? Huáo mj oetdvdmomjs y rüirdeo mj jvokuoedõb - @osj 9 - Mj`dbdedõb mj

obtdmjrdvomo

]utnr< @rjmmy Tjsdm Pdkkoadzor 

Aorzn ?5 mj 9393.

Zbdvjrsdmom Boednbok Oidjrto y o Mdstobedo.

Ajmjkkáb
Eïkeukn Dbtjhrok
 

Dbtrnmueedõb

Jstj troioln enapnbj jk prnejsn mj oprjbmdzolj mj ko dbtjhrok mjtokkobmn ospjetns

enan mj`dbdedõb, sdainknháo, prnpdjmomjs o troväs mj täebdeos quj oyumjb o snkuednbor

 prnikjaos. Mj`dbdmo enan ko `ubedõb mj ubo vordoikj
vo rdoikj rjok y ub dbtjrvokn mj ko rjeto, ko

dbtjhrok js dhuok ok ïrjo mj ko rjhdõb mjk pkobn kdadtomo jbtrj ko hrï`deo mj ko `ubedõb, jk

jlj x y kos kábjos vjrtdeokjs x1o y x1i, mnbmj snb bjhotdvos kos ïrjos pnr mjioln mjk jlj x.

O troväs mj kns jljrededns prnpujstns, jk jstumdobtj dmjbtd`deo ko sdainknháo,

mj`dbdedõb y prnpdjmomjs mj ko dbtjhrok6 aobjlo o bdvjk npjroednbok ko dbtjhrok dbmj`dbdmo y

ko dbtjhrok mj`dbdmo, enaprjbmj ko dbtjrprjtoedõb hjnaätrdeo mj ko dbtjhrok y orhuajbto jk

mjsorrnkkn mj kns prnikjaos rjsujktns.

 
 

Mjsorrnkkn oetdvdmom

Uje. :.? Ïrjos y mdstobedo, Sïh. 504<

Niljtdvn< 

Mjtjradbor jk ïrjo ioln ko eurvo sjhüb ko hrï`deo mjk jljrededn.

@ubmoajbtns y jstrotjhdo o japkjor< 

Srdajrn sj nitdjbj ubo oprnxdaoedõb mj ko rjhdõb mjioln mj ko eurvo

rjprjsjbtïbmnko pnr ajmdn mj rjetïbhukns, y mjspuäs sj tnao jk káadtj mj kos ïrjos mj kns

rjetïbhukns euobmn sj dberjajbto jk büajrn mj ästns.

Jljrededn ?

O) O portd
portdrr mj ko kjetu
kjeturo
ro mj kns vokn
voknrjs
rjs mj ko hrï`d
hrï`deo
eo momo mj ` , usj edben rjetïbhukns
 poro gokkor ubo jstdaoedõb db`jrdnr y ubo supjrdnr
su pjrdnr poro jk ïrjo ioln jso hrï`deo
hrï` deo
momo mj ` , mjsmj  x 13  gosto x 17 . Jb eomo eosn, mdiulj kns rjetïbhukns quj usj.

Ujo
 x 13 6 x 17

o 13 , i 17 , b1:

i ∙o 7
∀ x1   1 1?.0
b :

Oktuross < `   (( 3 )19 6 `   (( ?.0 )15.: 6 `   (( 5.0 ) 1=.: 6 `  ( ( =.7 )1:.: 6 `  ( ( 0.= )1:.4 6 `  ( ( 7 ) 10
 Obegn1? 6 Okturo

Jxtrjans pubtns mj ko mjrjego

 

 Y:1?.0 ( 5.: + =.:+ :.: + :.4 + 0 )

 Y:1 =3.40
 Y: =?
≊

Jxtrjans pubtns mj ko dzqudjrmo

 K:1?.0 ( 9+ 5.: + =.: + :.: + :.4 )

 Y:1 5=.=
 Y: 5=
≊

Uj tdjbjb jstdaoednbjs supjrdnr j db`jrdnr poro O<

5= ; O ; =?

I) Jbeujb
Jbeujbtrj
trj bujvos jst
jstdaoed
daoednbjs
nbjs usobmn ne
negn
gn rjetïbh
rjetïbhukns
ukns jb eomo eosn.
eosn.
 

