DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY UP TO THE PRESENT DAY

Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineering comprises the application of physical and biological sciences to the process of converting raw materials or
chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties

Bimolecular Focuses on the manufacturing of
engineering biomolecules.
 Ceramic engineering, the theory and processing of raw oxide material
(e.g. alumina oxide), and advanced material that are polymorphic,
Materials Involves the properties of matter polycrystalline, oxide, and non-oxide ceramics
engineering and its applications to engineering  Crystal engineering, the design and synthesis of molecular solid-state
structures

Molecular Focuses on the manufacturing of

engineering molecules.
 Petroleum refinery engineering, the design of processes related to the
manufacture of refined products
Focuses on the design, operation,  Plastics engineering, the design of the production process of plastics
Process
control, and optimization of products
engineering
chemical processes  Paper engineering, the design of the production process of paper
products
Civil engineering

Civil engineering comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built environments.

Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties

Environmental The application of engineering to  Ecological engineering, the design, monitoring and construction of
engineering the improvement and protection of ecosystems
the environment  Fire protection engineering, the application of engineering to protect
people and environments from fire and smoke
 Sanitary engineering, the application of engineering methods to
improve sanitation of human communities
 Hydraulic engineering, the planning, development and maintenance
of water resources and the application of hydrology
 Municipal or urban engineering, civil engineering applied to
municipal issues such as water and waste management, transportation
networks, subdivisions, communications, hydrology, hydraulics, etc.
Geotechnical Concerned with the behavior of Mining engineering, the exploration, extraction and processing of raw
engineering geological materials at the site of a materials from the earth
civil engineering project
Structural The engineering of structures that  Earthquake engineering, the behaviour of structures subject to
engineering support or resist structural loads seismic loading
 Wind engineering, the analysis of wind and its effects on the built
environment
 Architectural engineering, application of engineering principles to
building design and construction
 Ocean engineering, the design of offshore structures
Transport The use of engineering to ensure  Traffic engineering, a branch of transportation engineering focusing
engineering safe and efficient transportation of on the infrastructure necessary for transportation
people and goods  Highway engineering
 Railway systems engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering comprises the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism.

Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties

 Software engineering, The application of a systematic,
disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development,
Computer The design and control of computing devices
operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these
engineering with the application of electrical systems
approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.

The design of circuits that use the  Control engineering, focuses on the modeling of dynamic
electromagnetic properties of electrical systems and the design of controllers using electrical circuits,
Electronic
components such as resistors, capacitors, digital signal processors and microcontrollers
engineering
inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a  Telecommunications engineering
particular functionality.
The design of instruments and systems that
Optical
utilize the properties of electromagnetic
engineering
radiation.
The generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity, and the design of devices such as
Power
transformers, electric generators, electric
engineering
motors, high voltage engineering and power
electronics.
Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering comprises the design, analysis and usage of heat and mechanical power for the operation of machines and
mechanical systems.

Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties

Concerns the manipulation and control of vibration,
Acoustical
especially vibration isolation and the reduction of
engineering
unwanted sounds
Manufacturing
engineering
Thermal Concerns heating or cooling of processes,
engineering equipment, or enclosed environments
 Automotive engineering, the design, manufacture
and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, buses
and trucks
The design, manufacture and operation of the  Aerospace engineering, the design of aircraft,
Vehicle
systems and equipment that propel and control spacecraft and other air vehicles
engineering
vehicles  Naval architecture, the design, construction,
operation and support of marine vehicles and
structures
Interdisciplinary and specialized fields

Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties

The application of engineering principles to
agricultural fields such as farm power and
Agricultural
machinery, biological material process,
engineering
bioenergy, farm structures, and agricultural
natural resources
 Bioprocess engineering, the design and development of
equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products
from biological materials
 Food engineering, concerns food processing, food
machinery, packaging, ingredient manufacturing,
instrumentation, and control.
 Aquaculture engineering, the study of cultured aquatic
species and the production systems used in their culture.

The field concerned with the application of

management, design, and technical skills for
the design and integration of systems, the
 Automation/Control systems/Mechatronics/Robotics
execution of new product designs, the
 Computer-aided Drawing & Design (CADD)
improvement of manufacturing processes,
 Construction
and the management and direction of
 Electronics
Applied physical and/or technical functions of a firm
 General
engineering or organization. Applied Engineering
 Graphics
degreed programs typically include
 Manufacturing
instruction in basic engineering principles,
 Nanotechnology
project management, industrial processes,
production and operations management,
systems integration and control, quality
control, and statistics.[2]
 Biomedical engineering, the application of engineering
principles and techniques to the medical and biological
sciences
Biological The application of engineering principles to
 Genetic engineering, the design and development of
engineering the fields of biology and medicine.
techniques to directly manipulate an organism's genes
 Biochemical engineering, the design and construction of
unit processes that involve biological organisms or

