox
ida
nta
cti
vit
yoff
oodc
ons
tit
uent
s:a
nove
rvi
ew.Ar
chi
veso
fto
xic
olo
gy,8
6(3
),

3
45–3
91.

J
acha
kSM a
ndSa
kla
niA.Cha
ll
enge
sando
ppo
rtuni
ti
esi
ndr
ugdi
sco
ver
yfr
om pl
ant
s.Cur
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e

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Ka
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L
edde
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,
Hut
ter
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Aïno
uddi
neS.
,
Has
sani
S.,
Yaha
yaI
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asN.
,
Oll
ivi
eE.
Ant
ima
lar
ial
act
ivi
tyo
fcr
ude
ext
rac
tsf
ro

mni
neAf
ri
canme
dic
ina
lpl
ant
s.J
our
nal
Ethno
phar
mac
olo
gy2
008
;11
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3

Kr
ins
kyNI
.
Mec
hani
smo
fac
tio
nof
bio
logi
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ant
iox
ida
nts
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ocSo
cEx
pBi
ol
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Khar
eC.P.
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Fi
el
dW.D. ,
ShawG.
P.Anatur
alf
lavonoi
dpr
esent
inunri
pepl
anta
inbana
napulp(
Musasapi
entumL
.va
r.

pa
radi
si
aca
)pr
ote
cts
the
gas
tri
cmuc
osa
fro
mas
pir
in-

i
nduc
ede
ros
io .
nsJo
urnal
ofEt
hno
phar
mac
olo
gy.
1999;
65:
283
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8.

L
ewi
sD.
A.,
Sha
wG.
P.Ana
tur
alf
lavo
noi
dands
ynt
het
ica
nal
ogue
spr
ote
ctt
hega
str
icmuc
osa
fro
mas
pir
in-

i
nduc
ede
ros
io .
nsJo
urnal
ofNut
ri
ti
onal
Bio
chemi
str
y.2
001
;12
:95
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Ma
rti
nT.
S,Oht
aniK.
,Ka
saiR.
,Ya
mas
akiK.A He
mit
erpe
noi
d Gl
uco
side f
rom

Mus
apa
radi
si
ac.J
a o
urnalo
fNat
uralMedi
ci
ne2
000;
54(
4):1
90-
192
.

Ma
ll
ic
kC.
,
Cha
tte
rje
eK.
,
Guha
Bis
was
M.,
Gho
shD.
Ant
ihy
per
gly
cemi
cEf
fec
tso
fSe
par
ate
andCo
mpo
sit
eEx
tra
ct

o
fRo
oto
fMus
apa
radi
si
aca
andL
eaf
ofCo
cci
nia
indi
caI
nSt
rept
ozo
toc
in-

I
nduc
edDi
abe
tic
Mal
eAl
bino
Rat
.Af
ri
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Jour
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ofT
radi
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onal
.Co
mpl
ement
ary
andal
ter
nat
iveMedi
ci
ne2
007
;

4(
3)3
62_
371

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