WEIGHT ON TO WAKE UP

PROJECTREPORT

Submittedby
DHILNA BIJU (Reg.No.VJC19EC034)
MARIA SABU (Reg.No.VJC19EC055)
SHALU SUSAN BABU(Reg.No.VJC19EC073)
inpartialfulfillmentfortheawardofdegreeof

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICSANDCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
(AffiliatedtoAPJAbdulKalamTechnlogicalUniversity,Trivandrum)

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGVIS
WAJYOTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGYVAZHAKULAM
2019–2023 BATCH

JUNE2022
VISWAJYOTHICOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGYVAZHAKUL
AM
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering

Vision
MouldingElectronicsEngineerswithProfessionalCompetenceandGlobalOutlook

Mission
Tocreateavibrantacademicambienceconductiveforprogressivelearning.
Build up excellent infrastructure and lab facilities to train the students in the current
&emergingtechnology.
Maintain well qualified faculty who are willing to upgrade their knowledge
continuously.Groomstudentstowardssuccessfulcareersbyfacilitatingindustry-
instituterelationshipsandvalueadditionthroughregularskill-developmentprogrammes.

ProgramEducationalObjectives
OurGraduatesshallbe,
Suitablyemployedinalliedindustries/
serviceswithprofessionalcompetencyandknowledgeofmoderntools.
Capableofdevelopingeconomicallyviable,technically,feasibleeco-friendlyelectronicsystems.
Capabletopursuehigherstudies/researchinthefieldofengineeringandmanagement.

ProgramOutcomes
Engineeringknowledge:Applytheknowledgeofmathematics,science,engineeringfundamental
s, and an engineering specialization to the solutions of complex engineeringproblems.

Program
analysis:Identify,formulate,reviewresearchliterature,andanalyzecomplexengineeringproblem
sreachingsubstantiatedconclusionsusingfirstprinciplesofmathematics,naturalsciences,andeng
ineeringsciences.

Design/development of
solutions:Designsolutionsforcomplexengineeringproblemsanddesignsystemcomponentsorpr
ocessesthatmeetthespecifiedneedswithappropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, andenvironmentalconsiderations.
Conductinvestigationsofcomplexproblems:Useresearch-basedknowledgeandresearch
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
andsynthesisoftheinformationtoprovidevalidconclusions.

Moderntoolusage:Create,select,andapplyappropriatetechniques,resources,andmodernengin
eeringandITtoolsincludingpredictionandmodellingtocomplexengineeringactivitieswithanunde
rstandingofthelimitations.

Theengineerandsociety:Applyreasoninginformedbythecontextualknowledgetoassess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilitiesrelevanttotheprofessionalengineeringpractice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineeringsolutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, andneedforsustainabledevelopment.

Ethics:Applyethicalprinciplesandcommittoprofessionalethicsandresponsibilitiesandnormsoft
heengineeringpractice.

Individualandteamwork:Functioneffectivelyasanindividual,andasamemberorleaderindi
verseteams,andinmultidisciplinarysettings.

Communication:Communicationeffectivelyoncomplexengineeringactivitieswiththeengineeri
ng community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend
andwriteeffectivereportsanddesigndocumentation,makeeffectivepresentation,andgiveandre
ceiveclearinstructions.

Projectmanagementandfinance:Demonstrateknowledgeandunderstandingoftheengineering
andmanagementprinciplesandapplythistoone’sownworkasamemberandleaderinateam,toma
nageprojectsandmultidisciplinaryenvironments.

Life-
longlearning:Recognizetheneedforandhavethepreparationsandabilitytoengageinindependen
tandlife-longlearninginbroadcastcontextoftechnologicalchange.
 ProgramSpecificOutcomes
Our students are able to,

Analyzeandmodifyelectronicproductswhichwillfindapplicationsinthefieldofcommunicationan
dautomation.

Applytheconceptsofsignalprocessinganddevelopalgorithmstosolvereal-
worldelectronicsandcommunicationengineeringproblems.

Designandmanagecosteffectivelowpowerelectronicsystemstoaddressglobalchallengeswithast
rongsocialcommitmentandethicalvalues.
VISWAJYOTHICOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,VAZHAKUL
AM

DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationsEngineering

BONAFIDECERTIFICATE
Thisistocerti fythattheprojectreport enti tled" WEIGHT ON TO WAKE UP " is a
bonafi derecord of the work done by DHILNA BIJU(Reg.No.VJC19EC034), M A R I A
S A B U (Reg.No.VJC19EC055) and SHALU SUSAN BABU(Reg.No.VJC19EC073) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for
theawardofthedegreeofBachelorofTechnologyinElectronicsandCommunicationsEngineeringof
APJAbdulKalamTechnologicalUniversity,Trivandrum.

Date:
Place:Vazhakulam

Dr.CyriacMOdackalP
roject GuideAssociate ExternalSupervisor
ProfessorDept.ofECE,
VJCET

Mrs. Anitta
Mrs. Smitha
ThomasProject
CyriacHOD
CoordinatorAssistant
Dept.ofECE,VJCET
ProfessorDept.ofECE
,VJCET
 ABSTRACT

It has never been so easy to wake up! Heavy Sleeper or not, this alarm clock will get you
on your feet. According to a scientific research, standing up for 3 seconds can wake
people up at morning.

