• Community Resources SOCW 1044

• Name: Catherine Urquhart Email: curquhart@fanshaweonline.ca

• Tele: 519-452-4430 x2049
Building Communities from the Inside Out A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets

An Introduction to Community Asset Mapping

What is it?
Community-building
Community capacity-building
Asset-based planning
……
ABCD In Short “ABCD is a way to mobilize what a community has.”

It’s a PROCESS.
Core Theories
Assets:
Gifts, talents, dreams, hopes, fears
Relationships:
Relationship-driven, constantly build connections
Inside-out:
Debunking that outside resources are needed; self-sufficient, sustainable
Basic Steps
Recognize each other’s assets
Map the assets
Mobilize assets and relationships towards an end
Two Paths
Why should you identify local needs and resources?
To understand the environment
To understand public opinion
To make decisions about priorities
Who benefits from identifying needs and resources?
Those experiencing the problem.
Service providers.
Community leaders.
And you!

Differences between needs-based assessment approach & asset-based assessment approach

What is a community asset?
Why should community assets be identified?
External resources are not available
Identifying and mobilizing community assets enables community residents to gain control over their
lives.
Improvement efforts are more effective, and longer-lasting, when community members dedicate their
time and talents to changes they desire.
Provides necessary information allowing people to become producers rather than problems.

Questions to think about when identifying assets

What is the size of our community?
Who is available to do the work?
How much time is there for the task?
How much money is at our disposal?
What do we want to accomplish?
Who is this most going to help?
What are we going to do with the results?

How do we identify community assets?

Asset-Based Inventories
Individual Capacity Inventory
Community Capacity Inventory
Individual Capacity Inventory
A simple survey designed to identify the multitude of abilities within everyone
skills and abilities you’ve learned through experience in the home or with the family,
skills you’ve learned at church or elsewhere, any skills you’ve learned on the job.

Community Capacity Inventory

Asks “Who has a stake in our community?”
Thoroughly document existing assets & resources
Uses results to plan programs/initiatives
Connects skilled community members and organizations with people and organizations in need of those
skills

Capacity Categories
Community Assets

Does your library already do this? Do you have a story to share? What is happening in your
community?
Recognize Exercise
How many assets can you brainstorm from your community in 5 minutes?
What do asset maps look like?
Local History Assets

Cultural Mapping
 Releasing Individual Capacities

Persons at the Margins of Community

Every single person has capacities, abilities, & gifts.
 Living a good life depends on whether those capacities can be used, abilities expressed, and gifts
given. If they are, the person will be valued, feel powerful and well connected to the people
around them. And the community around the person will be more powerful because of the
contribution that person is making.
 capacities

 Each time a person uses their capacity, the community is stronger & the person more powerful.
 Strong communities are places where the capacities of residents are identified, valued & used.
Weak communities are places that fail to mobilize the skills capacities and talents of their
members.
 Mapping individual capacites

 Deficiency Focus

• While the raw material for community building is the capacity of its individual members, some
communities have failed to understand this.
• One of the reasons this basic resource is undeveloped in weak communities is because the
community has come to focus largely on the deficiencies rather than the capacities of its
members.
• This deficiency focus is usually described as a concern about the needs of local members. And
these needs are understood to be the problems, shortcomings, maladies and dilemmas of
people.
 Glass half Empty

• It is clear every individual has needs or deficiencies.

• Unfortunately, in some community's residents have come to mistakenly believe that they can
build their community by an inventory of deficiencies, known as a “needs survey” or needs
assessment.
• It is basically an effort to count up the emptiness in an individual or a neighbourhood.
• The problem is that its not useful for community building because it deals with people as
potential clients and consumers.
 Glass half full

• It is also clear that every individual has gifts and capacities.