 Daohjb ?< Hrï`deo

Hrï`deo mj ko `ubedõb  ` 
`ubedõb  ` 

Ujo
3 7
 x 1 6 x 1
o 13 , i 17 , b17

i ∙o 7
∀ x1   1 1?
b 7

Oktuross < `   (( 3 )19 6 `   (( ? )1 5 6 `   (( 9 )15.8 6 `  ( ( 5 )1=.= 6 `  ( ( = )1: 6 `  ( ( : ) 1:.: 6 `  ( ( 0 )1:.8 6 `  ( ( 8 )1:.7 6 `  ( (
 Obegn1? 6 Okturo

Jxtrjans pubtns mj ko mjrjego

 Y7 1? ( 5 + 5.8 + =.= + : + :.: + :.8 + :.7 + 0 )

 Y7 154.?
 

 Y7 54
≊

Jxtrjans pubtns mj ko dzqudjrmo

 K71? ( 9 + 5 + 5.8 + =.= + : + :.: + :.8 + :.7 )

 K715:.?
 K7 5:
≊

Uj tdjbjb jstdaoednbjs supjrdnr j db`jrdnr poro O<

5: ; O ; 54

Jljrededn =

o) Jst
Jstdaj
daj jk ïrjo iol
iolnn ko hrï`deo mj `   (( x )1 ∜  x mjsmj  x 13  gosto  x 1 = usobmn euotrn
hrï`deo

rjetïbhukns mj oprnxdaoedõb y pubtns jxtrjans mj ko mjrjego. ]roej ko hrï`deo y

kns rjetïbhukns. ¾Uu jstdaoedõb js ubo snirjstdaoedõb n ubo suijstdaoedõb>

Ujo

 x 13 6 x 1 =

o 13 , i 1= , b 1=

i ∙o =
∀ x1   1 1?
b =
 

Okturos < `   (( 3 )1 ∜ 3 6 `   (( ? ) 1∜ ? 6 `   (( 9 ) 1∜ 9 6 `  ( ( 5 )1∜ 5 6 `  ( ( = )1∜ =
 Obegn1? 6 Okturos

Oktuross < `   (( 3 )13 6 `   (( ? )1? 6 `   (( 9 )1?.=? 6 `  ( ( 5 )1?.85 6 `  ( ( = )19
 Obegn1? 6 Okturo

?) Jb prd
prdajr
ajr kkuhor,
uhor, trozoa
trozoans
ns ko hrï`de
hrï`deoo mj ko `ubedõb ∜   xx.
ko `ubedõb

9) ]roz
]rozoa
oans
ns jb
jb jk jl
jljj x mj 3 o =, kns euokjs, snb kns káadtjs jstoikjedmns jb jk

jljrededn.

5) ]rozoa
]rozoans
ns kns euot
euotrn
rn rjetïbhukns
rjetïbhukns mj ooprnxda
prnxdaoedõb
oedõb y ppubtns
ubtns jxtrjans
jxtrjans mj
mj ko

mjrjego jb jso ïrjo<

 

Snmjans vjr ajmdobtj mj ko hrï`deo quj su jstdaoedõb js ubo snirj

jstdaoedõb.

 Y= 1? ( ? + ?.=? + ?.85 + 9 )

 Y= 10.?=

 i) Yjpdto jk dbedsn o, enb kns pubtns jxtrjans mj ko dzqudjrmo.

?) Jb prd
prdajr
ajr kkuhor,
uhor, trozoa
trozoans
ns ko hrï`de
hrï`deoo mj ko
ko `ubedõb.
`ubedõb.
 

9) ]roz
]rozoa
oans
ns jb
jb jk jl
jljj x mj 3 o =, kns euokjs, snb kns káadtjs jstoikjedmns jb jk

jljrededn.

5) ]rozoa
]rozoans
ns kns euot
euotrn
rn rjetïbhukns
rjetïbhukns mj ooprnxda
prnxdaoedõb
oedõb y ppubtns
ubtns jxtrjans
jxtrjans mj
mj ko

dzqudjrmo jb jso ïrjo<

 Y:1? ( 3 + ? + ?.=? + ?.85 )

 Y= 1=.?=

Snmjans vjr ajmdobtj mj ko hrï`deo quj su jstdaoedõb js ubo suijstdaoedõb.

Uje. :.9 Ko dbtjhrok mj`dbdmo. Sïh. 570

 

?3

Niljtdvn< 

Mjtjradbor jk ïrjo ioln mj ubo eurvo y usor kos prnpdjmomjs mj ko dbtjhrok poro

eokeukor su rjspjetdvo eobtdmom.

@ubmoajbtns y jstrotjhdo o japkjor<

Ajmdobtj kos prnpdjmomjs mj ko dbtjhrok sjhüb jk jljrededn, sj prnejmj opkdeorkos

 poro su enrrjeto snkuedõb.

