Quarter 4, Week 6 to 7

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 9

Name of Learner: ______________Grade and Section: ________________

School: __________________________________ Date: _______________

Formulating Statistical Mini-Research

I. Learning Competencies with Code

Formulates statistical mini-research (M10SP-IVf-g-1)
Uses appropriate measures of position and other statistical methods in
analyzing and interpreting research data (M10SP-Ivh-j-1)
II. Background Information for Learners
In the previous lessons, you have identified different measures of
positions. This time you are going to apply your skills in this topic. As you go
through with the following key words and steps in making statistical mini-
research, you are expected to formulate your own.

Review:

Directions: Read each statement below and answer the question that follow.
Write your answer on the blanks provided.
1. Mrs. Blanca gave a test to her students in Mathematics. The students
finished their test in 35 minutes. The time was the lower quartile of the allotted
time. What does this mean?
Answer:
2. The starting salary of your brother in a big company is in the 8th decile.
What does it mean?
Answer:

Definition of Terms
Research
- defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing
knowledge in a new and creative way to generate new concepts,
methodologies and understandings.
- it is also defined as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to
find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem, to validate or test an
existing theory.

General Types of Research

Descriptive Research - type of study that finds answer to the questions who,
what, when, where and how. This type of research describes a situation or a
given in terms of specified aspects or factors.

Explanatory or Correlation Research – an explanatory study goes beyond

description of the problem or situation. It attempts to explain the possible
factors related to a problem which have been observed in a descriptive study.
This type of study answers questions why and how.

Intervention or Experimental Research – the type of research that

evaluates the effect or outcome of an intervention or treatment. It studies the
“cause and effect” relationship between certain factors on a certain
phenomenon under controlled conditions. The subjects of the study are
randomly assigned to the experimental group and to the control group and
both groups exposed to similar conditions except for the intervention/
treatment.

Other Classifications of Research

Pure Basic and Applied Research

Pure Basic Research. This type of research attempts to describe an existing

situation and/or explain certain patterns of behavior using either or both
qualitative and quantitative research.

Applied Research. While the primary aim of pure research is the formulation
or the refinement of theory, applied research aims to see an immediate
solution to a problem. This type of research focuses on variables or factors
which can be changed by intervention to achieve a desired goal, like
improvement of health, school achievement, or performance or increase in
revenue.

Exploratory and Explanatory Research

Exploratory Research. Exploratory studies are designed to describe an

existing problem situation and examine the underlying factors that contribute
to the emergence of the problem, the nature of which is not yet well known.

Explanatory Research. The primary goal of an explanatory study is to

understand or explain a prevailing situation or explain a relationship between
factors which may have already been identified in exploratory studies, and
why the relationship exists. Explanatory studies seek more specific answers
to “why” and “how” questions.

Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research
- the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.
- this type of research seeks to quantify or reflect in numbers the
observations on the characteristics of the population being studied. It
measures the number of respondents or objects possessing a particular
characteristic. It emphasizes precise measurement and often requires
statistical analysis of data or the testing of hypotheses based on a sample of
observations.
Qualitative Research
- this type of research emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of
human behavior and practices in an attempt to understand how the units or
members of the study population experience or explain their own world. To
gather information, the researcher makes use of one or a combination of the
following techniques: participant observation, key informant interview, focus
group discussion, direct observation, and in-depth analysis of a single case.
Statistical Mini-Research
-the output of data gathered through questionnaire, interview, observation,
and experimentation from an identified set of samples.
Here are the Parts of Statistical Mini-Research
I. Background of the Study
- includes purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study (what made
you conduct the study?). Also serves as the introduction.

II. Statement of the Problem

General Objectives - relates directly to the research problem and states
clearly what the researcher will do and expects to find out. It is preferably
stated in behavioral terms, in terms of: who or what will be studied, who will
do it, when it will be done, or where it will be done.
Specific Objectives – in studies with a broader coverage in terms of
subjects and variables, statement of specific objectives may be necessary.
Specific objectives may be viewed as sub-objectives or small particles of the
general objectives.

