Lesson 6: Cultural, social and political institutions

Learning Competency:

1. describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behavior
2. compare different social forms of social organization according to their manifest and latent
functions
1. Kinship, marriage, and the household
a. Kinship by blood Descent and marriage (unilineal, matrilineal, patrilineal, bilateral)
b. Kinship by marriage Marriage rules cross-culturally (monogamy vs. polygamy, post-
marital residency rules, referred marriage partners)
c. Kinship by ritual (Compadrazgo)
d. Family and the household Nuclear, extended, and reconstituted families (separated,
transnational)
e. Politics of kinship (political dynasty, alliances)

Kinship

o a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society.

o It explains the nature and reason for the formation af the different types of bonds that exist
within of society.

The bond of blood which binds people together in a group is called kinship.

According to Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system involves socially recognized relationships based
on supposed and actual genealogical bonds. On the other hand social network is a set of structure made
up of social actors, individuals and organizations and other social interaction between actors it
represents relationship amd flows between people, groups and organizations.

Ang concept ng mga Pilipino pagdating sa kinship ay sinasalamin nito ang overall framework ng
pakikisalamuha natin sa komunidad dahil sa pamamagitan ng kinship nahahanap natin o naiidentify
natin kung ano ba ang relasyon ng isa sa atin. Sabi nila walang generic na filipino term for kinship pero
ang mga salitang kamag anak o magkakamag anak ang madalas ginagamit. Mahalaga ang kinship
sapagkat tinutulungan tayo nito na umalam sa relasyon or ugnayan natin sa ibang tao at hinahayaan
tayo nitong makisalamuha ng walang kahirap hirap.

Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood

o considered as the most basic and general form of relations.

o The relationship is achieves by birth or blood affinity.

From the name itself kinship by blood meaning kadugo mo katulad nalang ng nanay at tatay mo ate o
kuya mo tito at tita pamangkin at pinsan ay ilan lamang sa mga halimbawa. Pero mapapatanong kayo na
paano naman yung mga adopted or hindi malaman kung sino yung tatay nila? May tinatawag tayong
polyandrous tribe meaning 1 wife and more than one husband dahil nga yung tunay na tatay ng bata ay
hindi alam bilang resulta ang kinship by blood ay hindi lamang nababase sa biological basis kundi pati
narin sa social recognition na kanilang natatanggap halimbawa na lang ang mga anak na adopted at sa
mga polyandrous tribe na tinuturing narin nilang kapatid o anak ang sinumang bata.

Genogram

o A genogram is a graphical representation of one's family and its members' relationship to one
another.
o It is widely used in medicina sociology, and genealogy to determine medical, psychological.
sociological, or historical patterns of health and behavior.

Symbol Description Examples

Male family member A grandfather, son, nephew, father

or uncle

Female family member A grandmother, daughter, niece,

mother, or aunt

Married couple A daughter who married a man

from another family

Child or children of a married A couple who has child

couple

Deceased male or female family A aunt who passed away

X member

In making a genogram, make sure to note the following:

o children must be drawn from oldest to youngest and from left to respectively,
o one level or layer presents one generation, and
o the shapes corresponding to family members always represent sex, not gender.

Descent

o refers to a biological relationship.

 o Societies recognize that children descend from parents and that there exists a biological
relationship between parents and their offspring.
o Descent also often refers to an individual's child or offspring or his/her parents and ancestry.

Bakit nga ba mahalaga ang pag alam natin tungkol sa descent? Kasi kung hindi natin alam ang mga
ganitong uri ng bagay kumbaga walang limitasyon sa rekognasyon ng kinship kumabaga everybody
would be a kin to everyone else pare pareho tayong magkakamag anak. Mahalaga ang pag alam ng
descent sapagkat it is means for one person to assert his/her rights. Halimbawa nalang sa mga palabas
diba nagpapaDNA test tapos sasabihin nila na anak ako ni ganito kaya dapat lang na mapunta sa akin
ang kayamanan hahahaha charrr pero kidding aside it can be use to assert your rights, privileges and
duties.

Unilineal descent

o In this principle of descent, both males and females are members of a unilineal family but
their descent lines are recognized only through the relatives of either the male or female
member.
o Unilineal descent have two basic forms, namely, patrilineal and matrilineal.