Euomrn ?
 Srnpdjmomjs mj ko dbtjhrok 
 

??

Jljrededn 5

Ud `   (( x )1 j x ∙9 , 3 ≭ x ≭ 9, jbeujbtrj ko suao mj Ydjaobb enb b 1=  enrrjeto gosto sjds ed`ros
mjedaokjs, tnaobmn kns pubtns ajmdns enan kns pubtns aujstro. ¾_uä rjprjsjbto ko suao
mj Ydjaobb> Dkustrj enb ub mdohroao.

b 1= 6 o13 6 i 13

i ∙o ?
∀ x1   6 ∀ x1
b 9

?  5
Kns pubtns jxtrjans mj kns edben suidbtjrvokns snb<3 ,  , ? , , 9 mj anmn quj kns pubtns
9 9
?  5 :  8
ajmdns snb <  ,  ,  ,
= = = 9

Jbtnbejs<
9

∦ (j ¾¾  x ∙9 ¾) m x ≇ ∀ x V ` ( ?= )+ ` ( 5= )+`  ( := )+ ` ( 89 )Q ¾¾

3

 ?
¾ ¾¾
9

≇ 59.50=7?

Sujstn quj `  ( ( x )1( j ¾¾  x ∙9)2 3 ¾  poro 3 ≭ x ≭ 9 ko dbtjhrok rjprjsjbto ub ïrjo y ko
oprnxdaoedõb momo
quj sj aujstrob pnrsdhudjbtj
jb ko ko rjhko mjk pubtn ajmdn js ko suao mj kos ïrjos mj kns rjetïbhukns
`dhuro<
 

?9

Jljrededn ?3.

Zsj ko rjhko mjk pubtn ajmdn, enb jk voknr momn mj b, poro gokkor ubo oprnxdaoedõb mj

eomo ubo mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs. Yjmnbmjj eomo rjspujsto gosto euotrn ed`ros

mjedaokjs.
σ 
9

∦ (ens ¾ ¾ = x ) mx ¾
3

Gokkoans jk obegn mj kns dbtjrvokns

σ  σ 
∙3
9 9 σ 
∀ x1   1  1
= = 7

Jbtnbejs

  σ 
 x½ ?1
?0

5 σ 
 x½ 91
?0
 

?5

: σ 
 x½ 51
?0

8 σ 
 x½ = 1
?0

Uj tdjbj quj

=
Ujb  x ≇
 σ 
7 V ( ) (  ) (  ) (  )Q
` 
  σ 
?0
+ ` 
5 σ 
?0
+ ` 
: σ 
?0
+ ` 
8 σ 
?0

≇ 3,5490 V 3,33?= + 3,34:9+ 3,=884+ 3,49:5 Q

≇ 3,5490 ( ?,=447 )

≇ 3,:777

Jljrededn 5=.

Ko hrï`deo h enbsdstj jb mns rjetos y ubo sjadedreub`jrjbedo. Üsjko poro jvokuor eomo ubo

mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs.

o.   ∦ h ( x ) mx
3
 

?=

Uj gokko ko `ubedõb, pnr ajmdn mj ko hrï`deo sj pujmj nitjbjr kns pubtns mj ko rjeto.

( 3,= ) ( 9,3 )

Gokkoans ko pjbmdjbtj

3 ∙= ∙ =
a1 1   1∙9
9 ∙3 9

Gokkoans ko `ubedõb pnr ajmdn mjk anmjkn< pubtn-pjbmdjbtj

 y ∙ y? 1a ( x ∙ x ? )

 y ∙ = 1∙9 ( x ∙3 )

 y ∙ = 1∙9 x

 y 1∙9 x + =

Zsoans ko `ubedõb jb ko dbtjhrok

9

∦ (∙9 x += ) mx
3

|
9
 x 9
¾ ∙9  + = x
9 3

¾ ∙ x 9+ = x |
9
3

¾¾

¾ ∙= + 7

¾=
0

 i.   ∦ h ( x ) mx
9

Zsoans ko `õrauko poro gokkor ko jeuoedõb mj ko edreub`jrjbedo

 

?:

]jbjans jk ejbtrn ‛E‑ y romdn ‛r‑

E ( =,3 )

r 19

Yjjapkozobmn voknrjs mj ‛g‑, ‛f‑ y ‛r‑

( x ∙7 x +?0 ) + ( y ) 1=

9 9

9 9
 x + y ∙7 x + ?0∙ = 13

9 9
 x + y ∙7 x + ?913

9 9
 y 1∙ x + 7 x ∙?9

 y 1¿ ∜ ∙ x + 7 x ∙?9

9

Zsoans ko `ubedõb bjhotdvo, yo quj jk sjadeáreukn jstï tnaobmn voknrjs jb ‛y‑

bjhotdvns
0

∦∙( ∜ ∙ x +7 x ∙?9 ) mx

9

Enbvjrtdans ko jeuoedõb poro quj qujmj jb `nrao mj trdbnadn euomromn pjr`jetn

 x ∙7 x + ?9 )
¾ ∙( x 9

¾ ∙V ( x
 x ∙7 x + ?9 )∙ = Q
9

¾ ∙¾

¾ ∙¾
0

¾ ∙∦ ¾ ¾
9
 

?0

Uustdtudans

 p1 x ∙=

mp
mx 1?

Mjspjloans

mp 1mx ↙mx
↙mx 1mp

Káadtjs

Uá x 10 ↙ 0 ∙ = 19

Uá x 19 ↙ 9∙ = 1∙9

¾ ∙∦ ( ∜ =∙ p 9) mp
∙9

Yjokdzoans sustdtuedõb trdhnbnaätrdeo

¾ ∜ 99∙ p9
 

?8

Ensη 1
∜ 
= ∙ p
9

  ↙ ∜ = ∙ p 19 Ensη

9

 p ∙?  p
Ujbη1  ↙ p 19 Ujbη↙η1 Ujb
9 9

mp
19 Ensη↙mp 19 EnsηØmη
()
mη

Káadtjs

Uá p 19 ↙η 1Ujb
∙?
()
9
9
1 Ujb∙? (? )143 ³ 1
 σ 
9

Uá p 1∙9 ↙ η 1 Ujb ( ∙  )1

∙?
9
9
Ujb
∙?
(∙? )1 43 ³ 1∙ σ 
9

Jbtnbejs tjbjans quj

σ 
9

∙ ∦ ( 9 Ensη ) ( 9 EnsηØmη )
∙ σ 
9

σ 
9

∙ ∦ ( =ens 9 η ) mη
∙ σ 
9

Uoeoans ko enbstobtj
σ 
9

∙ = ∦ ( ens 9 η ) mη
∙ σ 
9

Zsoans ko dmjbtdmom trdhnbnaätrdeo poro rjmuedr pntjbedos

σ 
9

∙= ∦
∙ σ 
9
( 9  )
? + ens ( 9 η)
mη
 

?7

Uoeoans enbstobtj
σ 
9
 ?
∙= Ø
9 ∙σ 
 ∦
( ? +ens (9 η ) ) mη
9

Yjhko mj ko suao
σ 
9

∦ ? mu
∙ σ 
9

  σ 
9
V ?Ø uQ
∙ σ 
9

|
|
  σ 
9
V uQ
∙ σ 
9

V( ) (  )Q
¾ σ  ∙ ∙ σ 
9 9

V Q
¾ σ  + σ 
9 9

¾ ( σ )

Káadtjs

u 19 η

mη
1ens (9 η) ↙ mη1 ens ( u ) mu
mu
 

?4

 σ 
Uá u 1  ↙ u 19
 σ 
9
1 σ  ()
9

∙ σ  ∙ σ 
Uá u 1   ↙ u19 1∙σ 
9 9
σ 
 ?
(  )
∦
¾ ens ( u ) mu
9
∙ σ 

σ 
 ?
¾
9 ∙σ 
∦
ens ( u ) mu

¾
 ?
9
V
Ujb ( u)
  σ 
∙ σ 
Q|
 ?
¾ 9 V 3Q
¾3

Ognro mjijans sdapkd`deor kns rjsuktomns mj oains y kos enbstobtjs soeomos jb posns

obtjrdnrjs

 ?
¾ ∙= Ø  ( σ + 3 )
9

¾ ∙9 ( σ + 3 )

¾ ∙9 σ 

e.   ∦ h ( x ) mx
3

Soro pnmjr rjokdzor mj  x 13  o  x 18, sj mjij rjokdzor ko dbtjhrok mj ∦ h ( x ) mx

0

Jbtnbejs gokkoans ko `ubedõb

 

93

( 0,3 ) ( 8,? )

?∙ 3 ?
a1 1 1?
8 ∙0 ?

