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An Effective Two Way Classification of Breast

Cancer Images

Article in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · December 2015

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 21 (2015) pp 42472-42475
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

An Effective Two Way Classification of Breast Cancer Images

P. Palanikumar

Assistant Professor, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engg, Chennai, palani. lect@gmail. com.

S. Geofrin Shirly

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vels University, Chennai geofrin55@yahoo. co. in

S.Balakrishnan

Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Sri Venkateswara College of Engg & Tech, Chittoor, AP.

Abstract recent years, the incidence rate of breast cancer has

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and very
common among western women. Mammogram is an
examination of a woman’s breasts using X-rays to check for
cancer. Mammography is one of the first diagnostic tests to
prescreen breast cancer. Early detection of breast cancer has
been known to improve recovery rates to a great extent. In
most medical centers, experienced radiologists are given the
responsibility of analyzing mammograms. But, there is always
a possibility of human error. Errors can frequently occur as a
result of fatigue of the observer, resulting in interobserver and
intraobserver variations. The sensitivity of mammographic
screening also varies with image quality. To offset different
kinds of variability and to standardize diagnostic procedures,
efforts are being made to develop automated techniques for
diagnosis and grading of breast cancer images. This paper
presents a two way classification algorithm for the
classification of breast cancer images into benign (tumour
growing, but not dangerous) and malignant (cannot be
controlled, it causes death) classes. Because of the sparse
distribution of abnormal mammograms, the two-way
classification data mining algorithms are used. First
classification algorithm is k-means algorithm which is used to
partition a given dataset into a user specified number of
clusters. Second classification algorithm is Support Vector
Machine (SVM) is used to find the best classification function
to distinguish between members of the two classes in the
training data.
Keywords: Mammogram, Breast cancer, k-means, Support
Vector Machine.
Introduction
CANCER refers to the uncontrolled multiplication of a group
of cells in a particular location of the body. Cancer is a serious
disease in which growths of cells, also called cancers, form in
the body and kill normal body cells. A group of rapidly
dividing cells may form a lump or mass of extra tissue. These
masses are usually referred to as tumors. Cancer cells are
termed malignant tumors. Breast cancer is any form of
malignant tumor that develops from breast cells. Important
signs to look for in the case of breast cancer are clusters of
microcalcifications, masses, and architectural distortions. In
considerably increased [1]. Simultaneously, breast cancer
survival rate has also improved over the past few years with
the development of more effective diagnostic techniques and
improvements in treatment methodologies.
BREAST cancer screening has primarily taken an anatomic
approach through X-ray mammography, which requires the
breast tumor to have developed to a stage where it is
significantly denser than healthy tissue. As a consequence,
mammography misses 5%-15% of nonpalpable breast lesions
that are not sufficiently denser than healthy tissue [2], [3]. In
addition, increased density is not always tied to the presence
of cancer: dense lesions of tissue that are further investigated
via biopsy are often found to be benign [2]. Instead of relying
on density changes, cancer can also be detected by using early
molecular signatures.
The American Cancer Society had predicted that about 230,
480 new cases of invasive breast cancer and about 57, 650
new cases of noninvasive breast cancer would be diagnosed in
the United States in 2011 and around 39, 520 women would
die from breast cancer [11]. The most popular diagnostic
technique called mammography uses low-dose X-rays, high-
contrast and high-resolution detectors, and an X-ray system
designed specifically to image the breasts. Mammography has
found its application in both screening and diagnosis of breast
cancer. There are two types of mammography systems: screen
film mammography (SFM), wherein the end recording device
is a film screen; and full-field digital mammography (FFDM),
which uses digital detectors as the recording media. The
digital images provided by FFDM offer many advantages over
its film counterpart in terms of ease of image processing and
enhancement [4]-[7].
Digital Mammogram is one of the important methods to
identify the Breast Cancer at an early stage at some extend.
The advantages of digital mammography include the lack of
ionizing radiation, its non-invasiveness, the relatively compact
instrumentation, and its cost-effectiveness. While
mammography has been proven to be the most effective and
reliable method for the early detection of breast cancer, as
indicated by Siddiqui et al. [29], the large number of
mammograms, generated by population screening, must be
interpreted and diagnosed by a relatively small number of
radiologists. In addition, when observing a mammographic
image, abnormalities are often embedded in and camouflaged