Dito sa unilineal descent from the name itself unilineal meaning uni or one natitrace nito ang
relationship sa pamamagitan ng isang magulang lamang. Kumbaga descent are traced xclusively to a
male or female ancestor in a sense na tinitrace mo yung pinagmulan mo either sa father or sa mother
mo but not both.

Patrilineal descent

o both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not their mother's.

Gaya ng makikita sa diagram yung lalaking miyembro or yung ama lamang ang makakapagpasa ng
identity na ito sa kanyang mga anak. Kung makikita sa diagram tanging yung ama tsaka yung anak ng
ama na lalaki lamang ang makakapagpasa nito sa kanyang mga anak.

Matrilineal descent

o When using this pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to
the same female ancestor.
Sa matrilineal matitrace mo ang iyong ancestry sa iyong nanay. Kahit sino pwedeng maging myembro
nito basta anak ka ng iyong tunay na ina subalit tanging mga babaeng anak lamang ang makakapagpasa
nito sa kanyang mga anak.

Bilateral Descent

o Also called Nonunilineal or cognatic pattern of descent

o In which every biological ancestor and descendant is a socially recognized relative. Everyone
is a member of both his or her father's and mother's families.

Kumbaga any membership of a common descent ay matitrace thru any combination ng iyong nanay at
tatay.

Kinship by Marriage

o Marriage is an important social institution wherein two persons, a man and a woman, enter
into family life.
o During this process, the partners make a public, official and permanent declaration of their
union as lifetime couples Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines defines marriage this
way

[It is a] special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the family and an
inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not
subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the
marriage within the limits provided by this Code.

Ang marriage o kasal ay isang pormal at legal union ng dalawang bilang magkatuwang sa buhay.
Prinopromote nito ang procreation or pagpaparami para maestablished ang isang matibay na samahan
na magiging basehan ng isang pamilya at kinship system.

Binibigyan ng kasal ang isang offspring o kanilang anak ng papel o posisyon sa society natin sa
pamamagitan ng pagkilala akanya bilang kanilang legitimate son pr daughter.
Cross- cultural Marriage

o Is a marriage between two people from different culture

Love is blind ika nga nila tsaka sa panahon ngayon parami na ng parami ang nakikita nating mga Pinoy na
kinakasal sa ibat ibang lahi or ibat iba yung kanilang kultura.

For example, a Japanese woman married to an English man

A traditional Ifugao is married to a liberated catholic woman.

Endogamy and Exogamy

Endogamy

o Also called compulsory marriage, in their own village, community, ethnic, social, or religious
group.

May mga ganito paring uri ng kultura halimbawa nalang sa Palawan sa parte ng Bukidnon kung saan may
mga nakatirang ethnic tribes na nagpapatuloy ng mga ganitong gawain. Ang ilan sa mga tumatakas sa
mga ganitong klase ng pagpapakasal ay tinatakwil o tinatawalag minsan pa nga ay bantang papatayin
kaya hindi na lamang bumalik sakanyang mga magulang.

Exogamy or out-marriage

o refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society's norms and rules to
marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes.

Ito namang exogamy ang marriage na maganda sapagkat iniiwasan nito ang incest or ang pagpapakasal
sa iyong sariling kadugo o kapamilya. Moreover, kapag nagprocreate kayo ng kadugo mo maaring
magkaroon ng abnormalities kaya iniiwasan rin ito ng exogamous marriage.

Monogamy and Polygamy

Monogamy

o came from the Greek words monos and gamos which literally mean "one union."
o It refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only
one male or female partner or mate.
o It can be serial monogamy and non-serial monogamy

Monogamy literally ito yung mga nasasaksihan niyo sa kasalan it is marriage between two individuals at
a time

Pag sinabing serial monogamy ito yung pagpapakasal ulit dahil sa namatay ang asawa mo or nagdivorce
kayong dalawa.
Non serial naman ay wala ng possibilidad dito ang pagpapakasal kumbaga mananatili kang faithful
sakanya habang buhay hahahaaj sanaoll

Polygamy

o Refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.
o It can be polygyny (a man has multiple female partners or mates), or polyandry (a woman has
multiple male partners and mates).

Polygamy naman ito yung practices ng kapatid nating muslim nagpapakasal sila sa dalawa or limang
asawa at a time.