Through this project we intend to make an alarm clock mat that works just like a normal
alarm clock where we can set the timer or alarm as usual. Then to stop the alarm, one
has to stand on this mat, literally stand, so that the alarm gets turned off and the person
is fully awake.

The alarm disabler section is placed under the alarm mat and the other parts can be
placed anywhere according to the requirements. The wake up alarm buzzer stops only
when the person gets up from his bed and stands upon the alarm mat, since the alarm
disabler is embedded in the wake up alarm mat.

Our alarm clock mat will get you out of bed by forcing you to stand up on the mat for 5
seconds so as to stop the alarm. And there you go, you are fresh to chase your day
now!! You want to know the time? Simple, just stand on our alarm clock mat or slightly
press it with your toes and you will get the time right away at any time of the day.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstandforemost,wethankGodAlmightyforHisdivinegraceandblessingsinmak
ingallthispossible.Mayhecontinuetoleadusintheyearstocome.Itisourprivilegetorenderourhear
tfeltthanksandgratitude
toourmostbelovedmanager,RevMsgr.Dr.PiusMalekandathilandourPrincipal, Dr.K
KRajanforprovidingustheopportunitytodothisminiproject during thethirdyearofourB-Tech
degree course. Wearedeeply thankful toourHeadoftheDepartment,Dr.Naveen
Jacobforhissupport andencouragement. Wewouldlike to express our sincere thanks to the
project coordinator Mr.Jibby Peter Dcruz, Asst.Professor, Department ofElectronics
andCommunication Engineering
forhisguidanceandsupport.WealsoexpressoursinceregratitudetoourProjectguideDr.CyriacM
Odackal, Assoc. Professor, Department ofElectronics andCommunication
Engineeringforhis motivation,assistanceandhelpfortheproject.
WealsothankallthestaffmembersoftheElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering
forproviding theirassistance andsupport. Last,butnottheleast, wethankallourfriends
andfamily fortheirvaluablefeedbackfromtimetotimeastheirhelpandencouragement.

DHILNA BIJU

MARIA SABU

SHALU SUSAN BABU

 CONTENTS
ChapterNo. Title PageNo.

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS i

LIST OFFIGURES ii

LISTOFTABLES iii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1GENERALBACKGROUND 1

1.2OBJECTIVE 1

2 LITERATUREREVIEW 2

3 PROJECTOVERVIEW 4

3.1BLOCKDIAGRAM 4

3.2WORKING 5

3.3COMPONENTSREQUIRED 6

3.3.1RaspberryPi4modelB4GBRAM 6
3.3.2LogitechC270HDWebcam 9
3.3.3CapacitiveSoilMoistureSensor 10
3.3.4DHT11DigitalHumanidityand 11
TemperatureSensor

Light Sensor(LDR) 12
PHSensorModule 14
FourChannel Bidirectional Logic 15
levelConverter
AluminumHeat SinkCase With 16
Doublefans
DC3-6 MiniMicro submersible 17
WaterPump

100KOhm1WCarbonFilm 18
Resistor
18
MomentarySwitch
SanDiskUltra16GBMicroSDHC 19
Class1048MB/sMemoryCard
 3.3.13Lightemittingdiode 20

3.3.14DCPowersupplySMPS(5V5A) 21

3.4CIRCUITDIAGRAM 22

3.5SOFTWAREUSED 23

3.6METHODOLOGY 23

4 RESULTS 24

4.1AI-MLBasedRecognitionResults 24

4.2TomatoCountResults 25

4.3TemperatureResults 25

4.4HumidityResults 26
4.5MoistureResults 26

LightintensityResults 27

pHResults 27

5 CONCLUSSION 30

6 REFERENCES 31
 LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

AI-ML USB :

GPIO
:

GPU
:

GND
:

HD
:

I2C
:

IoT
:

LED
:

LAN
:

pH :

PoE :

RAM
:

SPI
:

TTL
:

UART
:

i
 &MachineLearningGeneral-
A
PurposeInput-Output
r
GraphicProcessingUnitGround
t
HighDefinition
i
Inter-Integrated
f
CircuitInternetofThing
i
sLight-
c
EmittingDiodeLocalAre
i
aNetworkPotential of
a
HydrogenPowerof
l
Ethernet
I
RandomAccessMemorySe
n
rialPeripheralInterfaceTi
t
metoLive
e
UniversalAsynchronousReceiverTransmitterUniversalS
l
erialBus
l

i
 LISTOFFIGURES
Fig.No. Title PageNo.
ram of Intelligent Plant 4
Monitoring&ManagementSystem
RaspberryPi4ModelB4GBRAM 6

LogitechC270HDWebcam 9

CapacitiveSoilMoisture Sensor 10

DHT11DigitalHumidity&TemperatureSensor 11

LightDependentResistor(LDR) 12

pHSensorModule 14

FourChannelBidirectionalLogicLevelConverter 15

AluminumHeatSinkCasewithDoubleFans 16

DC3-6VMiniMicroSubmersibleWaterPump 17

100K Ohm1W CarbonFilm Resistor 18

MomentarySwitch 18

SanDiskUltra16GBMicroSDHCClass1048MB/s 19
MemoryCard
LightEmittingDiode 20

DCPowersupplySMPS(5V5A) 21

SchematicDiagram 22

PowerSupplyNetwork 22

GoogleColabLogo 23

tionofTomatoesusingAI-ML 24

ii
Fig.No. Title PageNo.

