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MODULE 5: Leadership Values

MGMT 8760: Leadership and Management Essentials
Learning Outcomes

1. What is the difference between beliefs & values

2. Who are we? Thinking about your personality
3. Assessing Your Personality
1. Big 5 Personality Dimensions
2. Myers Briggs Type Indicator
4. Identifying types of values
5. How leaders Interpret values
1. Theory X & Y
2. Social Perception
3. Attribution Theory

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Beliefs vs Values

Beliefs are basically assumptions that we make about the

world and our values stem from those beliefs. Beliefs lead
to how we behave.
Our values are things that we deem important and can
include concepts like '“ equality, honesty, education, effort,
perseverance, loyalty, faithfulness, conservation of the
environment and many, many other concepts.
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/how-beliefs-about-the-self-shape-personality-and-behavior

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How do we perceive the world?

Mental Models
Theories people hold about specific systems in the world and their expected behavior.
Or how someone thinks about how things work in the real world…NOT THE TRUTH
https://fs.blog/mental-models/

Veridical
The degree to which an experience,
perception, or interpretation
accurately represents reality

Image: https://nesslabs.com/mental-models

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 What colour is this dress?

Black & Blue or White & Gold

The colour of the actual dress was
eventually confirmed as blue and black.
How we see the colour depends on
how are brains see the situation. In
other words we make shortcuts based
on experience. We trust what we see,
true or not.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dress

https://www.businessinsider.com/is-the-dress-white-and-gold-black-and-blue-2015-2

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How Mental Models Affect Our Decisions

Systems Thinking
The ability to see the synergy of the whole rather than just the separate elements of a
system and to learn to reinforce or change whole system patterns
https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/systems-thinking

Image: https://nesslabs.com/mental-models

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Personality: Who we are & why does it matter?

The set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a relatively stable
pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, and people in the environment

States: Temporary behaviours

Traits: Behaviours based on how we act in different
consistent over time situations

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416

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Stable Personality Trait Theories

Big 5
Five general dimensions that describe personality:
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,
neuroticsm, and openness to experience.
https://www.123test.com/big-five-personality-theory/

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits

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Personality in Organizations

Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that

characterize a person’s behaviour. (Workplace State)
Traits:
Locus of Control: Defines whether a person places the primary responsibility for what happens
to him or her within himself/herself or on outside forces
Authoritarianism: The belief that power and status differences should exist in an organization

(Langton, Robbins, Judge, 2019)

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Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

MBTI & Leadership

MBTI® helps to identify differences between
people that quickly transfers to an
understanding of why organisations aren’t
functioning as well as they could be.

Leaders use this information both

introspectively & to explain other’s behaviour
for complex decision making such as conflict
resolution.

http://www.leadershiplessons.co.uk/myers-briggs-type-indicator-personality-types/

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Values

Personality represents our

patterns of thinking and feeling
whereas values represent what
we believe to be right. Values are
deeply held principles that guide
our choices and influence our
emotions.
https://blog.saberr.com/the-difference-between-personality-and-values-f06199bca2e2

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Types of Values

Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or
end-state of existence
Concepts or beliefs that guide how we make decisions about and evaluations of
behaviours and events.

Two frameworks for understanding values:

Milton Rokeach’s Value Survey (RVS)
Kent Hodgson’s general moral principles

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 Rokeach Value Survey

Types of values
Terminal: goals that individuals would like
to achieve during their lifetime (18 total)
Instrumental: preferable ways of
behaving (18 total)

Importance of values: Values generally

influence attitudes and behaviour.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeach_Value_Survey

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Hodgson’s General Moral Principles

Values & Ethics

The study of moral values or
principles that guide our
behaviour, and inform us whether
our actions are right or wrong
(more on ethics in Module 7)

Ethical values are related to moral

judgments about right and wrong

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/magnificent-7-general-moral-principles-for-mgrs/deck/5393995

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Understanding Leadership Values

1. Theory X & Theory Y (Mcgregor, 1950)

2. Social Perception
3. Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958, Later Kelley & Weiner, 1960’s & 70’s)
1. Covariation (Kelley, 1973)
4. Hermann’s Whole Brain Model

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 Theory X & Theory Y (McGregor, 1950)

Leadership Assumption

Theory X: the assumption that people are basically

lazy and not motivated to work and that they have a
natural tendency to avoid responsibility

Theory Y: the assumption that people do not inherently

dislike work and will commit themselves willingly to
work that they care about

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_X_and_Theory_Y

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 Social Perception

Perception: the process people use to make sense out of the environment by
selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Perceptual Distortions: errors in judgment that arise from inaccuracies in the perceptual process.
Examples:
Stereotyping: the tendency to assign an individual to a broad category and then attribute generalizations about
the group to the individual.
Halo Effect: an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or
unfavorable.
Projection: the tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people.
Perceptual Defense: the tendency to protect oneself by disregarding ideas, situations, or people that are
unpleasant.