Building services engineering, technical
building services, architectural engineering,
Building services or building engineering is the engineering of
engineering the internal environment and environmental
impact of a building. It essentially brings
buildings and structures to life.
Building services engineering, technical
building services, architectural engineering,
Building services or building engineering is the engineering of
engineering the internal environment and environmental
impact of a building. It essentially brings
buildings and structures to life.
molecules
 Tissue engineering
 Protein engineering, the development of useful or valuable
proteins
 Mechanical engineering,
o HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
o Refrigeration
o Plumbing or public health (MEP) engineering:
Water services, drainage and plumbing
 Electrical engineering,
o Artificial lighting and emergency lighting,
o ICT: Communication lines, telephones and IT
networks
o Low voltage (LV) systems, containment,
distribution, distribution boards and switchgear
o Lightning protection
o Security, CCTV, and alarm systems
 Vertical transportation: Escalators and lifts
 Fire engineering, including fire detection and fire
protection
 Natural lighting design
 Building facades engineering
 Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources
 Mechanical engineering,
o HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
o Refrigeration
o Plumbing or public health (MEP) engineering:
Water services, drainage and plumbing
 Electrical engineering,
o Artificial lighting and emergency lighting,
o ICT: Communication lines, telephones and IT
 networks
o Low voltage (LV) systems, containment,
distribution, distribution boards and switchgear
o Lightning protection
o Security, CCTV, and alarm systems
 Vertical transportation: Escalators and lifts
 Fire engineering, including fire detection and fire
protection
 Natural lighting design
 Building facades engineering
 Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources

 Solar engineering, Solar Energy Engineering includes

Energy engineering is a broad field of
designing and building services based on solar energy,
engineering dealing with energy efficiency,
solar energy product development, solar PV systems, Solar
energy services, facility management, plant
Product Manufacturing and Solar Systems Integration.
engineering, environmental compliance and
 Wind engineering, Wind engineering analyzes effects of
alternative energy technologies. Domain of
Energy wind in the natural and the built environment and studies
Energy Engineering expertise combines
engineering the possible damage, inconvenience or benefits which may
selective subjects from the fields Chemical,
result from wind. In the field of structural engineering it
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. It is
includes strong winds, which may cause discomfort, as
an interdisciplinary program which has
well as extreme winds, such as in a tornado, hurricane or
relativity with electrical, mechanical and
heavy storm, which may cause widespread destruction
chemical engineering
 Manufacturing engineering, the ability to plan the practices
of manufacturing, to research and develop the tool,
processes, machines and equipment, and to integrate the
facilities and systems for producing quality products with
Industrial The design and analysis of logistical and
optimal expenditure.
engineering resource systems.
 Component engineering, the process of assuring the
availability of suitable components required to manufacture
a product.
 Systems engineering, focuses on issues such as logistics,
 the coordination of different teams, automatic control of
machinery for complex engineering projects
 Construction engineering, the planning and management of
construction projects
 Textile Engineering, The design and analysis of logistical
and resource systems, product design, and development.
 Safety engineering, assuring that a life-critical system
behaves as needed even when pieces fail
 Reliability engineering, optimising asset maintenance to
minimise whole of life cost

 Robotics
A hybrid of mechanical and electrical  Instrumentation engineering
Mechatronics engineering, Commonly intended to examine  Avionics, the design of electronics and systems on board
the design of automation systems. an aircraft or spacecraft

The practice of engineering on the

Nanoengineering
nanoscopic scale
Nuclear The application of nuclear processes to
engineering engineering
aeronautics and astronautics

Flight captures human imagination. Aeronautics and astronautics are among the most popular of engineering branches with a large literature, to
which NASA has contributed much. Here are a few less well-known references.

biological engineering

Biotechnology and biological engineering

Biotechnology and bioengineering have two dimensions. First, they use living organisms to make desired products, as
in using microbes to produce drugs. Second, they use whatever means for promoting life, as in making equipment for
novel methods of medical diagnosis and drug delivery. They involve the cooperation of many disciplines. As
advances in molecular biology and nanotechnology make more biological phenomena susceptible to reliable control,
bioengineering and biotechnology are poised to soar in the twenty-first century.
 Biochemical and bioprocess engineering
 Protein and biomolecular engineering
 Metabolic engineering
 Tissue engineering
 Biomedical engineering
 Engineering in biology and biotechnology

Civil Engineering

When engineering first emerged as a modern profession, "civil" broadly meant civilian, as distinct from military. As engineers with various
expertise separately developed their systematic knowledge and professional organizations, the scope of "civil engineering" narrowed to
construction, which was the first to develop scientific principles. For instance, the principle of cantilever was first investigated by Galileo Galilei,
whose illustration is reproduced on the left. The applicability of the general principle to bridges, tall buildings, and many other constructions
exemplifies the scientific nature of engineering.

Environmental engineering
To improve the qualities of air, water, and land, they not only mobilize all the technologies at hand but actively develop environment friendly
industrial processes. The American Academy of Environmental Engineers is sponsored by the American Institute of Chemical Engineering,
American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and other professional organizations involved in public health,
public works, waste management, and environmental protection and remediation.

Systems engineering
Systems engineering is geared toward the rapid design and development of large and complex systems such as the intercontinental ballistic
missiles system. It uses results of engineering sciences and systems theories, shares techniques with operations research and is kin to software
engineering, which also tackles with designing complex systems. Also called concurrent engineering, systems engineering employs the systems
approach within a broad horizon that covers analyses of goals and requirements, considerations of the system from cradle to grave, and the
organization of multidisciplinary teams in developing the system.