Resultsobtainedafterthesensorsmadetheirreadings 24

TomatoCountResults 25

FinalProduct 28

MonitoringSection 29

iii
 LISTOFTABLES
Table.No. Title PageNo.

4.1 TemperatureReadings 25

4.2 HumidityReadings 26

4.3 SoilMoistureReadings 26

4.4 LightIntensityReadings 27

4.5 pHReadings 27

iv
 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION
Thepastdecadehasbeensignificantadvancementinthefieldofagricultureindustry.Variou
ssmartappliancesaresettorealizetheconceptofanewsmartfarmingwiththehelpoflatesttechnologie
s.

GENERALBACKGROUND
Intelligent
plantgrowthmonitoringandmanagementsystemwillhelptoeasethemosttediousjobofgardeningforp
lantlovers.Thesystembringsmoreconvenience
andcomforttopeople’slivesbytakingcareoftheirplant’sgrowth.Theproposedsystemisdesignedandi
mplementedusingalow-costcreditcard-
sizedRaspberryPi,whichismonitoredthrougharemotemonitoringsensor.Thishelpstosolveplants'thri
vebytrackingtheenvironmental
conditionsandmonitoringthem.Thesystemgivesatimelyalerttotheuser’sAndroidphonebygathering
andanalyzingthedataaboutthechangingsoilmoisturecondition,weather,andtemperature
withthehelpofvarioussensors.Alltheparameterslikehumidity,temperature,
soil,moisture,lightintensity,andpH,aretrackedbythesystem,andthisinformationisuploadedtothed
atabase.Thissystemalsohelpstomonitortheplant’sconditionfromanypartoftheworldliketheuser’sw
orkplace.Thisintelligent plantgrowthmonitoringsystemwillcontinuously
monitortheconditionoftheplantandalerttheusertomakethechangesthatrequireimmediateactionfo
rtheplants.

OBJECTIVE
Intelligent managementofagriculture
systems,aimingatoptimizingprofitability,productivity,andsustainability,comprisesasetoftechn
ologiesincludingsensors,information systems,andinformedmanagement,
etc.Themainpurposeofthissystemistoprovidecomforttothepeoplebyreducingthemanualworkandt
oimproveoverallperformanceofthesystemwithoutmanualinteraction. Intelligent
plantgrowthmonitoringsystemwillhelptoeasethetediousjobofgardeninganditwillhelpstosolveplant
sthrivebytrackingtheenvironmental
conditionsandmonitoringthem.Thesystemalsogivesatimelyalerttotheuserbygatheringandanalyzin
gthedata.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 1
 Weight on to wake up

CHAPTER

2LEITERATUREREV

W
Forplantgrowthmonitoringtasks,aprocess-based
modeliswidelyusedtostimulateplants'biophysical processusingagro-meteorological
data,soilproperties,
andplantmanagement.Thelimitationofthesemodelsismainlyduetotheavailability,uncertainty,
andspatialvariationofmodelparameters.
Tosolvetheseproblemempiricalmodelsbuiltusingamachinelearningalgorithmisdevelopedtomonito
rthegrowthandhealthoftheplant.Theperformanceofthebuiltmodelisevaluatedwithacomparisono
fthestatisticalmodelandmachinelearningmodel.

VisualClassificationofLettuceGrowthStagebasedonMorphological
AttributesusingUnsupervisedMachineLearningmodels[1]
Thisstudyspecifically solvesthepredicament ofidentifying
thedevelopmentalgrowthofplantsfromseedleavestoamendthetechniquesofplantscienceandculti
vationmanagement.Withaviewtothis,thepapershowscoupledcolor-
basedsuperpixelsandmultifoldwatershedtransformation insegmentingthelettuceimagefromthe
background. To fathom it out, a comparative analysis of three unsupervised
machinelearningalgorithms.Theseweredonebymodelingeachalgorithmfromthefeaturesextracted
frommorphologicalcomputationsofthelettuceimagesraisedinasmartaquaponicssetup.Eachofthe
modelswasoptimizedtoincreasecrossandholdoutvalidations.