Anmjkn pubtn-pjbmdjbtj

 y ∙ 31? ( x ∙0 )

 y 1 x ∙0

∦ ( x ∙0 ) mx
0

|
9
 x 8
¾  ∙ 0 x
9 0

¾ V
(8 )9
QV Q ( 0)9
  ∙0 ( 8 ) ∙   ∙ 0 ( 0 )
9 9

¾ V QV Q
=4
9
  ∙ =9 ∙
50
9
  ∙50 ¾

¾ V  Q V  Q
=4 ∙7=
9
∙
50∙89
9

¾ V QV Q
=4
9
  ∙ =9 ∙
50
9
  ∙50 ¾

¾ V  Q V  Q
∙5:
9
∙
∙50
9

5:
¾ ∙   + ?7
9

∙5: + 50
¾
9

 ?
¾
9
 

9?

Gokkomn kn obtjrdnr, prnejmjans o suaor jk pubtn o, i y e

8

∦ h ( x ) mx
3

?
¾ = + (∙9 σ )+
9

¾ ∙?,875?

Jljrededn :?

Soro ko `ubedõb `   euyo
euyo hrï`deo sj aujstro, jbkdstj kos sdhudjbtjs eobtdmomjs jb

nrmjb erjedjbtj, mj ajbnr o aoynr, y jxpkdquj su roznboadjbtn.

7

o)   ∦ `  ( ( x ) mx
3

 i)   ∦ `  ( ( x ) mx
3

e)   ∦ `  ( ( x ) mx
5

m)   ∦ `  ( ( x ) mx
=

j)   ` ' (?)
 

99

Euomrn 9
Hrï`deo jljrededn :?

Ztdkdzobmn kos prnpdjmomjs mj ko dbtjhrok mj`dbdmo sj eokeuko jk ïrjo tntok mj ko

eurvo, sdb jaiorhn, kos ïrjos ioln jk jlj x sj kj rjstob o kos quj jstïb snirj jk

jlj x.

]jbdjbmn jb eujbto kn obtjrdnr, usoans kos prnpdjmomjs poro eokeukor kos

eobtdmomjs mj eomo jljrededn<

o)   ∦ `   (( x ) mx
3

Snr prnpdjmom büajrn :<

 

95
7 5 7

∦ `   (( x ) mx 1¾ ∦ `   (( x x ) mx +¾∦ `   (( x ) mx ¾ ¾

3 3 5

Zsobmn ko prnpdjmom büajrn ?<

91∙ ( 5∙3 )+( 7 ∙5 )

 i)   ∦ `   (( x ) mx
3

Snr prnpdjmom büajrn ubn y momn quj jk ïrjo eokeukomo jstï pnr mjioln

mjk jlj x<

∙( 5 ∙3 )1∙5
 

9=
7

e)   ∦ `   (( x ) mx
5

Snr prnpdjmom büajrn ubn< :

7 ∙ 5 1:

m)   ∦ `   (( x ) mx
=

Snr prnpdjmom büajrn ubn<

( 7 ∙= ) 1 =

j)   ` ' (?)

Jbtrj ? y ?.: pubtn erátden.

 

9:

` ' ( ?) ≇ 3

Nrmjbobmn kns pubtns mj ajbnr o aoynr< i, j, o, m, e

Uje. :.5 ]jnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn, Sïh. 54=<

Niljtdvn<

Opkdeor jk tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn poro rjsnkvjr jk jljrededn prnpujstn.

@ubmoajbtns y jstrotjhdo o japkjor<

Uj prnejmj opkdeor ko sdhudjbtj `õrauko poro mjtjradbor jk rjsuktomn mjk jljrededn,

kujhn sj mjtjradbo ko `ubedõb euobmn js erjedjbtj ajmdobtj ko dhuokoedõb o ejrn mjk

jljrededn.
 x
m
`   (( t ) mt 1 `  ( x )
mx
∦
o

Jljrededn 99
?

∦ (? +¾ ?9 u ∙ 9: u ) mu ¾
= 4

Snr jk tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn portj 9

 

90
i

∦ `   (( x ) mx 1 @   (( i )∙ @ (o )

o

mnbmj @  js
 js ubo obtdmjrdvomo mj  ` 
?

V (  ) ( )Q
: ?3
? u 9 u
u+ ∙
9 : : ?3 3

(? ):  ( ? )?3
?+   ∙   + E 
?3 9:

:5
+ E 
:3

Jljrededn 50.

Jvoküj ko sdhudjbtj dbtjhrok.

?7

∦
? ∜ 5
 z
 mz

Mdstrdiudans roáejs
?7

∦ ∜ ∜   z5z mz
?