• The part of people that build powerful communities is the capacity part of its members.
• Therefore, the basic information needed to develop strong communities is an inventory of the
capacities of its members.
• To be powerful, a community must have people who are citizens and producers.
 Mapping Individual Capacities: An Inventory

 Part 1: Skills information

 This section lists many skills people have learned at home, in the community, or at their
workplace. Many people have valuable skills learned outside of the workplace and these skills
are often valuable to neighbours, community groups and employers.
 Priority Skills (Parts 1, 2, & 3) = the foundation of community building. The person identifies
their best skills as listed in parts 1, 2 & 3. This is usually the most important information in this
section because the person with the skills is usually best able to assess their own abilities. They
are more likely to feel confident about these skills and more willing to contribute them to the
community or sell them in the marketplace.
 Part 2: community Skills

• This section identifies the kinds of community work the person has participated in and then asks
what kind of work they would be willing to do in the future.
• The work the person is willing to do in the future is the ‘raw material’ for community building.
• Connecting these potential gifts with local community groups is vital work for local leaders and
asset building organizations
  Part 3: Enterprising Interests & Experience

• This part seeks 2 kinds of information. First, it determines whether the person has considered
starting a business. Second, it asks if they presently are engaged in a business of any kind.
• In asking questions about business, its important to emphasize that you are interested in any
kind of business activity: i.e.. Babysitting, selling; makeup, jewelry, purses, sewing, repairing
things, lawn care, etc. – any money-making activity is of interest.
 Part 4: Personal information

• The items listed are the minimum information usually necessary for follow-up.
• Other information may be added if it is useful in developing the capacities of the person.
 Important Advice when using the Capacity Inventory

There are 2 basic questions that determine whether the Capacity Inventory is a useful development tool;
First, is its basic purpose to gather information about a specific person in order to help that person
contribute to the community, develop employment or businesses? Will the information help this person
give their gifts, contribute their talents, or increase their income?
The purpose of the Inventory is to help a particular person contribute. If the information gathered is not
used for this purpose, the individual will feel their time has been wasted.
 Important Advice when using the Capacity Inventory

The second basic question is to ask, what will be done with the information collected from the
individual in order to help them to contribute their gifts, skills and capacities and develop their income
or enterprise?
Therefore, the groups involved in asking the questions should first have a plan that outlines how they
will;
• Connect the individuals' skills to other residents, associations, institutions or enterprises.
• Connect the individual's community skills to local community groups or activities.
• Connect the individual to individuals, groups, programs or financing that will assist them in
creating or developing an enterprise.
 Course PROGRESS

Growing community power requires local groups focused on connecting people’s capacities so they
can be useful.
 Connecting capacity information

• In many communities, the natural ways of the local people and their associations/ institutions
constantly connect local capacities, ie. neighbours helping each other. (See further examples on
page 26)
• In addition to these natural developments, other communities have intentionally used tools like
the Capacity Inventory to identify local citizens talents. (See examples on pages 26 & 27)
  Does everyone have capacities?

• There are some people who seem to be without any gifts or capacities. They may appear to be
an ‘empty glass’. And so, they get labeled. They are labels that focus attention on needs.
• One effect of these labels is that they keep many community people from seeing the gifts of
people who have been labeled. The label often blinds us to the capacity of the individual. These
labeled people often get pushed to the edge of the community, or they are sometimes sent
outside of the community to an institution to be rehabilitated or receive services.
• Every living person has some gift or capacity of value to others.
• A strong community is a place that recognizes those gifts and ensures that individuals are given
opportunities to share those gifts.
• In weak communities there are lots of people who have been pushed to the edge or exiled to
institutions. We often label these people as ‘needy’. Suggesting they have nothing to
contribute.
 Does everyone have capacities?