Machinelearningapproachesforgrowthmonitoringusingmulti-temporalandmulti-
varietyremotelysenseddata[2]
Themaingoalofthispaperistobuildamachinelearningmodelbasedonthedataderivedfromt
hesensor,withacombinationofagro-
meteorologicaldata.Thismethodologywillalsoconsiderthetemporalvariationoftheinputdatasetac
quiredinmultipledevelopment
phasesalongthecropseason.Thedatasetusedformodelingwasbuiltfromtwokindsofsources.Thefirsts
ourceissugarcanesucrosedatafromripeningsugarcanefields,obtainedforadifferentplotacrossthreeh
arvestseasons,from2014-to2016. The second source is remotely sensed data. The performance
of the built model
andpreviousmodelwillbeevaluatedaccordingtotheerrorbetweenestimatedandobservedvalues.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 2
 Weight on to wake up

ClassificationofChiliPlantGrowthusingDeepLearning[3]
Thepaperdiscussed the potential deeplearningalgorithminclassifying
chiliplantgrowthimagesfromasmalldataset.Theexperimentisperformedon256chiliplantimagesund
ervariousconditions,
wheretheimageswerecapturedusingacamera.Thedataisdividedintotwomodelstrainingandtesting.
Theresultsshowedthatbothmodelswereabletodetectthecorrectageofthechiliplantwith96%accurac
y.

ASmartAgricultureSystem[4]
Thesystemhasaneasy-to-upgradebank
ofinferencerulestocontroltheagricultureenvironment.Thissystemmainlylooksatinputs,suchaste
mperature,humidity,andpH.Thesystemisubiquitousasitenablesdistantaccess.Thissystemisanaddi
tiontocurrent-state-of-artInternet-of-things.

Anautomateddetectionandclassificationofcitrusplantdiseasesusingimageprocessingtechniqu
es:Areview[5]
Athoroughliteraturereviewofimagepreprocessing, segmentation,
andfeatureextractionusingmachinevisionaffirmstolessenthethreatsandrequisition
ofthedetectionandclassification systems.Italsoauthenticates
theefficiencyandhighaccuracycomparedtoothermethods.Butstill,theautomatedvision-based
detectionandclassification
methodsareintheirinfancystage.Incurrentdays,farmmonitoringisstillcontingentontheinstinctiveh
umandecisionsshowinglowaccuracyduetothevisuallimitationsofthehumaneyeandlackingknowled
geandspecialization.
Unfoldingtheissue,Machinevisioncanbeaconsideratefieldthatinvolvesmakingamachine‘‘see”.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 3
 Weight on to wake up

CHAPTER

3PROJECTOVERVIE

W
Thissectiondealswiththeblockdiagramandworkingoftheproject,followedbythevarioushard
warecomponentsusedinthisproject.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 4
 Weight on to wake up
BLOCKDIAGRAM
Thissub-chapterdiscussestheblockdiagramofweight on to wake up alarm mat

SWITCH

4x3 Matrix keypad

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 5
 Weight on to wake up

WORKING
To monitor plant growth, the process-based model is widely used to stimulate
plants'biophysicalprocessesusingagrometeorologicaldata,soilproperties,andplantmanagement.Th
elimitationofthesemodelsismainlyduetotheavailability,uncertainty,andspatialvariation of model
parameters. To solve these problem empirical models built using a
machinelearningalgorithmisdevelopedtomonitorthegrowthandhealthoftheplant.Theperformance
of the built model is evaluated with a comparison of the statistical model
andmachinelearningmodel.

By analyzing the above studies, here we are planning to design an Intelligent

plantmonitoring and management system with the help of a Raspberry Pi controller. In this
system,various parameters like temperature, humidity, light, and pH. are controlled with the help
of
asensor.Thegrowthandhealthoftheplantcanbedirectlycontrolledandmonitoredbytheownerfroma
nypartoftheworldviatheinternet.

Our block diagram consists of a monitoring area. The plant to be monitored is placed
inthis area. And there is a plant health monitoring system. It consists of sensors and actuators.
Itwill sense various parameters like temperature, humidity, pH, and light. . A camera is
providedanditcanmove360degreesanditwillcapturetheimagesofthemonitoringplant.Thedatafrom
the monitoring area and health monitoring system will be given to the machine
learningmodel.HereRaspberryPi4isused.Amachinelearningmodelistraineddata.Herethedatagivent
othemachinelearningmodelissavedintotwofolderstestandtrain.Thenthistesteddataiscomparedaga
instthetraineddata.Iftheerrorrateisnear0.1,thenthemodelisassumedtobetrainedotherwiseanano
malyisdetected.Thedataisthengiventoanotherdeviceviatheinternet.Sotheusercanmonitortheplant
'sconditionfromanypartoftheworld.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 6
 Weight on to wake up

COMPONENTSREQUIRED
Thissub-chapterdiscussesthedifferenthardwarecomponentsusedintheproject.

ARDUINO UNO
Arduino uno isan  open source based on the Microchip ATMega328P microcontroller and
developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010. The board is equipped with sets of digital and
analog input/output(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion shields (shields) and other
circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB Cable  It
can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts. The word " uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial
release of arduino software

Technical specifications
 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14
 PWM Pins: 6 (Pin # 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11)
 UART: 1
 I2C: 1
 SPI: 1
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g
 ICSP Header: Yes
 Power Sources: DC Power Jack & USB PORT

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 Weight on to wake up

General pin functions

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the LED is on, when the
pin is low, it is off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it is using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage
through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with
power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-
20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the
appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

Special pin functions

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, under software
control (using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions). They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive 20 mA as the recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to
avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5;
each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5
volts, though it is possible to change the upper end of the range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL serial chip.
 External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM(pulse-width modulation): pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
 SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK). These pins support
SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI (two-wire interface) : pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
 AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.