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 21 (2015) pp 42472-42475
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
by varying densities of breast tissue structures, resulting in
high rates of missed breast cancer cases as mentioned by
Wroblewska et al. [30].
Related Work
Abou-Chadi et al. [23] used a neural network approach for
detecting candidate circumscribed lesions in digitized
mammograms. The neural network trained using back
propagation algorithms. The procedure depends mainly on the
major difference between the histogram of the normal tissue
and that of the cancerous tissue.
Brake et al. [22] studied single and multiscale detection of
masses in digital mammograms. Scale is an important issue in
the automated detection of masses in mammograms, due to
the range of possible sizes masses can have. In this work, it
was examined if detection of masses can be done at a single
scale, or whether it is more appropriate to use the output of the
detection method at different scales in a multiscale scheme.
Chan et al. [24] investigated a computer-based method for the
detection of microcalcification in digital mammograms. The
method is based on a difference image technique in which a
signal suppressed image is subtracted from a signal enhanced
image to remove structured background in the mammogram.
Global and local thresholding techniques are then used to
extract potential microcalcification signals.
Karssemeijer [25] developed a statistical method for detection
of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. The method is
based on the use of statistical models and the general
framework of Bayesian image analysis.
Nakayama et al. [26] used a filter bank for the detection of
nodular and linear patterns. The filter bank is designed so that
the subimages generated the elements of a Hessian matrix at
each resolution level. By calculating the small and large
eigenvalues, a new filter bank has the following three
properties. (a) Nodular patterns of various sizes can be
enhanced. (b) Both nodular and linear patterns of various sizes
can be enhanced. (c) The original image can be reconstructed
with these patterns removed. The filter bank is applied to
enhance microcalcifications in mammograms.
Yu et al. [27] proposed a CAD system for the automatic
detection of clustered microcalcifications through two steps.
The first one is to segment potential microcalcification pixels
by using wavelet and gray level statistical features and to
connect them into potential individual microcalcification
objects. The second step is to check these potential objects by
using 31 statistical features. Neural network classifiers were
used. Results are satisfactory but not highly guaranteed
because the training set was used in the testing set.
Algorithms Used
A. K-means algorithm
The algorithm operates on a set of d-dimensional vectors, D =
{xi | i = 1,..., N }, where xi denotes the ith data point. The
algorithm is initialized by picking k points the initial k cluster
representatives or “centroids”. Techniques for selecting these
initial seeds include sampling at random from the dataset,
setting them as the solution of clustering a small subset of the
data or perturbing the global mean of the data k times.
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Then the algorithm iterates between two steps till
convergence:
Step 1: Data Assignment
Each data point is assigned to its closest centroid, with ties
broken arbitrarily. This results in a partitioning of the data.
Step 2: Relocation of “means”
Each cluster representative is relocated to the center (mean) of
all data points assigned to it. If the data points come with a
probability measure (weights), then the relocation is to the
expectations (weighted mean) of the data partitions.
The default measure of closeness is the Euclidean distance, in
which case one can readily show that the non-negative cost
function,
B. Support Vector Machines
In today’s machine learning applications, support vector
machines (SVM) [10] are considered a must try—it offers one
of the most robust and accurate methods among all well-
known algorithms. It has a sound theoretical foundation,
requires only a dozen examples for training, and is insensitive
to the number of dimensions. In addition, efficient methods
for training SVM are also being developed at a fast pace.
Support Vector Machines uses data from two classes to
determine a maximum margin hyperplane between the two
classes. The hyperplane is determined in such a way that the
distance from this hyperplane to the nearest data points on
each side, called support vectors, is maximal. Support vector
machine (SVM) classifiers can be extended to nonlinearly
separable data with the help of kernel function application on
the data to make them linearly separable [8]. In this paper, we
used the linear kernel, polynomial kernel of orders 1, 2, and 3,
and the radial basis function kernel. An approach with wavelet
SVM was discussed in [9], which uses similar kernel
techniques.
Proposed System Architecture
Mammogram result is taken as an input and given to
preprocessing phase for filtering the data. Pre-processing is an
important issue in low-level image processing. Using filtering
it is possible to filter out the noise present in image. A high
pass filter passes the frequent changes in the gray level and a
low pass filter reduces the frequent changes in the gray level
of an image. That is; the low pass filter smoothes and often
removes the sharp edges. A special type of low pass filter is
the Median filter. The Median filter takes an area of image (3
x 3, 5 x 5, 7 x 7, etc), observes all pixel values in that area and
puts it into the array called element array. Then, the element
array is sorted and the median value of the element array is
found out. We have achieved this by sorting the element array
in the ascending order using bubble sort and returning the
middle elements of the sorted array as the median value. The
output image array is the set of all the median values of the
element arrays obtained for all the pixels [28]. Median filter
goes into a series of loops which cover the entire image array.
 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 21 (2015) pp 42472-42475
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
After end of preprocessing phase, the processed data is fed
into first classification algorithm (i. e. k-means algorithm).
With the help of k-means algorithm, processed data can be
converted into specified clustered data. Then clustered data is
given as input in SVM algorithm and produces best classified
data.
Fig. 1. System architecture
Conclusion
A novel framework for two-way classification methodology in
mammographic image analysis has been proposed. From a
study of the available literature, we find that the application of
two way classification to the problem of mammographic
image analysis is rare. We strongly believe that the
performance of the proposed system can be further enhanced
by framing new functionals that are more adaptable to
mammograms.
This article presents a very general overview of two way
classification architecture. It demonstrates how an abstract
structure allows us to discover effective classification of
breast cancer images.
This algorithm has been implemented in future for further
development because of its simplicity and it also encourages
results that will motivate real-time breast cancer diagnosis
system.
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