RESEARCH II QUARTER 1 Week 5

C.N: _________
NAME: ___________________________________________ GR. & SEC: _____________________

Quantitative Research
Learning Competencies:
The learner:
1. speculate about quantitative research;
2. define quantitative research accurately;
3. compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research based on some
criteria or standards;

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE?

Read the simple instructions below to successfully meet the objectives of this kit.
1. Follow and read carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every
page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lesson. Writing enhances
learning.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/ guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually and answer the “Let’s Assess What You Have Learned”
part.
6. Enjoy studying!

PreTest
Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to the definition of the following terms
on the blank provided before the number.
____1. Which of the following BEST describes quantitative research?
A. Observations uses the five senses to observe the result
B. Aims to be objective and scientific in its approach
C. Refers to observations that can be made subjectively
D. describes social phenomena as they occur naturally
____2. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?
A. Clear independent and dependent variable
B. High level of reliability
C. Minimum personal judgement
D. Inability to control the environment
____3. Which of the following illustrates a quantitative study?
A. attributes to malnutrition in children
B. public opinion to the corruption in our country
C. academic performance of high school students
D. all of the above choices
____4. The following statement is true about the importance of quantitative research
EXCEPT
A. More reliable and objective
B. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized frequently
C. Less detailed
D. Tests theories or hypotheses

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____5. What type of research compares the statistical relationship between two variables?
A. Cross-sectional C. True Experimental
B. Correlational D. Quasi-experimental

LOOKING BACK

Principles of research ethics

Ethical principles mean that as a researcher, you need to:
(a) obtain informed consent from potential research participants;
(b) minimise the risk of harm to participants;
(c) protect their anonymity and confidentiality;
(d) avoid using deceptive practices; and (e) give participants the right to withdraw from your
research.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Definition of Quantitative Research

Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking, statistical methods, and
measurement signal the existence of quantitative research. One word that reflects the true
nature of this type of research is numerical. This term, numerical, is a descriptive word
pertaining to or denoting a number or symbol to express how many, how much, or what rank
things are or have in this world. Expressing meaning through numerals or a set of symbols
indicates specificity, particularity, or exactness of something.
Quantitative research makes you focus your mind on specific things by means of
statistics that involve collection and study of numerical data. Thus, to give the basic meaning
of quantitative research is to say that research is a way of making any phenomenon or any
sensory experience clearer or more meaningful by gathering and examining facts and
information about such person, thing, place, or event appealing to your senses. You use
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication to study and
express relationships between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers or symbols.
Involving measurements and amounts, quantitative research seeks to find answers to
questions starting with how many, how much, how long, to what extent, and the like.
Answers to these questions come in numerals, percentages, and fractions, among others.
(Suter 2012; Russell 2013)
Quantitative research methods are oriented towards the use of numerals and statistics
in the analysis of data collected. This will enable the researcher to make statistically valid
generalizations and inferences about the topic of study. This module describes the types of
quantitative method and their advantages and shortcomings in application.

ACTIVITY 1: “Quantitative”

Characteristics
Since quantitative research uses numbers and figures to denote a particular thing, this
kind of research requires you to focus your full attention on the object of your study. Doing
this, you tend to exclude your own thoughts and feelings about the subject or object. This is
why quantitative research is described as objective research in contrast to qualitative
research that is subjective.
Characterized by objectiveness, in which only the real or factual, not the emotional or
cognitive existence of the object matters greatly to the artist, quantitative research is
analogous to scientific or experimental thinking. In this case, you just do not identify
problems but theorize, hypothesize, analyze, infer, and create as well.
Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting
and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio). Quantitative research usually
happens in hard sciences like physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine; qualitative research,
in soft sciences such as humanities, social sciences, education, and psychology, among
others

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What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
Your goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine the relationship between
one thing [an independent variable] and another [adependent or outcome variable] within a
population. Its main characteristics are:
• The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
• The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.
• The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.
• Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are
sought.
• All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
• Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures,
or other non-textual forms.
• Result can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or
investigate causal relationships.
• Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect
numerical data (Babbie, 2011).

Activity:
Direction: Which between these two sets of statements is easier or quicker to
understand? Justify your point. (you may use your notebook or a separate sheet of
paper for your answer)

Set A – Ninety five (95%) of the examinees passed the licensure exams. Twenty
pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

Set B – A big number of examinees passed the licensure exams. Several pages of
the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

ACTIVITY 2: “Classification/Kinds of Quantitative Research”

Quantitative research is of two kinds:

 experimental
 non-experimental

What is Experimental Research?

Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards
manipulating one or more control variables of the research subject(s) and measuring the
effect of this manipulation on the subject. It is known for the fact that it allows the
manipulation of control variables.
This research method is widely used in various physical and social science fields, even
though it may be quite difficult to execute. Within the information field, they are much more
common in information systems research than in library and information management
research.

3 main types of experimental research:

1. Pre-experimental Research
- Pre-experimental research is the simplest form of research, and is carried out by
observing a group or groups of dependent variables after the treatment of an
independent variable which is presumed to cause change on the group(s).
2. Quasi-experimental Research
- The prefix quasi means “resembling.” The Quasi type of experimental research is
similar to true experimental research, but uses carefully selected rather than
randomized subjects.
- The following are examples of quasi-experimental research:
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  Time series
 No equivalent control group design
 Counterbalanced design
3. True Experimental Research
- True experimental research is the most accurate type, and may simply be called
experimental research. It manipulates a control group towards a group of randomly
selected subjects and records the effect of this manipulation.

What is Non-Experimental Research?

Non-experimental research is the type of research that does not involve the
manipulation of control or independent variable. In non-experimental research, researchers
measure variables as they naturally occur without any further manipulation.

3 main types of non-experimental research:

1. Cross-sectional Research
- Cross-sectional research involves the comparison of two or more pre-existing groups
of people under the same criteria. This approach is classified as non-experimental
because the groups are not randomly selected and the independent variable is not
manipulated.
2. Correlational Research
- Correlational type of research compares the statistical relationship between two
variables. Correlational research is classified as non-experimental because it does
not manipulate the independent variables.
3. Observational Research
- Observational research focuses on observing the behavior of a research subject in
a natural or laboratory setting. It is classified as non-experimental because it does
not involve the manipulation of independent variables.

Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Observations can be either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative observations deal
with a number, or amount. Seeing that you have eight new e-mails in your inbox is a
quantitative observation. Example:
- The flower has seven petals.
- The plant has grown 2cm long in two weeks.

Qualitative observations, on the other hand, deal with descriptions that cannot be
expressed in numbers. Noticing that a bike is blue or that a grape tastes sour are qualitative
observations. Example:
- The flower has soft petals.
- The plant has greener color of leaves.
Activity: Direction: Make your own Quantitative and Qualitative Observation on given
Photo below.

Answer: (you may use your notebook or a separate sheet of paper for your answer)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3: “Importance of Quantitative Research”

Importance of Quantitative Research

1. More reliable and objective
2. Can use statistics to generalize a finding
3. Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables
4. Looks at relationships between variables and can establish cause and effect in highly
controlled circumstances
5. Tests theories or hypotheses
6. Assumes sample is representative of the population
7. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized less
8. Less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response from the
participant

Advantages
Specific research problem
Clear independent and dependent variable
High level of reliability
Minimum personal judgement
Disadvantages
Limited outcomes due to structured method
Inability to control the environment
Expensive (large number of respondents)

Activity: What can research do for you as a student researcher?

Answer: (you may use your notebook or a separate sheet of paper for your answer)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

REMEMBER

Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by

gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques. Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential customers
using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc.,
the results of which can be depicted in the form of numerical.
Usually, quantitative data is represented by tables, charts, graphs, or any other non-
numerical form. This makes it easy to understand the data that has been collected as well
as prove the validity of the market research. This research method offers no scope for
personal comments or biasing of results. The results achieved are numerical and are thus,
fair in most cases. Quantitative analysis also uses methods like polls, surveys, and sampling
to gather information that can help complete your investigation.

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 POST TEST
Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to the definition of the following terms
on the blank provided before the number.

____1. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals
B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education
C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world
D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem

____2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

A. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem
B. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to
show trends, relationship or differences among variables
C. Method can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus,
strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of
spurious conclusions
D. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related
to human behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior
____3. Which of the following illustrates a quantitative study?
A. attributes to malnutrition in children
B. public opinion to the corruption in our country
C. academic performance of high school students
D. all of the above choices
____4. This type of research manipulates a control group towards a group of randomly
selected subjects and records the effect of this manipulation.
A. Quasi-experimental C. Pre-experimental
B. True Experimental D. Cross-sectional
____5. What type of research compares the statistical relationship between two variables?
A. Cross-sectional C. True Experimental
B. Correlational D. Quasi-experimental

REFLECTION

Directions: Write a reflective learning on the Reflection prompt below. You may express
yourself in a more creative way such as making illustrations.

1. Write a short essay about things you learned the most and the least
through the topics dealt with in this lesson. Give your essay an
interesting title.

2. What do I know about this topic?

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