Uoeoans enbstobtj
?7

∜ 5 ∦ ∜ ?  zz mz
?

Zsoans prnpdjmom mj ko pntjbedoedõb

?7

∜ 5 ∦ ? mz ?
? 9
 z

?7 ∙?
∦
∜ 5  z mz
9

?
 

98

V Q|
∙?
  +?
9
 z ?7
∜ 5
∙? ? ?
 +
9

V  Q
?

|
9
 z ?7
∜ 5
? ?
9

V Q|
9 ∜ 5   zz
?
9 ?7
?

9 ∜ 5 V ∜   zz Q
|
?7
?

9 ∜ 5 V ∜ ?7∙ ∜ ? Q

Udapkd`deoans

9 ∜ 5   ∜ 4 Ø 9 ∙?

9 ∜ 5 V 5 ∜ 9∙? Q

0 ∜ 0 ∙9 ∜ 5

=0. _uj js kn dbenrrjetn jb ko jeuoedõb>

Kn dbenrrjetn js quj jk dbtjhrobmn bn js enbtdbun jb tnmn jk dbtjrvokn mj dbtjhroedõb6 jstï

dkdadtomn okrjmjmnr mj 3. Ko dbtjhrok momo bn jxdstj.

 

97

Jljrededn 03
 x
9

∦
Ud `   (( x )1 (?∙t 9) j t  mt  ¾snirj
 ¾snirj quä dbtjrvokns js erjedjbtj ` >
3

Opkdeobmn jk tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn sj nitdjbj kn sdhudjbtj<

9
9  x
`  ( ( x )1( ?∙ x ) j

Soro jbenbtror kns dbtjrvokns mnbmj js erjedjbtj, sj dhuoko ko jeuoedõb o ejrn y sj

rjsujkvj.

( ?∙ x ) j x 13
9
9

9
?∙ x 13
9
?1 x

 x 1¿ ?

Uje. :.= Dbtjhrokjs dbmj`dbdmos, Soh. =35<

Niljtdvn<

Opkdeor kos rjhkos mj obtdmjrdvoedõb poro rjsnkvjr jk jljrededn prnpujstn.

@ubmoajbtns y jstrotjhdo o japkjor<

Ajmdobtj ko toiko mj dbtjhrokjs mj`dbdmos, sj prnejmj o goejr ko rjspjetdvo

obtdmjrdvoedõb, kujhn sj uso jk tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn poro rjsnkvjr jk jljrededn.
 

94

Euomrn 5
]oiko mj dbtjhrokjs dbmj`dbdmos.

Euomrn =
]jnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn
 

53

Jljrededn 5

Pjrd`dquj ajmdobtj mjrdvoedõb quj ko sdhudjbtj `õrauko js enrrjeto

5 ? 5

∦ ens  x mx 1 sjb x ∙ 5  sjb  x + E 

Mjrdvoans ko jxprjsdõb mj ko dzqudjrmo

m ?
1sjb x ∙  sjb5 x
mx 5

? 9
ens x ∙ 5 sjb  x ens x
5

9
ens x ∙ ¾ sjb  x ens x ¾

9
ens x ( ?∙ sjb  x )

9
ens x ( ?∙ sjb  x )

ens x ( ens  x )
5
ens  x

Nitjbho kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs dbmj`dbdmos hjbjrokjs

8.

Uj bns pdmj jbenbtror jsto dbtjhrok dbmj`dbdmo

 

5?

Zsoans ko rjhko mj pntjbedo dbvjrso poro jbenbtror jsto dbtjhrok. Uuao ? o kns jxpnbjbtjs
y mdvdmj pnr jk bujvn jxpnbjbtj. Bn nkvdmjans dbekudr E ko enbstobtj mj dbtjhroedõb jb
su rjspujsto. Snr kn quj ko rjspujsto js<

Jljrededn ?3.

Nitjbho kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs dbmj`dbdmos hjbjrokjs

∦v¾¾
Idbnadn ok euomromn

¾v ¾

¾ v ( v = += v 9 += )

¾ v: + = v5 + = v

∦ (v ¾ ¾ : + = v + = v ) mv ¾
5

Yjhko mj ko suao
∦¾¾¾
0 = 9
 v  = v =v
¾  +   +
0 = 9

0
 v
¾  + v = + 9 v 9+ E ⇙ E ∇ Y
0
 

59

Jk rjsuktomn js<

Jk rjsuktomn js<

Jvoküj eomo ubo mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs<

 

55

 
Udapkd`deo mdvdmdjbmn jk mjbnadbomnr pnr jk buajromnr 

  ]naor dbtjhrok

  Udapkd`deor 

=7-?9 1 50 Jbegu`j ? y = y rjsujkvo.

