Cell Cycles

LET’S REVIEW SOME CONCEPTS

DISCUSS DESCRIBE
Discuss eukaryotic cell Describe mitosis.
cycles and describe the
events of interphase.

COMPARE DESCRIBE(2)
Compare and contrast Describe meiosis I and II
mitosis and meiosis.

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ACTIVITY TIME!
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 Guess the Stage

◉ Pictures of micrographs taken with an electron microscope

will be shown. The micrographs include various stages of
the Cell Cycle.
◉ The Students will have to guess which stage is being shown
in the micrograph.

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1. PROPHASE 2. PROMETAPHASE 3. TELOPHASE

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4. INTERPHASE 5. METAPHASE 6. ANAPHASE

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Cell Division
Itʼs Key Role 1 7
 “
Where a cell exists, there must have
been a preexisting cell, just as the
animal arises only from an animal
and the plant only from a plant.
- Rudolf Virchow, 1855

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 The Key Roles of Cell Division

◉ The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind

is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things
from nonliving matter.
◉ This unique capacity to procreate, like all biological
functions, has a cellular basis.

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 The Key Roles of Cell Division

◉ The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells,

or cell division.
◉ Virchow summarized this concept with the Latin axiom
“Omnis cellula e cellula”, meaning “Every cell from a cell.”

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 The Roles

◉ Cell division plays several

important roles in life. The division
of one prokaryotic cell reproduces
an entire organism. The same is
true of a unicellular eukaryote.

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 The Roles

◉ Cell division also enables

multicellular eukaryotes to
develop from a single cell, like the
fertilized egg that gave rise to the
two-celled embryo.

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 The Roles

◉ after such an organism is fully

grown, cell division continues to
function in renewal and repair,
replacing cells that die from
normal wear and tear or accidents.
◉ For example, dividing cells in your
bone marrow continuously make
new blood cells

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 Cell Cycle
An Explanation of Where Mitosis Stands in the
Process
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Mitotic Phase
Alternates with Interphase in the cell cycle

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 The Cell Cycle

A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it

grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is
called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its
chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then
leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its
division.

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 Where does Mitosis Stand in the Cycle?

◉ Mitosis is just one part of the cell cycle

◉ In fact, the mitotic (M) phase, which includes both mitosis
and cytokinesis, is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle.
◉ Mitotic cell division alternates with a much longer stage
called interphase, which often accounts for about 90% of
the cycle.

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 Where does Mitosis Stand in the Cycle?

◉ During interphase, a cell that

is about to divide grows and
copies its chromosomes in
preparation for cell division.

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 Stages of the Cell Cycle (Interphase)

G1 PHASE

◉ G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide. Also

known as the growth stage.

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 Stages of the Cell Cycle (Interphase)

S PHASE

◉ For the G1 stage to take in effect, it then moves into the S

phase where the cell copies all the DNA. So, S stands for DNA
synthesis.

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 Stages of the Cell Cycle (Interphase)

G2 PHASE

◉ After the DNA is copied and there's a complete extra set of

all the genetic material, the cell moves into the G2 stage,
where it organizes and condenses the genetic material, or
starts to condense the genetic material, and prepares to
divide.

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 Stages of the Cell Cycle (Interphase)

M PHASE

◉ The next stage is M. M stands for mitosis. This is where the

cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material
into the two daughter cells. After M phase completes, cell
division occurs and two cells are left, and the cell cycle can
begin again.

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 Mitosis
“Brief and Short but Famous” 3 23
 Mitosis

◉ Despite being one of the shortest stages in the cell cycle,

Mitosis remains one of the most prominent concepts in this
study. Mitosis is a cellular process that replicates
chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in
preparation for cell division.
◉ Mitosis is conventionally broken down into five stages:
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.

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 Prophase (Animal Cell)

◉ The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled,

condensing into discrete chromosomes observable
with a light microscope.

◉ The nucleoli disappear

◉ The mitotic spindle (named for its shape) begins to

form. It is composed of the centrosomes and the
microtubules that extend from them. The radial
arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the
centrosomes are called asters

◉ The centrosomes move away from each other,

propelled partly by the lengthening microtubules
between them.