Dept.ofECE,VJCET 8
 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem

4*4 MATRIX MEMBRANE KEYPAD

A 4×4 keypad is a 16-button keypad consists of a combination of four rows and four
columns indicated as R1, R2, R3, R4 for rows and C1, C2, C3, C4 for columns. Whereas a
4×3 is a 12-button keypad with 4 rows and 3 columns. The number of keypad buttons are
Rn x Cn and number of pin connections is Rn + Cn; Rn – n number of rows, Cn – n number
of columns. Hence 4×4 keypad has 8 pins and 4×3 has 7 pins.

HOW KEYPAD WORKS?

 Pressin a button will short one of the row lines to one of the column
lines,allowingcurrent to flow between them.

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 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem

A microcontroller can scan these lines for a button-pressed state. To do this, it follows
below procedure.

1. Microcontroller sets all the column and row lines to input.

2. Then, it picks a row and sets it HIGH.

3. After that, it checks the column lines one at a time.

4. If the column connection stays LOW, the button on the row has not been pressed.

5. If it goes HIGH, the microcontroller knows which row was set HIGH, and which
column was detected HIGH when checked.

6. Finally, it knows which button was pressed that corresponds to detected row &
column.

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 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem

16x2 LCD Display

Fig3.3 16x2 LCD Display

About:

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display
module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like
mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly
preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main
benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and
there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations,
etc.

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to
connect the supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data
register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data
mode, and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 =
Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).

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 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write
process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins
are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire
mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in
8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND

LCD-16×2-pin-diagram

Features of LCD16x2
The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
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 IntelligentPlantGrowthMonitoringandManagementSystem
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters

Registers of LCD
A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS
(register select) is mainly used to change from one register to another. When the
register set is ‘0’, then it is known as command register. Similarly, when the register set
is ‘1’, then it is known as data register.

Command Register
The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of command
which are given to the display. So that predefined tasks can be performed such as
clearing the display, initializing, set the cursor place, and display control. Here
commands processing can occur within the register.

Data Register
The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to be
exhibited on the LCD screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is the information
which is to be exhibited on the screen of LCD. Whenever we send the information to
LCD, it transmits to the data register, and then the process will be starting there. When
register set =1, then the data register will be selected.

RTC DS1307

Fig3.4 RTC DS1307

Real time clocks (RTC), as the name recommends are clock modules. The DS1307 real
time clock (RTC) IC is an 8 pin device using an I2C interface. The DS1307 is a low-
power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery backup SRAM. The clock/calendar
provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month and year qualified data. The end
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date of each month is automatically adjusted, especially for months with less than 31
days.
They are available as integrated circuits (ICs) and supervise timing like a clock and
also operate date like a calendar. The main advantage of RTC is that they have an
arrangement of battery backup which keeps the clock/calendar running even if there is
power failure. An exceptionally little current is required for keeping the RTC animated.
We can find these RTCs in many applications like embedded systems and computer
mother boards, etc. In this article we are going to see about one of the real time clock
(RTC), i.e. DS1307.

Pin Description of DS1307:

Pin 1, 2: Connections for standard 32.768 kHz quartz crystal. The internal oscillator
circuitry is intended for operation with a crystal having a specified load capacitance of
12.5pF. X1 is the input to the oscillator and can alternatively be connected to an
external 32.768 kHz oscillator. The output of the internal oscillator, X2 is drifted if an
external oscillator is connected to X1.

Pin 3: Battery input for any standard 3V lithium cell or other energy source. Battery
voltage should be between 2V and 3.5V for suitable operation. The nominal write
protect trip point voltage at which access to the RTC and user RAM is denied is set by
the internal circuitry as 1.25 x VBAT nominal. A lithium battery with 48mAhr or greater
will backup the DS1307 for more than 10 years in the absence of power at 25ºC. UL
recognized to ensure against reverse charging current when utilized as a part of
conjunction with a lithium battery.

Pin 4: Ground.

Pin 5: Serial data input/output. The input/output for the I2C serial interface is the SDA,
which is open drain and requires a pull up resistor, allowing a pull up voltage upto
5.5V. Regardless of the voltage on VCC.

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Pin 6: Serial clock input. It is the I2C interface clock input and is used in data
synchronization.

Pin 7: Square wave/output driver. When enabled, the SQWE bit set to 1, the
SQW/OUT pin outputs one of four square-wave frequencies (1Hz, 4 kHz, 8 kHz, and
32 kHz). This is also open drain and requires an external pull-up resistor. It requires
application of either Vcc or Vb at to operate SQW/OUT, with an allowable pull up
voltage of 5.5V and can be left floating, if not used.