III. Significance of the Study

-the purpose of this section in your research is to make clear why your study
was needed and the specific contribution your research made to furthering
academic knowledge in your field.

IV. Methodology
-is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and
analyze information about a topic.
Research Design – the blue print of the study. It guides the collection,
measurement and analysis of data.
Participants – is the one who joins willingly to be part of the study as a
subject.
Respondents – is one who answer/respond to questions(written/oral) or other
stimuli.
Data Gathering – the process of gathering and measuring information
on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables on
to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses and evaluate outcomes.
Statistical Treatment – is a catch all term which means to apply any
statistical method to your data. Treatments are divided into two groups:
descriptive statistics, which summarize your data as a graph or summary
statistic and inferential statistics, which make predictions and test hypotheses
about your data.

V. Results and Findings – the section of the research paper where you report
the findings of your study based upon information gathered as a result of the
methodology or methodologies you applied. It simply states the findings,
without bias or interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence.

VI. Conclusions and Recommendations – the interpretation given by the

researcher of the significance of the findings of a research project, along with
recommendations of action. It also summarizes the key findings, outcomes or
information in your report.
Sample mini-research titles/ topics
“Factors affecting Mathematics Performance of Students.”
“The performance of Grade 10 students in Mathematics with Online Distance
Learning Modality.”
“The effects of New Normal learning to the performance of the students in
Mathematics.”
“Preparedness of JHS students in distance learning modality.”
“Students’ Engagement in Online Distance Learning Modality in
Mathematics.”
Example
Situation 1: The table shows the final grade of 50 students of Grade 10-A in
the New Normal learning SY 2021-2020.
83 91 87 84 82 84 83 95 86 89
85 85 85 78 84 88 92 86 88 86
83 86 85 84 89 81 84 87 87 83
88 83 87 82 81 92 87 86 80 86
88 81 88 91 79 84 86 93 84 75

Formulate mini-research title: “The level of progress and achievement of

Grade 10-A this SY 2021-2022”.
I. Background of the Study
With the sudden shift in the new normal learning modality, some students
were observed to have difficulty in submitting the requirements in school. The
school adapted blended learning modality. Some students adjusted easily
with the delivery of learning, but some find it hard to cope with the situation.
For the students to pass and be promoted to the next level should have the
grade greater than or equal to 75. The level of progress and achievement of
the students should be at least fairly satisfactory. The descriptor and grading
are classified as the following: Did Not Meet Expectations (74 and below),
Fairly Satisfactory (75-79), Satisfactory (80-84), Very Satisfactory (85-89),
Outstanding (90-100).
Based on the scenario above, this mini-research will be conducted.

II. Statement of the Problem

This mini-research will be conducted to determine the level of progress
and achievement of Grade 10 – A at Rafael B. Lacson MHS during S.Y. 2021-
2022.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the mean (average) level of progress and achievement of Grade 10
students.
2. What is the percentile rank of students whose level of progress and
achievement is fairly satisfactory or less than 80?

III. Significance of the Study

This mini-research can help identify the level of progress and achievement of
Grade students at Rafael B. Lacson MHS for S.Y. 2020-2021
Furthermore, the findings of this mini-research will help, teachers,
parents and students to design a program to improve their performances in all
areas.
IV. Methodology
Research Design
This is a quantitative research. Documentary analysis and
purposive sampling will be used in conducting this mini-research.
Participants/ Respondents
The participants/ respondents of this mini-research are the Grade 10
students section A at Rafael B Lacson MHS this SY 2020-2021.
Data Gathering
The researcher will ask the permission of the class adviser to
get the data of the Grade 10 students Rafael B Lacson MHS this SY 2020-
2021.
Statistical Treatment
This mini-research study will use the frequency count, mean,
percentile rank in addressing research questions.
1. Frequency Count – refers to the tabular arrangement of data classes
together with the
corresponding class frequency.
2. Mean - arithmetic average of the scores, calculated by adding all the scores
and dividing
by the total number of scores. This tool will be used to get the average
grade of Grade
10 – A students. The formula in getting the mean of grouped data is:
∑𝑓 𝑋
𝑥̅ = 𝑖 𝑖
𝑁
where: 𝑥̅ = the mean
𝑖 = size of class interval
𝑓𝑖 = the frequency
c𝑓𝑖 = cumulative frequency
𝑋𝑖 = the class marks
LB = Lower Class Boundary
3. Percentile Rank – defined as the percentage of scores in its frequency
distribution that are less than that score. The formula for finding the percentile
rank is:
100 (𝑃−𝐿𝐵)𝑓𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑅 = +[ + 𝑐𝑓𝑖 ]
𝑁 𝑖
83 91 87 84 82 84 83 95 86 89
85 85 85 78 84 88 92 86 88 86
83 86 85 84 89 81 84 87 87 83
88 83 87 82 81 92 87 86 80 86
88 81 88 91 79 84 86 93 84 75