Pag sinabing polygyny madaming asawang babae pero mag isa lang siyang lalaki. Pag polyandry naman
madaming lalaking asawa pero mag isa niya lang na babae. Keep that it mind kasi baka mapagbaliktaran
niyo kapag magpapaquiz ako.

Post-Marital Residency Rules

Syempre pagkatapos ng kasal ay magkakaroon agad ng panibagong hamon sa buhay ng isang mag asawa
at yan ay kung saan sila tutuloy or kung saan sila titira although hindi naman siya culture specific, in this
modern age kasi newly weds opt to live with existing households than to establish their own kaya
nagiging challenge din siya kung saan ba talaga sila tutuloy

1. Patrilocal rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband's
relatives or near the husband's kin
2. Matrilocal rule of residence happens when the couples live with the wife's relatives or near
the wife's kin.
3. Biolocal residence happens when the newlywed couple stay with the husband's relatives and
the wife's kin alternately.

Kapag patrilocal from the name itself patri meaning father or lalaki ay sa bahay ng lalaki sila tutuloy or sa
kanyang mga kamaganak taliwas naman ito sa matrilocal sapagkat sa side naman ng babae sila tutuloy.
Pag biolocal naman ay salitan sila maaraming sa isang week sa side ni lalaki at yung isang week naman
ay sa side ng babae.

Referred Marriage Partners

o matchmakers help their single friends or relative to find their possible husband or wife by
referring him or her to another man or woman who is also interested in.finding a life partner.

Finding a partner can be done differently dahil dyan naglipana na ang mga ibat ibang dating sites gaya
nalang ng tinder at kung ano ano pa minsan nga ay nirereto na tayo ng mga kamag anak natin sa ibat
ibang tao or kaya naman ay pinaplag ang ating mga numbers para tayo ay makatext na soon to be
makakapagpalagay ng ating loob ilan lamang ay halimbawa ng reffered marriage partners.

Arrange Marriage
 o In this kind of marriage, the man or woman's parents, community leaders, religious officials or
leaders determine the marital partner of the individual.

Ginagawa ang arrange marriage na ito upang masigurado ng ating mga magulang na magpapakasal tayo
sa isang taong dinidikta nila at sa mga rules na ginawa ng ating pamilya, komunidad at mga religious
group. Halimbawa nalang sa ibamg religious group correct me if im wrong sa INC diba pwede ka lang
magpakasal sa kapwa mo INC if thats not the case pwedeng magpaconvert yung isa pero kapag hindi
yun nagawa may chance na itiwalag ka nila. Diko lang sure pero ilan lang yan sa mga naririnig ko.

Kinship by Rituals

o Also called fictive kinship

o Refers to relationship among individuals who recognize their associations and obligations
despite the absence of blood or marriage bonds.

Tinawag itong fictive kinship kasi kasi hindi ito false, ang relasyon sa kinship na ito ay hindi nakabase sa
blood or sa marriage kundi sa bond that ties people together. Ilan sa mga halimbawa ay adopted or
surrogate families at brotherhood.

Compadrazgo

o literally translated as "godparenthood,"

o is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family.

Pamilyar kayo dito sa compadrazgo na ito sapagkat isa itong religious rite of sponsorship sa simbahan
katulad ng kasal, binya, at pirma.

The godson or goddaughter ay tinatawag na inaanak while his/her spiritual parent naman ay tinatawag
na ninong (godfather) o ninang (godmother). Ang mga ganitong klase ng ritual system ay usually present
sa Latin American countries at catholic countries gaya nalang ng Pilipinas.

Family and the Household

Family

o considered the basic unit of social organization. It is made up of a group of individuals who are
linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption.
o It constitutes a single household that interrelates with each other and performs the social
roles of a husband, wife, mother, father, brother, and sister.

A family is a socially recognized group strengthened by the concept of kinship where people are
connected by blood, marriage or adoption and where a caring relationship mainly occurs.

Family is actually one of the strongest kinship ties in our society.

Household
 o is a residential unit or dwelling that carries out economic production and consumption that
coordinates work, inheritance, child rearing, and provision of shelter.
o It is important to note that family and household are not one and the same.