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 Prometaphase (Animal Cell)

◉ The nuclear envelope fragments.

◉ The microtubules extending from each centrosome

can now invade the nuclear area.

◉ Each of the two chromatids of each chromosome

now has a kinetochore, a specialized protein
structure at the centromere.

◉ Some of the microtubules attach to the

kinetochores, becoming kinetochore microtubules,
which jerk the chromosomes back and forth

◉ Non-kinetochore microtubules interact with those

from the opposite pole of the spindle.

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 Metaphase (Animal Cell)

◉ The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the

cell.

◉ The chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate,

a plane that is equidistant between the spindle s
two poles. The chromosomes centromeres lie at the
metaphase plate.

◉ For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the

sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore
microtubules coming from opposite poles.

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 Anaphase (Animal Cell)
◉ Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, often
lasting only a few minutes.

◉ Anaphase begins when the cohesion proteins are

cleaved. This allows the two sister chromatids of
each pair to part suddenly. Each chromatid thus
becomes a full- edged chromosome.

◉ The two liberated daughter chromosomes begin

moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their
kinetochore microtubules shorten. Because these
microtubules are attached at the centromere
region, the chromosomes move centromere first.

◉ By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell

have equivalent and complete collections of
chromosomes.

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Telophase and Cytokinesis (Animal Cell)
◉ Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nuclear
envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent
cell s nuclear envelope and other portions of the
endomembrane system.

◉ Nucleoli reappear. The chromosomes become less

condensed. Any remaining spindle microtubules are
depolymerized.

◉ Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two

genetically identical nuclei, is now complete.

◉ In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of

a cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two.

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 Exploring Mitosis (Animal Cell)

G2 Interphase Prophase Prometaphase

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 Exploring Mitosis (Animal Cell)

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and

Cytokinesis

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Cytokinesis
A Closer Look 4 32
ACTIVITY TIME!
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 Omnis Cellula e Cellula
◉ A Sheet representing the Plant Cells will be shown to the whole class.
◉ The students will have to guess which cells are undergoing the cell cycle
process.
◉ There are (10) Cells finishing their telophase stage.
◉ There are (10) Cells preparing to form a cell plate
◉ There are (5) Cells that are daughter cells of a pre-existing cell
◉ There is (1) Cell finishing its anaphase stage.
◉ Good Luck and FIND THEM ALL!!!

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1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 35
 Cytokinesis
◉ In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as
cleavage. The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a
cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near
the old metaphase plate.
◉ Cytokinesis in plant cells, which have cell walls, is markedly
different. There is no cleavage furrow. Instead, during
telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move
along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they
coalesce, producing a cell plate

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 Cleavage (Animal Cell)

◉ On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a

contractile ring of actin micro laments associated
with molecules of the protein myosin.

◉ The actin micro laments interact with the myosin

molecules, causing the ring to contract.

◉ The contraction of the dividing cell s ring of micro

laments is like the pulling of a drawstring.

◉ The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is

pinched in two, producing two completely
separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share
of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular
structures.

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 Cleavage (Plant Cell)

◉ Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in

the cell plate as it grows.

◉ The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding

membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along
the perimeter of the cell.

◉ Two daughter cellsresult, each with its own plasma

membrane.

◉ Meanwhile, a new cell wall arising from the contents

of the cell plate has formed between the daughter
cells.

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Mitosis in Plants
(Onion Root Cell)

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Mitosis in
Plants
(Onion Root Cell)

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 Meiosis
Mitotisʼ Older Relative who likes to do things
differently
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 Meiosis
◉ Meiosis, also called reduction division, division of a
germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving
rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the
number of chromosomes of the original cell.
◉ There are two divisions for meiosis: the first division Meiosis
1 sees the cell number doubled but the chromosomes
arenʼt. This results in ½ chromosome per cell.
◉ The second division Meiosis 2 carries out just like mitosis
where the number of chromosome per daughter cell does
not get reduced

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 WORDS OF WISDOM
(Cell Cycle Edition)

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Doesn’t matter how long it

Working Hard
You don’t have to work hard takes
Doubles the
You have to work smart Reward As long as you get to the
intended outcome

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

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