Pin 8: Primary power supply. When voltage is applied within normal limits, the device
is fully accessible and data can be written and read. When a backup supply is
connected to the device and VCC is below VTP, read and writes are inhibited.
However at low voltages, the timekeeping function still functions.

I2C MODULE

Fig3.5 I2C MODULE

Due to limited pin resources in a microcontroller/microprocessor, controlling an LCD panel could

be tedious. Serial to Parallel adapters such as the I2C serial interface adapter module with
PCF8574 chip makes the work easy with just two pins. The serial interface adapter can be
connected to a 16x2 LCD and provides two signal output pins (SDA and SCL) which can be used
to communicate with an MCU/MPU.

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BUZZER

Fig3.6 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,[which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, train and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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PHSensorModule

Fig3.7PHSensorModule

ThisPHSensorModuleisCompatibleforArduino.ThepHstandsforthepowerofhydrogen,whichis
ameasurementofthehydrogenionconcentrationinthebody.ThisisusedinWaterqualitytestingand
Aquaculture.
ThetotalpHscalerangesfrom1to14,with7consideredtobeneutral.ApHlessthan7issaidtobeacidicand
solutionswithapHgreaterthan7arebasicoralkaline.ThePHelectrodehasasinglecylinderthatallowsdi
rectconnectiontotheinputterminalofapHmeter,controller,oranypHdevicewhichhasaBNCinputter
minal.ThepHelectrodeprobeisaccurateandreliablethatcangivealmostinstantaneousreadings.
Note:PHProbeandTemperaturesensorarenotincludedwiththiskit.

Specifications:
Heatingvoltage:5±0.2V(AC-
DC)Workingcurrent:5-10mA
Detectionconcentration range:PH0-
14Detectiontemperaturerange:0-
80centigradeResponsetime:≤5s
Stability time: ≤60s
Componentpowerconsumption:≤0.5W
Workingtemperature:-10to50degree(nominaltemperature20degree)

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FourChannelBidirectionalLogicLevelConverter

Fig3.8FourChannelBidirectionalLogicLevelConverter

Nowadays,therearemanyDevelopment BoardsandModules/Sensors
available;mostofthemsupportingeither3.3Vor5Vlogic.Itbecomesquiteataskwhenitcomestoconnec
tinga3.3Vdevicetoa5Vsystem.Thismoduleoffersasimple,safeandconvenientwaytostepdown5Vsign
alto3.3Vlogicandstepup3.3Vto5Vatthesametime.Itcanalsosupport1.8Vand2.8VLogics.Themodule
hastheoptionofconverting
4pinsonthehighsideto4pinsonthelowsidewithtwoinputsandtwooutputsprovidedforeachside.Theb
oardisrequiredtobepoweredbythedesiredlevelofvoltagesources(highandlowvoltages)thatthetwos
idesofsystemsareworkingatforexample5VtoHVpinand3.3VtoLV
andgroundtotheGNDpinonbothsidewhileworkingwith3.3Vdeviceand5Vsystem.

SpecificationsandFeatures:
1. Mutualtransformbetween5VTTLand3.3VTTL
2. Fourchannelsoflogicandhighvoltagelowvoltagelogiccantwo-waytransform
3. Portableandlightness,with2rows6pincontactpins
4. LevelConverter-
4ChannelCompatiblewiththebreadplate,canbeuseddirectlyputonthebreadboard
5. 4ChannelModule(greatforI2CorSPI)andwillworkwithallmicrocontrollers,Arduino,Raspbe
rryPi,IntelEdison,NXPMbed

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AluminumHeatSinkCasewithDoubleFans

Fig3.9AluminumHeatSinkCasewithDoubleFans

Thisisamust-
haveaccessorytoexperiencethehighperformanceoftheRaspberryPi4Models.TheAluminium
Alloy Case with Double Dual Cooling Fan Heat Sink
MetalCaseisdesignedespeciallyforRaspberryPi4ModelB.
Thisisapremiumqualityheatsinkforindustrialandcontinuoususeapplications
fortheRaspberryPi4.ThisheatsinkenablestheRaspberryPitofunctionwithveryhighreliabilityandathi
ghereffi ciencies forapplications whichrequirethemaximumcomputingpowerofthePi4.

Specifications
Compatibility-
RaspberryPi4Material-
AluminumAlloyColor-Black
Length(mm)-
88Width(mm)-
56Height(mm)-
24Weight(gm)-110
ShipmentWeight-0.12
kgShipmentDimensions-7×4×2cm

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DC3-6VMiniMicroSubmersibleWaterPump

Fig3.10DC3-6VMiniMicroSubmersibleWaterPump

Itoperateson3-6Vandgivesanoutputofabove70L/Hthenthiscouldbethebest
choiceforyourproject.ThisDC3-6VMiniMicroSubmersible WaterPumpisalow-cost,small-
sizeSubmersiblePumpMotorthatcanbeoperatedfroma2.5~6Vpowersupply.Itcantakeupto120liter
sperhourwithaverylowcurrentconsumption
of220mA.Justconnectthetubepipetothemotoroutlet,submergeitinwater,andpowerit.