 Communities growing in power naturally or intentionally identify the capacities of all their
members and ensure that they are included.
 The most powerful communities are those that can identify the gifts of those people at the
margins and pull them into community life.
 The textbook identifies how the gifts of various kinds of people have been identified and
connected to the community’s life. Included are descriptions of how neighbourhoods grew more
powerful because they identified and connected the special gifts and capacities of;
 People who are developmentally disabled

 People surviving on welfare

 Young people

 Elderly people

 People with artistic gifts

 (Pages 29-105)

comprehensive community assessment

 ¡Primary role in promoting health in communities.
 ¡Identified as one of three core functions of the public health system.
 ¡Identifies needs but addresses the nature or origin of the problem as well.
 ¡Engages established assets to address needs found.
Refers to a group or population of people as a focus of nursing service to a group or population Refers of
people as a focus of community as a client
CRANE- P characteristics, resources, assets, needs, environmental political variables in the community
identify

community as a client
•Individuals, families, and aggregates who are impacted by health promotion, disease prevention,
sanitation, epidemics and immunization programs
•The relationships that have been established in everyday life
-"How is the community a people?"
•Assess power relationships
-gender, social division, drug abuse, poverty, violence safety, access to care.
-Provision of most health services occur at the community level.

¡perspective #1:
donabedians theory- major dimensions of a community
 Status: morbidity and mortality data
 ¡Identified physical, emotional and social determinants of health
 ¡Structure: services and resources
 ¡Process: ability to function effectively

perspective #2- dmensions of community as a client

 ¡Location: boundaries, health services, geographical features, climate, plant life, wildlife, human
made environment (6 location variables)
 ¡Population: size, density, composition, rate of growth or decline, cultural characteristics, social
class, educational level and mobility
 ¡Social system: gathering places, health care delivery system and services

nursing process applied to the community as a client:

¡Three characteristics of the process
 ¡Problem solving process: goals prevent illness and promote health
 ¡Management process: situational analysis, decision-making, planning, direction, organization,
evaluation
 ¡Implementing change process: improve function of health systems, behaviors of individuals and
groups
  ¡Deliberative, adaptable and cyclic
 ¡Client focused, need oriented
 ¡Interaction driven: communication,
 reciprocal interaction,
 establishing helping relationships,
 aggregate empowerment
 Partnership and coalition building

types of community need assessment

 Windshield survey (familiarization assessment)

 Problem-oriented assessment
 Community subsystem assessment
 Comprehensive assessment
 Community assets assessment

primary data
windshield survey
interveiws, community forums, focus groups
secondary data
¡ Census data, descriptive epidemiological studies

betty nueman
open system with communication, needs and talents bidirection

kretzman and mknights asset mapping

" is an important component of "asset-based development," an approach to community development

that seeks to build on a community's existing resources - rather than focus on its needs - as a means to
achieving development goals. Asset mapping refers to a variety of methods that can be used by
community members to identify community resources. The "asset-based development" approach was
put forth by John P. Kretzmann and John L. McKnight in their book, Building Communities from the
Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets [1]. Kretzmann and McKnight
identify three types of resources/assets that should be explored in an asset mapping process (as
summarized in the University of Missouri Extension publication "Asset Mapping" [2]):
Individuals: These include the "gifts, skills, and capacities" of the individuals living in the community.
"Citizen associations": These are the associations through which local people come together to pursue
common goals.
Institutions: These are the institutions present in the community, such as local government, hospitals,
education, and human service agencies.
Lionel J. Beaulieu, of the Southern Rural Development Center, in the curriculum project called Mapping
the Assets of Your Community: A Key Component for Building Local Capacity [3] seeks to extend the
work of Kretzmann and McKnight in two important ways. First, the project offers a creative strategy for
uncovering the pool of individuals who have the ingredients for taking on greater community leadership
responsibilities. Second, the project discusses the role that community asset mapping can play in
promoting the type of community development that is concerned with engaging local people in
community enhancement efforts. In this material, a procedure for mapping the assets of a community is
described. It is a process that can be used in any community and offers an effective strategy for involving
a variety of people and organizations in helping bring about improvements in communities.