Based from the data, construct a frequency distribution.

Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Step 1: Find the highest and lowest values:
H = 95 L = 75
Step 2: Calculate the RANGE
R = H-L = 95-75 = 20
Step 3: Decide the approximate number of classes in which the data are to be
grouped. In most cases we have 5 to 20 classes. Herbert Sturges formulated
a method now called (Sturges’ Rule) provides a formula for determining the
approximation number of classes.
 𝐾 = 1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁
where K = Number of classes
and 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁 = Logarithm of the total number of observations.

Example: If the total number of observations is 50, the number of classes

would be
𝐾 = 1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁
𝐾 = 1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔50
𝐾 = 1 + 3.322(1.69897)
𝐾 = 1 + 5.644
𝐾 = 6.644 round up (approximately 7 classes)
Step 4: Determine the approximate class interval size: The size of class
interval is obtained by dividing the range of data by the number of classes and
is denoted by i class interval size
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑖=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

20
𝑖= = 2.86 𝑜𝑟 3
7
(In the case of fractional results, the next higher whole number is taken as the
size of the class interval).
Step 5: Decide the starting point: The lower class limit or class boundary
should cover the smallest value in the raw data. It is a multiple of class
intervals
Step 6: Determine the remaining class limits (boundary): When the lowest
class boundary has been decided, by adding the class interval size to the
lower class boundary you can compute the upper class boundary. The
remaining lower and upper class limits may be determined by adding the
class interval size repeatedly till the largest value of the data is observed in
the class.
Step 7: Distribute the data into respective classes: All the observations are
divided into respective classes by using the tally bar (tally mark) method,
which is suitable for tabulating the observations into respective classes. The
number of tally bars is counted to get the frequency against each class. The
frequency of all the classes is noted to get the grouped data or frequency
distribution of the data. The total of the frequency columns must be equal to
the number of observations.
Make a frequency distribution table ( i = 3).
Class Tally 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 <c𝑓𝑖 LB
Interval
93 – 95 // 2 94 188 50 92.5
90– 92 //// 4 91 364 48 89.5
87– 89 /////-/////-// 12 86 1032 44 86.5
84 – 86 /////-/////-/////-/// 18 85 1530 32 83.5
81 – 83 /////-///// 10 82 820 14 80.5
78– 80 /// 3 79 237 4 77.5
75–77 / 1 76 76 1 74.5
N = 50 ∑𝑓𝑋
𝑖 𝑖