Specifications
OperatingVoltage(VDC)-
2.5to6OperatingCurrent(mA)-
130to220FlowRate(L/H)-80to120
MaximumLift(mm)-40to110
ContinuousWorkingLife(hours)-
500DrivingMode-
DC,MagneticDrivingMaterial-Plastic
InnerDiameter(ID)(mm)-
5OuterDiameter(OD)(mm)-
7.5ShipmentWeight-0.06kg
ShipmentDimensions-5×4×3cm

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100KOhm1WCarbonFilmResistor

Fig3.11100KOhm1WCarbonFilmResistor

100KOhm1WHighQualityCarbonFilmResistor(CFR)with±5%ToleranceandTinPlatedCopperLead
s.
100KOhmResistorColorCode:Brown,Black,Yellow,Golden.
Resistance:100KOhm,PowerRating:1Watt,ApproximateMaximumCurrent:3.16mA

MomentarySwitch

Fig3.12MomentarySwitch

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Thismomentaryswitchisaunitcapableofturninganyelectronicdevicetoeitheranonoroffstatewh
enanend-
userpressestheswitch.Thistypeofswitchcanactuallyrepresentoneoftwotypeswiththealternative
beingthetraditional
onoroffswitch.Theycanbefoundinallmannerofelectronicdevicesandusuallytaketheformofabuttontoh
elpinitiatethestatechangeinadevice.Thetwotypesofmomentaryswitchcommonlyusedthroughoutindu
stryarepush-to-breakandpush-to-maketypes.

SanDiskUltra16GBMicroSDHCClass1048MB/sMemoryCard

Fig3.13.SanDiskUltra16GBMicroSDHCClass1048MB/sMemoryCard

Features:
Addupto16GB(1)ofstoragespacetoAndroidorothersmartphoneortabletClass10forrecordingF
ullHD(2)video
Readspeedsupto48MB/s(5)forfastfiletransfer
SanDiskMemoryZoneapp(6)supportsautomaticfiletransfertofreeupspaceonyourdevice
Waterproof,temperatureproof,X-
rayproof,andmagnetproof(3)IncludesSDadapter
Lifetimewarranty(7)

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LightEmittingDiode

Fig3.14LightEmitttingdiode

Alight-emitting
diode(LED)isasemiconductorlightsourcethatemitslightwhencurrentflowsthroughit.Electronsinthes
emiconductorrecombinewithelectronholes,releasingenergyintheformofphotons.Thecolorofthelight
(corresponding
totheenergyofthephotons)isdeterminedbytheenergyrequiredforelectronstocrossthebandgapofthese
miconductor.[5]Whitelightisobtainedbyusingmultiplesemiconductorsoralayeroflight-
emittingphosphoronthesemiconductordevice

LightGeneratedbyLEDisDirectional. A.LEDisallforwarddirectional
lighting,notOmniasconventionallightbulb.
LEDcanGenerateDifferentLightColor.Temperature
willAffectLEDEfficacy.
LowEnergyConsumption.Lo
ngLife.

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DCPowersupplySMPS(5V5A)

Fig3.15DCPowersupplySMPS(5V5A)

Specifications:

InputVoltage:AC100-
264V50/60HzOutputVoltage:5VDC,5A
Protections:Overload/OverVoltage/ShortCircuitAuto-
RecoveryAfterProtection
UniversalACinput/
Fullrange100%FullLoadBurn-
inTestCoolingbyFreeAirConvection
HighQualityandHighPerformance
LEDpowersupplywithametalbodyforhiddeninstallationforLEDlightingDesignwithBui
lt-inEMIFilter,improvesignalprecision.
Certifications:CE&RoHsNoM
inimumLoad.
CompactSizeLightWeight.
HighEfficiency,Reliabiltiy&lowenergyconsumptionCatego
ry-SwitchMode Power Adaptor
(SMPS)MTBF>50,000hours
OutputType-DCOutput-
5Volts5Amp
ShellMaterial:MetalCase/
AluminumBaseColor:Sliver
IN-DOORUSEONLY!

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CIRCUITDIAGRAM

Thissub-
sectionshowstheschematicdiagramoftheworkingmodeloftheintelligentplantmonitoringandmanage
mentsystemanditspowersupplynetwork.Itshowshowthevariouscoponentsareconnectedinthecorresp
ondingworkingmodel.

Fig3.16SchematicDiagram

Fig3.17PowerSupplyNetwork

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SOFTWAREUSED

GoogleColaboratory
Colaboratory,or“Colab”forshort,isaproductfromGoogleResearch.Colaballowsanybodytowriteand
executearbitrarypythoncodethroughthebrowserandisespeciallywellsuitedtomachinelearning,data
analysis,andeducation.Moretechnically,ColabisahostedJupyternotebookservicethatrequiresnose
tuptouse,whileprovidingaccessfreeofchargetocomputingresourcesincludingGPUs.