phase 1 of porche's integrated community assessemnt - data collection

 ¡Primary - Windshield, Environmental and Interviews
 ¡Secondary - Archival Data including history and demographics

phase II
¡Data Analysis
¡A review, critique and analysis of data to develop a list of assets and needs
¡Possibilities for health

phase III
community diagnosis
phase IV
community interventions
phase V
report
phase VI
evaluation
asset mapping+ capacity building
asset mapping
capacity building
process by which individuals, communities, and organizations obtain, improve, and retain the skills,
knowledge, tools, equipment, and other resources needed to do their jobs competently

community diagnosis

 ¡Describes a situation and implies a reason

 ¡Community focused
 ¡Logical linkages of assets to needs
 ¡Stays within the domain of nursing
 ¡Communicates expected outcomes

wellness diagnosis
¡The residents of Charwell Residential Home have the potential for achieving optimal functioning related
to diet as evidence by the availability of a patient specific nutritional plan, full time chef, and nutritional
assessments monthly.
defecit diagnosis
The residents of uptown are at risk for environmental hazards related to streets and sidewalks as
evidence of receiving a Grade E for streets, potholes on very block, and reports of injuries
formative evaluation
focus on process, developing and unfolding
sumative elavuation
focus on outcomes of interventions, effect, or impact
status/ people
most common measure of the health of a community.
structure
____________of a community refers to its services and resources.

process
___reflects the community's ability to function effectively.

donebedian's classic theory

status structure, process

another perspective=

location, population, social system (divided into subsystems)

core competences of public health nursing

1. analytic and assessment skills

2. Policy Development/Program Planning Skills
3. communication skills
4. Community Dimensions of Practice Skills
5. Basic Public Health Sciences Skills
6. Financial Management and Planning Skills
7. cultural competency skills
8. leadership and systems thinking skills

aggregate application
therefore, interaction goes beyond the one-on-one with individual patients.

coalition
is an alliance of individuals or groups that work together to influence the outcomes of a specific problem

community health assessment

is the process of determining the real or perceived needs of a defined community.

familiarization assessment
common starting place in evaluation of a community.

problem- oriented assessment

begins with a single problem and assesses the community in terms of that problem.
community subsystem assessment
the community health nurse focuses on a single dimension of community life.

comprehensive assessment
seeks to discover all relevant community health information. It begins with a review of existing studies
and all the data presently available on the community.

assets assessment includes the key is linking those assets together to enhance the community from
within
1. Specific skills, talents, interests, and experiences of individual community members such as individual
businesses, cultural groups, and professionals living in the community.
2. Local citizen associations, organizations, and institutions controlled largely by the community such as
libraries, social service agencies, voluntary agencies, schools, and police.
3. Local institutions originating outside the community controlled largely outside the community such as
welfare and public capital expenditures
survey assessment
commonly used to provide a broad range of data that will be helpful when used with other sources or if
other sources are not available.
descriptive epidemiologic study
examines the amount and distribution of a disease or health condition in a population by person (Who is
affected?), by place (Where does the condition occur?), and by time (When do the cases occur?
geographic info system analysis
well documented as a tool that can collect, organize, and display public health data (Graham, Carlton,
Gaede, & Jamison,2011), and it is widely used in assessment and research of health disparities,
resources availability, and health-related behaviors
community forums and social media
qualitative assessment method designed to obtain community opinions
focus groups
similar to the community forum or townhall meeting in that it is designed to obtain grassroots opinion.
However, it has some differences. First, only a small group of participants, usually 5 to 15 people, is
present The members chosen for the group are homogeneous with respect to specific demographic
variables
the acronym smart can be used to write useful objectives:
Specific: Concrete, detailed, and well defined so that you know where you are going and what to expect
when you arrive. Measurable: Numbers and quantities provide means of measurement and comparison.
Achievable: Feasible and easy to put into action. Realistic: Considers constraints such as resources,
personnel, cost, and time frame. Time bound: A time frame helps to set boundaries around the objective