Jk rjsuktomn js 50

Jljrededn 59

Jvoküj ko sdhudjbtj dbtjhrok

=

∦ ∜  y y y∙ y 9
?

Uj prnejmj o posor mj `nrao jxpnbjbedok jk romdeok

= ?/ 9
 y ∙ y
∦  y
9
?

= ?/ 9
 y
Uj sjporo ko `roeedõb ∦ 9
  ∙   y9
?  y  y

Uj opkdeo ko prnpdjmom mj ko dbtjhrok = mjk euomrn ?<

= ?/ 9
 y
∦  y
9
  ∙¾ ∦  y  y ¾
9
?
 

5=

Uj sdapkd`deo ko jxprjsdõb
=

∦  y?/  ∙¾∦  ? y ¾

5 9
?

Snr prnpdjmomjs mj pntjbedo, sj poso kns jxpnbjbtjs mjk mjbnadbomnr o bjhotdvn

jb jk buajromnr 
=

∦ y ∙ / ∙¾∦  y∙ ¾

5 9 ?

Uj opkdeo ko sdhudjbtj `õrauko mj obtdmjrdvoedõb<

b+?
 x
∦ b
 x mx 1
b +?
+ E , b ≣∙ ?

Opkdeoans
∙5  +?

|
9
 y =
∙ kb ¾ y ∧ ¾ ¾
∙5 ?
  +?
9

Yjsnkvjans
∙?
∙9  y 9 ∙ kb| y| =|?

Sosoans mj `nrao jxpnbedok o romdeok y enb jk jxpnbjbtj pnsdtdvn jb jk

mjbnadbomnr 

∙9
∜  y
 y
∙kb| y| = |?

Uj opkdeo jk tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn<

∙9
∙kb|=|∙¾ ¾
∜ =
 

5:

∙?∙?.57 + 913.57

Jljrededn 50

Jvoküj eomo ubo mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs.

σ 
5

∦ Ese η mη
σ 
9

Dmjbtdmom trdhnbnaätrdeo

σ 
5
¾ ∙Entη
σ 
=

 σ 
¾ ∙ent ∙ ∙ent
|(
5  )
 σ 
=

¾ ∙ ∜    ∙(∙? )
5
5

¾ ?∙ ∜ 
5
5

Jljrededn =4
Jk ïrjo mj ko rjhdõb quj sj jbeujbtro o ko mjrjego mjk jlj  y y o ko dzqudjrmo mj ko

 porïinko  x 19 y ∙ y 9 (jk ïrjo snairjomo mj ko `dhuro) sj jxprjso enb ko dbtjhrok

∦ (9 y ∙ y ) my  (Hdrj su eoijzo jb sjbtdmn mj kos aobjedkkos mjk rjknl y enbsdmjrj o ko
9

3
 

50

rjhdõb quj sj jbeujbtro ioln ko eurvo  x 19  y ∙ y 9 mjsmj  y 1 3 gosto  y 1 9.) Jbeujbtrj jk

ïrjo mj ko rjhdõb.

Uj hdro jb sjbtdmn aobjedkkos mjk rjknl ko daohjb

Uj prnejmj o rjsnkvjr jk jljrededn

9

∦ (9 y ∙ y ) my
9

Uj opkdeo ko sdhudjbtj `õrauko mj obtdmjrdvoedõb<

b+?
 x
∦ b
 x mx 1
b +?
+ E , b ≣∙ ?
 

58

V  Q
9 5 9
9  y  y
 ∙
9 5 3

Uj opkdeo tjnrjao `ubmoajbtok mjk eïkeukn

(  )
9
9 ( 9) (9 )5 9 ( 3 )9 ( 3 )5
  ∙  ∙  ∙
9 5 9 5

Uj rjsujkvj

7
=∙
5

=
5
 

57

Ujeedõb :.: Yjhko mj sustdtuedõb, Sïh. =?5

Niljtdvn<

Yjsnkvjr dbtjhrokjs ajmdobtj jk aätnmn mj sustdtuedõb poro ko rjokdzoedõb mjk

jljrededn.

@ubmoajbtns y jstrotjhdo o japkjor<

Uj eoaido ubo jxprjsdõb pnr ubo vordoikj poro rjsnkvjr jk jljrededn.

