FITTING

1 INTRODUCTION
Fitting is a metal removing process resulting the finishing of matting parts to dimensions,
which will allow the permissible freedom of movement and tightness in assembly. The term
Fitting is related to assembly of parts, after bringing the dimension or shape to the required
size or form, in order to secure necessary fit. The operations usually carried out in a bench;
hence the term bench work is also added with the name fitting. The fitting operations are
generally done using hand tools, after holding and placing the work piece on a bench. The
tools and related equipment used for fitting process are classified below.
2 HOLDING DEVICES
2.1 Bench vice
Bench vice is a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to
allow work to be performed on it using other tools, such as saws, planes, drills, mills,
screwdrivers, sandpaper, etc. In general, vises have a fixed jaw with another moved in
relation to it by the use of the screw

.
Bench vice
2.2 V block
This is a cast iron block which is accurately machined has V-grooves of 90° at its top and
bottom. Other opposite faces adjacent to the V angle have rectangular grooves to carry U
clamp. V-angle at the top can carry round and square objects for marking lines, especially
round objects when they are to be drilled at right angles to their axis. For longer objects V-
blocks in pairs may be used.

V block

3 CUTTING TOOLS
3.1 Flat Chisels
Its cutting edge is slightly rounded to avoid digging of corners into the metal. These are used
for general chipping, cutting of rods, sheets etc. Cold chisels are used with metallic handle
and hot chisels are fitted with wooden handle. The cutting or lip angle given to the edge is
determined by the nature of metal to be chipped. The mid part is shaped hexagonally or
octagonally. The head is made conical and slightly convex, permits the hammer to be struck
with more centrally.
3.2 Hacksaw
Hack saw is used by hand, in cutting bars, rods, tubes and other thick and thin sections. It
consists of a U shaped metallic solid and tubular frame, a wooden or metallic handle and a
slim blade. Setting of blade is secured by the square shank of the frame and by introducing
pegs into the blade holes. Blade is tightened by turning the wing nut. Alternate teeth of the
blade are set tightly outwards to avoid jamming of blades inside the work pieces during
cutting. The size is specified as the length between hole centers.

Hack saw

3.3 Hand and Flat file

Hand and flat files are both rectangular in cross section. Hand files are parallel in width
through out its length and in thickness, after 2/3rd length it tapers towards the tip where as
flat files are tapered in both width and thickness towards its end after 2/3rd length.

Flat file
3.4 Triangular files
It is also know as three square file because of its cross section like an equilateral triangle. It
is generally double cut and tapered after 2/3rd length. It is used for filing interior-exterior
angles, slots and for sharpening saws.

4 Striking tool
4.1 Hammer
A hammer is a tool meant to deliver blows to a target. causing it to move or deform. The
most common uses are for driving nails, fitting parts, and breaking up objects. Hammers are
often designed for a specific purpose, and so their design varies quite a lot. Usual features are
a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head. The basic design is hand-operated,
but there are also many mechanically operated models for heavier uses.
5 Measuring instruments
5.1 Vernier caliper
Vernier calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture at
right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and depending on the
manufacturer, depth measurements by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable head
and slides along the centre of the body. This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves
that may prove difficult for other measuring tools.

5.2 Vernier height gauge

A vernier height gauge is a height gauge with the additional refinement of a vernier scale for
greater accuracy in reading or setting the tool.They may also be used to measure the height of
an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently
fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the
scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of
the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to
it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any
errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
 Vernier height gauge

5.3 Micrometer
A micrometer is a widely used device in mechanical engineering for precisely measuring
thickness of blocks, outer and inner diameters of shafts and depths of slot.
6 MARKING TOOLS
6.1 Scribers
Scribers are hand tools used in the metal trades to mark lines on workpieces, prior to
machining. They consist simply of a rod of high-carbon steel, in its hardened state, that has
been sharpened to a point at one or both ends. They are used by drawing the point over the
surface of the workpiece to leave a shallow scratch on.

6.2 Steel rule

Steel rule is the scale used for taking measurements up to 0.5 mm accuracy. One side is
marked with millimeter and other side in inches. The material used for making is stainless
steel.
 Steel rule

6.3 Surface plate

A surface plate is a solid, flat table that can be confidently used as a datum for marking out.
measuring workpieces, or setting up tooling. Considering that it is the baseline for all future
measurements and that tolerances as low as ±1 micrometre may be in use, its precision is
critical.

Surface plate

6.4. Inside Calipers

fine setting of this caliper type is performed by tapping the caliper legs lightly on a handy
surface until they will almost pass over the object. A light push against the resistance of the
central pivot screw then spreads the legs to the correct dimension and provides the required,
consistent feel that ensures a repeatable measurement.
6.5 Outside Calipers
They are especially useful when measuring over very large distances, consider if the calipers
are used to measure a large diameter pipe. A vernier caliper does not have the depth capacity
to straddle this large diameter while at the same time reach the outermost points of the pipes
diameter
6.6 Twist drills
Drill is a tool used for making new holes. Drills consist of the shank (taper or parallel) and
the body. The body carries the cutting point and helical grooves called flutes. Flute forms
cutting edges and chip clearance. Chip comes through the flute during drilling process.

Twist drills