formative evaluation
performance standards are developed and used to determine what is and is not working throughout the
process.
sumative evaluation
evaluation focuses on the outcome of the interventions: Did you meet your goals?
impact
the _______of a program determines how close it comes to attaining its goals
effect
degree to which an outcome objective has been met, informs the agency or program leader of the
program's impact on clients' health.
community development theory
assumes that community members participate in all aspects of change—assessment, planning,
development, delivery of services, and evaluation. With this approach, the focus is on healthful
community changes generated from within the community, as a partnership between health care
providers and inhabitants, rather than a commodity dispensed by health care providers
benchmarking
involves comparing an organization's outcomes against those of a similar organization or an organization
that is known for its excellence ina particular area of client care
best practice
The establishment of ________ activities entails constant comparisons between high- and low-
performance programs and interventions (Ettorchi-Tardy, Levif, &Michel, 2012).From a global
perspective, the Conference on Primary Health Care held at Alma-Ata in1978 concluded that people
have little control over their own health care services and that the emphasis should be on health
problems identified by the members of the community in their attempts to attain a state of wellness
(WHO, 1998). Since that time, the WHO, along with other agencies and groups, has been providing
leadership in the use of community development methods to improve global health, based on the
following concepts (Brennan,Birdger, & Alter, 2013):Promote active, representative participation to
influence decisions affectingcommunity members' daily livesEngage community members in economic,
social, political, environmental,psychological, and other issues that impact themInterest them in
learning more about alternative courses of actionIncorporate diverse cultures, ethnic and racial groups,
and varied interests in the1431
What is community development ?
Defined by Kretzman and McKnight as "building communities from the inside out"
-It occurs when a community is engaged in a dynamic continuous process of social change that can lead
to permanent enhancements in people's lives.
It can include strategies such as capacity building, empowerment and participation

How is community defined?

Community- defined in terms of geography, or a group who shares a common interest/focus
Includes: people, place, and function

What are the three layers to community development?

Philosophy: CD embodies the belief that people can identify and solve their problems
Process: supports citizens as they find their power to effect change
Project/outcome: involves the work of citizens to bring about change in their community

What are the 10 steps of the community development process?

1- Get to know your community
2- Listen to community members
3- Being people together to develop a shared vision
4- Assess community assets and resources, needs, and issues
5- Help community members to recognize and articulate areas of concern and their cause
6- Establish a vehicle for change
7- Develop an action plan
8- Implement action plan
9- Evaluate results of actions
10- Reflect and regroup

What is community capacity?

Identifies and works with existing community strengths to promote a positive view of the community
(focuses on strengths rather than weaknesses: capacity building)
What are the 9 features of Community Capacity?
1-Participation
2-Leadership
3-Community structures
4-External supports
5-Asking why
6-Obtaining resources
7-Skills, knowledge, and learning
8-Linking with others
9-Sense of community

What is asset mapping?

Identifying community-based initiatives such as community development, strategic planning, and
organizational development

What are the 3 approaches to asset mapping?

1-Whole-assets approach (comprehensive, complete map)
2-Storytelling approach (social history that reveals assets)
3-Heritage approach (a picture, map, or list of community's heritage)

What is community mobilization?

The use of community capacity to bring about change through an action plan, usually developed and
implemented with community partners

What is community competence?

When a community is able to use its problem-solving abilities to identify and deal with community
health issues. Has been linked to community empowerment

What is Asset Based Community Development? (ABCD

A strategy for sustainable community driven development.
-It is concerned with how to link micro-assets to the macro-environment.
-Builds on assets already found in the community and mobilizes individuals, associations, and
institutions to come together to build on their assets, not their needs
-The key is to begin to use what is ALREADY in the community, this is community driven development

What are the guiding principles of Asset based community development?