Fig 3.18Google ColabLogo

METHODOLOGY

Createadatasetthatcontainstheimagesoftomatoes.Forthis,wetakeclearandunclearimagesofto
matoesfromdifferentangleswithdifferentvariationsandkepttheminacommonfolder.Butthisisdi
fficultinourcase,sowetakeanopensourcetomatoesimage.Thustheprimarybasemodelisdonewit
hthisopen-source
dataset.Theseimagesareofdifferentsizessofirst,weresizealltheimagesintoastandardsizeof640*
640.ThisisbecausecodingisdoneusingtheYoloalgorithm.Thisprovidesgraphicalperformancean
dalgorithmperformanceofthesystem.
Drawabountyboxfordetectingobjectsorclasses.labelIMGisthelibraryforlabeling. For this, we
need to browse the path of the folder where the image is stored.Simultaneously
imagesareloadedonebyone.Bydrawingthebountybox,theimageissavedbythesamenameasthei
mage.
Thebountyboxdataissaved.XMLformat.Oncethesesteps are completed,
theprocessisstopped.

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CHAPTER4

RESULTS
Thischapterdealswiththeresultsobtainedafterrunning10testimagesthroughthealgorithm
,ie,10iterationswerecompleted.

AI-MLBASEDRECOGNITIONRESULTS
Thissub-
chaptershowshowthevideocameracapturesimagesandhowthecapturedimageisprocessed.Itshows
theresultsaftertheimageisrunthroughthealgorithm.

Fig4.1IdentificationofTomatoesusingAI-ML

Fig4.2Resultsobtainedafterthesensorsmadetheirreadings

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TOMATOCOUNTRESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsagraph,whichcomparesthenumberoftomatoesdetectedineachofthe10testimages.

Fig4.3TomatoCountResults

TEMPERATURERESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsatablecomparingthedifferenttemperaturereadingsobtainedbythetemperature&h
umiditysensor.

Table4.1.TemperatureReadings

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HUMIDITYRESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsatablecomparingthedifferenthumidityreadingsobtainedbythetemperature&humi
ditysensor.

Table4.2.HumidityReadings

MOISTURERESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsatablecomparingthedifferentsoilmoisturereadingsobtainedbythesoilmoisturesenso
r.

Table4.3.SoilMoistureReadings

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LIGHTINTENSITYRESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsatablecomparingthedifferentlightintensityreadingsobtainedbytheLDR.

Table4.4.LightIntensityReadings

pHRESULTS

Thissub-
chaptershowsatablecomparingthedifferentpHvaluereadingsobtainedbythepHsensor.

Table4.5.pHReadings

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FINALHARDWAREPRODUCT

Thissub-chaptershowstheimagesofthefinalproductwithitsvariouscomponents.

Fig4.4FinalProduct

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Fig4.5MonitoringSection

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CHAPTER5

CONCLUSION

Intelligentplantgrowthmonitoringandmanagementsystemwillhelptoeasethemosttediousjo
bofgardeningforplantlovers.Thesystembringsmoreconvenience
andcomforttopeople’slivesbytakingcareoftheirplant’sgrowth.Theproposedsystemisdesignedandi
mplementedusingalow-costcreditcard-
sizedRaspberryPi,whichismonitoredthrougharemotemonitoringsensor.Thishelpstosolveplants'thri
vebytrackingtheenvironmental
conditionsandmonitoringthem.Thesystemgivesatimelyalerttotheuser’sAndroidphonebygathering
andanalyzingthedataaboutthechangingsoilmoisturecondition,weather,andtemperature
withthehelpofvarioussensors.Alltheparameterslikehumidity,temperature,
soil,moisture,lightintensity,andpH,aretrackedbythesystem,andthisinformationisuploadedtothed
atabase.Thissystemalsohelpstomonitortheplant’sconditionfromanypartoftheworldliketheuser’sw
orkplace.Thisintelligent plantgrowthmonitoringsystemwillcontinuously
monitortheconditionoftheplantandalerttheusertomakethechangesthatrequireimmediateactionfo
rtheplants.

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CHAPTER6

REFERENCES

[1] JonnelAlejandrino"VisualClassificationofLettuceGrowthStagebasedonMorphologica
lAttributesusingUnsupervisedMachineLearningmodels"2020IEEEREGION10CONFERENCE
(TENCON)Osaka,Japan,November16-19,2020

[2] "Machinelearningapproachesforcropgrowthmonitoringusingmulti-temporal andmulti-

variety remotelysensed data"YUZHAO; DIEGO DELLA
JUSTINAHITACHI,Ltd.;UniversityofCampinas

[3] A.D. A. Aldabbagh, C.Hairu, M.Hanafi "Classification of Chili Plant

GrowthusingDeepLearning"2020IEEE10thInternationalConferenceonSystemEnginee
ringandTechnology(ICSET),9November2020,ShahAlam,Malaysia

[4] Tomen:APlantmonitoringandsmartgardeningsystemusingIoTMarch2018InternationalJourn
alofPureandAppliedmathematicsvolume119(No.7)

[5] Z.Iqbal,M.A.Khan,M.Sharif,J.H.Shah,M.H.urRehman,andK.Javed,“Anautomateddetectio
nandclassificationofcitrusplantdiseases usingimageprocessingtechniques:
Areview,”Comput. Electron. Agric., vol.153, no. August,pp.12–32,2018.

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