NAME: ALMUSTAPHA BABANGIDA DANGANI

SUB: CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE

KID: K22266
BPHARMA_2ND YEAR

INTRODUCTION:

The temperature at which complete miscibility is reached as the temperature is

raised or in some cases lowered —used of two liquids that are partially miscible
under ordinary conditions. Also called consulate temperature this temperature is
known as critical solution temperature or consulate temperature. The value of
consulate temperature for this system is 68.3°, and the composition is 33%
phenol and 67% water. Above 68.3°, the two liquids are completely miscible in
all proportions.

We realize the meaning of temperature when we look at boiling water or find

ourselves boiling in hot fever! We are intrigued by the mercury going up and
down in the doctor’s thermometer. However, have we ever wondered or heard
of a concept called critical temperature? The highest temperature of a substance
at which it can be condensed and remain in a liquid state is known as the critical
temperature of a substance. In other words, the temperature above or at which a
substance cannot be liquified from its vapor or gaseous state irrespective of
what amount of pressure is applied on it, then that temperature is known as the
critical temperature. It is denoted as Tc. A substance can be liquified only at a
suitable temperature and it becomes more difficult to do so by increasing the
temperature because as the temperature increases then the Kinetic Energy of the
particles also increases which makes up the substance. Thus, a substance can
only be converted to liquid state from gaseous state up to a certain temperature
(critical temperature) and not above it
Here, C is the critical point. The concentration and the temperature at C are
called the critical solution concentration and the critical solution temperature,
respectively.

What happens When We Heat above the Critical Temperature?

As we continue to raise the temperature of a substance, its molecules start

moving and colliding with each other at a rapid speed. At this point, two things
happen - the density of the liquefied state of the substance goes down and the
density of the vaporized or gaseous state increases. At a particular temperature,
the vapor pressure increases to such an extent that the density of the vapor
becomes equal to the density of the liquid. Hence, the vaporized and liquified
states of the substance become almost the same or appear to be
indistinguishable. This is known as the critical temperature. At this critical
temperature, the density and various other properties of the liquid and the vapor
become the same. The molecular forces are so high at this point, that no matter
what critical pressure is applied, it becomes impossible to condense the
substance into a calmer, liquified form. 

As we continue to raise the temperature of a substance, its molecules start

moving and colliding with each other at a rapid speed. At this point, two things
happen - the density of the liquefied state of the substance goes down and the
density of the vaporized or gaseous state increases. At a particular temperature,
the vapor pressure increases to such an extent that the density of the vapor
becomes equal to the density of the liquid. Hence, the vaporized and liquified
states of the substance become almost the same or appear to be
indistinguishable. This is known as the critical temperature. At this critical
temperature, the density and various other properties of the liquid and the vapor
become the same. The molecular forces are so high at this point, that no matter
what critical pressure is applied, it becomes impossible to condense the
substance into a calmer, liquified form. 
The temperature of the upper critical solution is called the upper solution
temperature or upper critical solution temperature. Partially miscible liquids
become more soluble at a certain temperature before becoming completely
miscible. Temperatures lower than this are known as critical solution
temperatures (CST) or solution temperatures.

The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consulate

temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a
mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word upper indicates that the UCST
is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for
certain compositions only.

What are the critical temperatures and pressures of some substances?

Critical Temperatures and Pressures of Some Substances Substance Critical

Pressure (Pc) Critical Temperature (Tc) Ammonia (NH 3) 111.3 atm 405.5 K
Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 72.8 atm 304.19 K Nitrogen (N 2) 33.5 atm 126.2 K
Water (H 2 O) 217.7 atm 647.09 K 4 more rows.