EMILIO AGUINALDO

THE KATIPUNAN

 On the night of July 7, 1992, Bonifacio and his friends decided to form a secret revolutionary
society called Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and
Respected Society of the Sons and the People) otherwise known as K.K.K.
 during the meeting it was also decided, the payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte
(twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of medio real (about twenty centavos).
 They recruit new members by the means of the Triangle Method, but later abolished in
December 1892 after it was found out to be too cumbersome.
 There were three grades of membership in Katipunan, which are:
1. Katipun (associate)- their password was “anak ng bayan”
2. Kawal ( Soldier)- their password was “GOM-BUR-ZA”
3. Bayani (Patriot)- their passward was “Rizal”
 There were also women members in Katipunan.To be admitted in a women section, one had to
be a wife, daughter, or sister of a Katipunero to ensure the secrecy of the movement.
 Knowing the importance of a primer to teach the members of the society its ideals, Emilio
Jacinto prepared one, which he called Kartilla, a word adopted from Spanish cartilla, which at
that time meant a word for grade school students.

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

 The Filipino Revolutionaries was divided in two. The Magdalos-Aguinaldo’s Group and the
magdiwangs- Bonifacio’s group. Aguinaldo win his battles while Bonifacio lost all his battle.
Bonifacio’s supporters refused to help Aguinaldo when they were attacked, similarly.
Aguinaldo’s follower, did not help the Magdiwangs when they fought the Spaniards.
 By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for a revolution, hints about its
existence reached the Spanish authorities.
 On August 19, Teodoro Patino a member of the Katipunan betrayed the secrecy to Father
Mariano Gil. The Spanish cazadores ( civil guards) began making hundreds of arrests. Two
Katipuneros Acting as spies for the governor of Manila told Bonifacio about the discovery.
 August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipunero gathered at the residence of Melchora
Aquino, known as Tandang Sora. In the mass meeting held in the yard of a son of Melchora
Aquino, the Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales ( Certificates), the symbol of the Filipino
vassalage to Spain at the same time shouting, “ Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Katipunan!”. This event in history is recorded as the Cry of Pugadlawin or The Cry of
Balintawak, which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish Government.
 Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia civil in August 29, 1896 and jailed in the Bilibid
for giving aid to the Katipunero.
 In August 30, 1996, led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan. This is
known as the Battle of Pinaglalabanan. The Spaniards outnumbered the revolutionaries who
were not fully armed. Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his surviving men were forced to
retreat to Balara.
 In the afternoon of August 30, Governor general Ramon Blanco, issued a decree declaring a
state of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces- Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija and Tarlac and placed them under Martial Law.
 The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the publication
of the decree would be pardoned except the leaders of the Katipunero. The amnesty provision
offered by the Spanish Government lured 20 Katipuneros to accept it. However, the Spanish
authorities only subjected them to torture to make squeal matters about the revolution.
 Series of execution by the government began after the proclamation of a state of war.
 On September 4. four members Of the Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan
 On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza Armas and now remembered as as Los
trese martires (the thirteen martyrs of cavite.
 In August 31, 1896 the Katipunero in Cavite assaulted the Tribunal (Municipal Building) of San
Francisco de Malabon
 In the morning of September 5 , Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops
stationed at Imus,Cavite. In this battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men and 60 guns with
ammunition. From that time on, the Cavitenos recognized Aguinaldo as a man of distinguished
valor and called him Heneral Miong, no longer Capitan Miong.
 The Spanish regular army were tremendously defeated at the twin battles of Binakayan and
Dalahican in Cavite, fought on November 9-11, 1896. The greatest Victory in the battle of the
Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the Battle of Binakayan, on November 9-11, 1896.
 Bonifacio was elected as the new leader. He did not know that Filipinos no longer wanted him
as the leader.
 Aguinaldo won the majority vote for new President of the First Revolutionary Government on
March 23 and lasted until October 31. 1897.
 Bonifacio lost even the position of Vice- President and the other lower positions. As a
consolation. Bonifacio was elected to the last office of secretary of the interior but even the
lowest position was protested by Daniel Tirona.
 Aguinaldo was elected as the President of the Biak-na-Bato Republic on November l, 1897.
 December 4 1896, the katipunan members of Balangay Dirnasalang met at Bigaa. province of
Bulacan. conduct an election under their newly founded Kakarong Republic led by Gen. Eusebio
Roque(Maestmng Sebio and Dimabungo).

 January l, 1897. General Olaguer—Feliu rushed to the fortifications of Kakarong anf launched a
massive assault against the people including ciiIians.January 16 at 5:00 pm, Maestrong Sebio
was executed

 February 1 5, 1897. Govemor Polaveja launched an allout offenssive in Cavite. Two days later,
General Lachambre captured the town of Silan. gen.. Aguinaldo aided by Gem Vito Belannino
and Artemio Recarte, mounted a counteroffenssive, but failed to get Silang back.
 At the Battle of Limbon. Bonifacio and his men lost the fight and were taken prisoners. Andres
was wounded and his brother Ciriaco was killed. His wife Gregoria de Jesus was one of the
prisoners. The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio by military
court martial at Maragondon on May 5, 1897 and they were found guilty they were sentenced
to die.

 Aguinaldo reduced their sentence to life imprisonment but was able to cancel that order and
execute Bonifacio. On May 19, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by a firing squad
ofAguinaldo's soldiers in near Maragondon. Under the command of Major Lazaro Makapagal.

 December 4 1896, the katipunan members of Balangay Dirnasalang met at Bigaa. province of
Bulacan. conduct an election under their newly founded Kakarong Republic led by Gen. Eusebio
Roque(Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo).
 January l, 1897. General Olaguer—Feliu rushed to the fortifications of Kakarong anf launched a
massive assault against the people including ciiIians.January 16 at 5:00 pm, Maestrong Sebio
was executed.
 February 1 5, 1897. Govemor Polaveja launched an allout offenssive in Cavite. Two days later,
General Lachambre captured the town of Silan. gen.. Aguinaldo aided by Gem Vito Belannino
and Artemio Recarte, mounted a counteroffenssive, but failed to get Silang back.
 Both the Filipinos and Spaniards broke their peace agreement at Biak-na-Bato. Spain did not
pay PI .7 million war indemnity to the Filipinos.Only P600,000 was paid. Spanish officials
continue to arrest and punish Filipino who surrendered