Jljrededn 9

Jvoküj ko dbtjhrok j`jetuobmn ko sustdtuedõb momo.

∦ x ( 9 + x ) mx u 19 + x

5 = : =

mu
1 = x5
mx
mu
5
1mx
= x

  mu
∦ x 5
u
:

=  x
5

∦ u  mu=
:
 

54
0
?u
= 0

(9 + x = )0
9=

Jljrededn 0.

Jvoküj eomo ubo mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs j`jetuobmn ko sustdtuedõb momo.

∦
Uje
9

9
()
?
 x
  mx
 x

Yjjserdidans

∦ Uje ( x? )  x  ?

9

( )
9
mx

Uustdtudans

?
u1
 x

∙?  ?
mu 1 9
  mx ↙ ∙mu 1 9 mx
 x  x

Opkdeoans ko sustdtuedõb

¾ ∦ Uje 9 (u )(∙ mu)

¾ ∙∦ Uje9 ( u ) mu

¾ ∙tob ( u )

Uustdtuyjbmn mj bujvn, tjbjans

 

=3

¾ ∙tob ( )+
 ?
 x
E 

Jljrededn 8

Jvoküj eomo ubo mj kos sdhudjbtjs dbtjhrokjs dbmj`dbdmos

∦ Ujb ( x x ) mx9

Yjjserdidans

∦ Ujb ( x x ) x x mx

9

9  mp
 p1 x ↙mp 19 xmx ↙   1 xmx
9

Opkdeoans ko sustdtuedõb

∦ Ujbp ( mp9 )
 ?
¾
9
∦ Ujb pmp
?
¾∙  ens  p + E 
9

Yjhrjsoans o  p1 x 9

? 9
¾∙  ens ( x )+E 
9
 

=?

Jljrededn ?3

Jvoküj ko sdhudjbtj dbtjhrok dbmj`dbdmo

∦ (5 t +9 ) 9.=
mt 

Zsobmn ko rjhko mj sustdtuedõb

u 1(5 t + 9)

mu
 1 5
mt  1

mu
  1mt 
5

Yjjapkozobmn

mu
∦u 9.=

Yjsnkvdjbmn
?
5
∦u 9.=
mu

Uj eoaido jxpnbjbtj mjedaok pnr roednbok

?
5
∦u ?9 / :
mu

Uj opkdeo `õrauko mj obtdmjrdvoedõb (Ujeedõb :.5 euomrn 5).

 

=9
?9
 + ?
:
?
5
∦  ?9
u
mu
 + ?
:

Uj rjsujkvj
?8
:
? :u
5 ?8

Uj auktdpkdeo mjbnadbomnrjs
?8
:
:u
:?

Uj enbvdjrtj jk jxpnbjbtj o `roeednbordn y sj sdapkd`deo

: u ∜ u
5  : 9

:?

Uj mjvujkvj ko sustdtuedõb

∜ (5 t + 9 )
5  : 9
: ( 5 t + 9 )
:?

Uj rjsujkvj

: ( 98 t  + := t  + 50 t + 7 ) ∜ ( 5 t + 9 )

5 9 : 9

:?
 

=5

Enbekusdnbjs

Ok rjokdzor kns jljrededns mjk ïrjo ioln ko eurvo, o aoynr usn mj `roblos, aoynr

jstdaoedõb poro jk rjsuktomn.

Ok mjrdvor ubo dbtjhrok, jk rjsuktomn js ko `ubedõb `(x) pnrquj snb npjroednbjs

enbtrordos.

Ajmdobtj kns jljrededns mj obtdmjrdvomos, bn tnmns kns jljrededns sj kj pujmjb

opkdeor kos rjhkos mj obtdmjrdvoedõb, jk euok sj mjij opkdeor ko sustdtuedõb, jk euok, sj opkdeo

 poro dbtjhrokjs quj bn snb bntoikjs n quj sj pujmob rjsnkvjr mj dbajmdotn.

 

==

Kdsto mj rj`jrjbedos

 Ordos, Y. (93?8). Ïrjo ioln ko eurvo enb hjnhjiro VPdmjnQ.

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kxA&`iekdm1DwOY3dUtOZ_npfBxJWHH7l7FYs_b8HH9FmWkrBXoz]bdlmBp8
04o9LqZg@JTn

 Utjwort, L. (93?9). Eïkeukn mj ubo vordoikj< ]rosejbmjbtjs tjaprobos, 8ao Jm.

Ejbohj Kjorbdbh. Yjeupjromn mj
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