Ang household ay mga taong nakatira sa iisang bahay maaring pamilya sila or hindi. Samakatuwid ang
mga taong nakatira sa isang household ay maaring related at unrelated.

Nuclear Family

o is a type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social ties and is
usually made up of two adults and the socially recognized children.
o Most of the time, it is made up of a mames couple and their biological or adopted child or
children.

Ang nuclear family isang imahe ng tipikal na pamilya isang ama ina, at mga anak na naturally conceived
or adopted. It consist of two generations generation ng parent tsaka generation ng mga anak

Extended Family

o is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their
offspring.

Sa extended family naman ay may three generations na nakatira sa isang tahanan at naghahatian sa
mga gastusin sa bahay. Sa extended family pwedeng isama ang lola at lola pati narin ang mga tito at tita
at ang kanilang mga anak.

Blended family

o is a type of family where the parents have a child or children from previous marital
relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit.
o It is sometimes called a step family, reconstituted family, or a complex family.

Tinawag siyang blended kasi isa itong pamilya na nabuo out of another relationship maaring nabyudo
ang iyong ina at nag asawa ulit tsaka ulit gumawa ng panibagong pamilya. Sa konseptong ito nabuo ang
mga pangalan na stepmother at father pati narin stepson at stepdaughter.

Kinship of Politics

Blood is thicker than water sabi nga nila and even this concepts apply to politics kasi nga kinship is also
the primary source of political support and action in small and bigger societies. Sinusuportahan mo sila
dahil kamag anak or kaibigan mo ang isang tao pagdating sa politika.

Ideally merit ang pinaka pinaka top qualification pagdating sa politika pag sinabing merit yan yung mga
achievements or nakamit mo sa ilang taon ng pakikibaka mo sa buhay ngunit may mga ilang filipino
values na nakakaapekto sa paggawa natin ng desisyon at kung paano ba natin tignan ang power o
kapangyarihan in a wider perspective
 1. Debt of gratitude (Utang na loob) kumbaga it is a technique of reciprocity nangyayari ito kapag
may palitan ng goods or services sa dalawang tao na hindi naman magkakilala or pwede ring
maging within the family.
2. Shame (Hiya) ito yung inability natin na magsabi ng hindi sa mga inaalok sa tin dahil nahihiya
tayo sa iisipin at sasabihin ng iba
3. The act of yielding to a majority of a kin group (pakikisama) related din siya sa utang na loob
pero ang social value na ito ay may karakter ng togetherness at pagsunod or pagiging loyal sa
iyong mga kasama.
4. Competition for a great status (palakasan) no need to explain dahil alam niyo na ang sistemang
ito at alam kong mulat kayo. Palakasan system ito yung mga nasa kapangyarihan trying to
compete para sa mga special na pribilehiyo.

Ano nga ba ang mga issues concerning the kinship of Politics?

Political Dynasty

o exists when "two or more individuals who are related within the second degree of
consanguinity" or "those relatives of a person who may be the latter's brother or sister, direct
ascendant or direct descendant, whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood, including
heir spouses hold elected government positions (David, 2014).
o Despite the provision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution that prohibits political dynasties
ngovernment, it continues to exists because there are no enabling laws that will prevent it
and prohibit politicians from exercising it until the present time.

Pag sinabing political dynasty it is the concentration consolidation or continuation of public office and
political power by persons related to each other. Pagpapanatili lamang ng kapangyarihan sa iisang
angkan. Very evident yan ngayon sa sa gobyerno or maging sa mga lugar or barangay niyo. Because of
political dynasty hindi nabibigyan ng tyansa ang iba dahil nakapokus lang tayo sa malakas or sa mataas
ang binibigay.

Alliances

o Political parties tend to align and forge cooperation with other stronger parties or with the
administration party to ensure victory in the elections or guarantee the passage of a
legislation.

Alyansa or alliances ito yung pagsasama ng mga tao o grupo para maachieve ang isang common purpose
in order to attain mutual benefit. Alliances kumbaga sa concept of economics suppliers tend to form
alliances para itaas ang presyon which is bawal yun. Sa politics naman nagtutulungan ang mga
mambabatas para maipasa ang isang bill. Pero ang downside ng pagcreate ng alliances ay
nakakatanggap sila ng mga malalaking pera, resources at support sa itaas.