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 Attribution Theory (Heider, Kelley & Weiner)

Attribution is what happens when a person takes the information they

perceived and determines a reason as to what happened.
https://www.universalclass.com/articles/business/the-concepts-of-perception-and-attribution-in-organizational-behavior-in-business.htm

Locus of Control:
Internal Attribution: people infer that an event or a person's
behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or
feelings.
External Attribution: people infer that a person's behavior is due
to situational factors.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/attribution-theory.html

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 Covariation (Kelley, 1973)
Factors Affecting Internal vs External Attribution:
Distinctiveness: How unique the behaviour is to the situation. Low distinctiveness = similar regardless of the situation
Consistency: Correlation to behaviour across time. High consistency = similar behaviour regardless of when observed
Consensus: Variation in behaviour across different individuals. High consensus = behaviour is the same with larger groups of
people

http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-cognition/kelleys-covariation-model/

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 Hermann’s Cognitive Whole Brain Model (Herman,1979)

Different tasks require different mental processes 4 Quadrants:

found in 4 distinct quadrants:
Analytical
Experimental
Practical
Relational
• Different people prefer different kinds of thinking
• Everyone has access to all four quadrants but to
varying degrees
https://www.herrmann.com.au/what-is-whole-brain-thinking/

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Summary

• Who we are is determined by how we perceive the world around us and we all interpret the
world differently
• What we perceive forms our personality which in turn shapes our values
• Our values have both long term orientation and short term impacts on how we behave
• As leaders we perceive the behaviour in others based upon our own perceptions
• People who share our values are seen in a positive way where people who don’t are less
likely to be
• As leaders we need to be aware of our tendencies in order to avoid making errors when
assessing the abilities of our teams

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References
Cherry, K. (2019). What is personality & why does it matter?

Retreived from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416

Heider, F. (1958). Attribution theory

Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/attribution-theory.html

Herbert, W. (2007). How beliefs about the self shape personality and behaviour

Retrieved from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/how-beliefs-about-the-self-shape-personality-and-behavior

Hermann, N. (1979). Whole brain dominance model.

https://www.herrmann.com.au/what-is-whole-brain-thinking/

Kelley, H. (1973). Covariation model.

Retrieved from http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-cognition/kelleys-covariation-model/

Langton, N., Robbins, S., Judge, T. (2019). Organizational behaviour: Concepts, controversies & applications, 8th edition

Pearson Publishing

Magnificent 7: General moral principals for managers. (2020). The Ohio State University.

Retreived from https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/magnificent-7-general-moral-principles-for-mgrs/deck/5393995

Marsden, T., A. (2016). The difference between personality & values.

Retrieved from https://blog.saberr.com/the-difference-between-personality-and-values-f06199bca2e2

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References
McGregor, D. (1960). Organizational theory.

Retrieved from https://switcheducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SEB_LYO_McGregor_Thinker.pdf

Mental models; The best way to make intelligent decisions. (2020). fs.blog

Retrieved from https://fs.blog/mental-models/

Myers Briggs Type Indicator personality types. (2020). Leadership Lessons

Retrieved from http://www.leadershiplessons.co.uk/myers-briggs-type-indicator-personality-types/

Rokeach Value Survey. (2020). Wikipedia.org

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeach_Value_Survey

Rouse, M. (2020). Systems thinking.

Retrieved from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/systems-thinking

The dress. (2020). Wikipedia.org

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dress

Thiel, E., V. (2020). Big five personality test traits.

Retrieved from https://www.123test.com/big-five-personality-theory/

Udland, M. (2016). One year ago the internet lost its mind over ‘the dress’ that might be blue and black or white and gold

Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/is-the-dress-white-and-gold-black-and-blue-2015-2

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