= 4247
We can now find the Mean:
∑𝑓 𝑋 4247
𝑥̅ = 𝑁𝑖 𝑖 = 50 = 84.94
Therefore, the mean (average) level of progress and achievement of 50
Grade 10 – A students is 84.94. It is considered is very satisfactory.
Using the percentile rank, we are going to determine how many students
whose level of progress and achievement is fairly satisfactory or less than 80.
Thus, we are going to get the Percentile rank of 79.
100 (𝑃 − 𝐿𝐵)𝑓𝑖 100 (79 − 77.5)3 4.5
𝑃𝑃𝑅 = +[ + 𝑐𝑓𝑖 ] = =[ + 1] = 2 [ + 1] = 5
𝑁 𝑖 50 3 3
= 5%
Therefore, 5% of the class level of progress and achievement with grades ≤
79 as considered fairly satisfactory while 95% of the class have grades ≥ 80.
V. Results and Findings
Therefore, the mean (average) level of progress and achievement of 50
Grade 10 – A students is 84.94. It is considered is very satisfactory.
5% of the class level of progress and achievement with grades ≤ 79 as
considered fairly satisfactory while 95% of the class have grades ≥ 80.
VI. Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the results, the 50 Grade 10 - A have performed very
satisfactory for this SY 2020-2021. But there are 5% of the class with grades
≤ 79 as considered fairly satisfactory. The teacher adviser may inform their
parents to monitor the progress/achievement of their children. Once face-to-
face classes will be resumed, remedial classes may be designed increase
their performance academically.

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

Melvin M. Callanta, et.al., 2015. Mathematics 10 Learner’s Module,
First Edition, Rex Book Store, Inc., pages 394 – 400.

IV. Activity Proper

Activity 1: Am I Scholar?
Dennis and Christine scored 32 and 23, respectively, in the
National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE). The determining factor for
a college scholarship is that a student’s score should be in the top 10% of the
scores of his/her graduating class. The students in the graduating class
obtained the following scores in the NCAE.
NCAE Scores f LB < 𝑐𝑓
39 – 41 6
36 – 38 7
33 – 35 9
30 – 32 13
27 – 29 22
24 – 26 10
21 – 23 9
18 – 20 7
15 – 17 8
12 – 14 4
9 – 11 2
6–8 1
 3–5 1

1. Complete the table by filling in the values of LB (lower boundaries) and <
𝑐𝑓 (less than cumulative frequency). Explain how you arrived at your answers.
2. Find the 3rd quartile, 72nd percentile, and the 8th decile of the set of data.
3. What is the percentile rank of Dennis and Christine?
4. Based on their percentile and percentile ranks, will Dennis and Christine
receive a scholarship? Explain your answer.
V. Reflection
In this lesson, I learned that
______________________________________________________________
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VI. Answer Key
Review:

1. This means that 25% of the learners finished the test in less than 35 minutes, while the
remaining 75% finished the test in more than 35 minutes. Giving a low quartile or
percentile would be considered good, because the students finished the test earlier than the
others who answered their test in a longer time.
2. 80% of the employees receive a salary that is less than or equal to his salary and 20% of
the employees receive a salary that is greater than his salary.
Activity 1:
NCAE Scores f LB < 𝑐𝑓
39 – 41 6 38.5 99
36 – 38 7 35.5 93
33 – 35 9 32.5 86
30 – 32 13 29.5 77
27 – 29 22 26.5 64
24 – 26 10 23.5 42
21 – 23 9 20.5 32
18 – 20 7 17.5 23
15 – 17 8 14.5 16
12 – 14 4 11.5 8
9 – 11 2 8.5 4
6–8 1 5.5 2
3–5 1 2.5 1

The lower boundary is obtained by subtracting 0.50 from the lower limit of each
given interval. It is called the true boundary.
The lower cumulative frequency can be obtained by adding the frequencies starting
from the frequency of the lowest interval.
The 3rd quartile is 31. 87.
The 72nd percentile is 31.18.
The 8th decile is 33. 23.
The percentile rank of Dennis is 24th.
The percentile rank of Christine is 17th.
Dennis and Christine are not qualified for a college scholarship.

VI. References
https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/research/researchers/preparing_a_grant_
application/dest_definition_of_research
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485510/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233325570_What_Is_Qualitative_R
esearch
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/
https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/construction-of-
frequency-distribution.html#ixzz71uQMUN6u
CONDUCTING A STATISTICAL MINI-RESEARCH MATH 10
QUARTER…YouTube.MatheMARteknix TV
David, Fely, P.: Understanding and Doing Research: A Handbook for
Beginners, pp. 3-10

Prepared by

LEAH L. AQUINO
Teacher III, RBLMHS