Everyone has gifts, Relationships build a community, Citizens at the centre, Leaders involve others as
active members of the community, People care about something, Motivation to act, Listening
conversation, Ask, Asking questions rather than giving answers invites stronger participation, A citizen
centred "inside out" organization is the key to community engagement, Institutions have reached their
limits in problem solving, Institutions as servants

What are the 5 key assets in Asset based community development?

Individuals
- Associations (small informal group of people)
- Institutions (paid group of people)
- Physical assets (land, buildings...)_
- Connections (exchange between people sharing their assets by bartering...)

What is the core of ABCD?

It is focus on societal relationships

What is social capital?

Features of social organizations, which increase a society's productive potential. Built on a web of
relationships .

What is empowerment?
An active process whereby individuals, groups, and communities are able to state their health
requirements and be involved in and take charge of the strategies required to achieve improved health
•Empowerment promotes an environment that creates opportunities for competencies to be used

What is community Empowerment?

Requires reciprocity and continuous interaction between people and the social, economic and physical
environments to bring change and promote health
-Community empowerment results from collective individual efforts to influence and manage the effects
of the DOH

What is required to empower families?

For families to become active participants, they need to feel a sense of personal competence and a
desire for and willingness to take action
•An empowered family has:
-Access and control over needed resources
-Decision making and problem solving abilities
-Abilities to communicate and obtain needed resources

What is the goal of the community health action model?

To depict community health promotion processes in a manner that can be implemented by community
members to achieve their collectively and collaboratively determined actions and outcomes to sustain
or improve the health and well-being of their community, the community as a whole for the benefit of
all

What is participatory action research? (PAR)

This is when community members gather info about their community. It includes popular knowledge,
personal experiences, and other nonscientific knowledge.

For participatory action research, the process is as important as the outcome, what are the 3 learning
cycles?
Education and analysis
-Investigation
-Action

What the 4 cores of the Community health action mode

Being
Belonging
Becoming
Social: Assessment, implementation and evaluation

What is involved in the Being Stage of the Community Health Action model?
Interactions as people come together to form a collective unit. Develop a sense of identity or
attachment to the group or community. Leads to a sense of belonging

What is involved in the Becoming Stage of the Community Health Action model?
community action by the group

What is involved in the Belonging Stage of the Community Health Action model?
expression by the group of a sense of community. Expressions usually come in the form of community
action

What is the context of the Community Health Action model?

Social, physical, economic
These 3 factors greatly influence the health and wellbeing of both individual community members and
the community as a whole

What is the community Health action model?

A model shaped as stacked cylinders, with the different cores/stages of being, belonging and becoming.
Stressors can affect the model at any stage. It is based upon assets and strengths, resiliency and capacity
and community health and wellbeing

What 5 things were the origin of the community health action model ? (CHA)
Center for health promotion model for quality of life
-Revised community resiliency model
-The Neuman systems model
-Community as partner model
-Goals for utilization of the CHA model

What affects group physical and emotional climate?

Adequate lightening, temperature, welcoming, open
What is group involvement?
the degree of attraction and commitment by group members to the achievement of group goals
What is group cohesion?
the attraction between individual members and the group, a sense of togetherness often described as a
sense of "we-ness"

What is group productivity?

the activities that a group uses to reach its task and process goals and therefore to accomplish max.
Effectiveness
What are the stages of group development?
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
What are the 3 ways to transform conflict?
Power of diversity
Power of solidarity
Power of shared responsibility
What are health inequities?
These are differences in health that could be avoided if reasonable action was taken, and therefore
these differences were considered to be unfair and socially unjust
What are health disparities?
They are a wide range of variation in health services and in health status among certain population
groups defined by specific characteristics
What are the 5 things to consider with community participation?
People are the experts
-Beneficial to act together
-All community members have skills, knowledge, and abilities to contribute
-Processes that don't address concerns have been shown not to achieve their purposes
-Power to act