Final Thesis (June 17, 2020)

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF
MARAMAG, BUKIDNON
MARINELA GEM CASONA DAUMAR
UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE,
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
JUNE 2022
Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon
College of Forestry and Environmental Science

Department of Environmental Science
APPROVAL SHEET
The undergraduate thesis proposal attached hereto entitled, “SPATIAL

ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MARAMAG,
BUKIDNON” (Research No. 21208), prepared and submitted by MARINELA GEM
CASONA DAUMAR, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Science in Environmental Science, is hereby accepted.
ERIC N. BRUNO
Chair, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:
ANGELA GRACE I. TOLEDO-BRUNO

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:
MILDRED L. TABAOSARES
Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:
Recommending Approval:
ANGELA GRACE I. TOLEDO-BRUNO Date

Chair, Department of Environmental Science
IDA V. MAGHUYOP Date

College Research Coordinator
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Environmental Science.
Approved:
ALEX S. OLPENDA Date

Dean, College of Forestry and Environmental Science
Noted by:
JUPITER V. CASAS Date

Research Director
i
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental

Science. She was born in Maramag, Bukidnon on February 27, 1998. Her
parents are Mr. Allan G. Daumar and Mrs. Gina C. Daumar. She has four (4)
brothers, Allan James C. Daumar, Allan Joshua C. Daumar, Allan Winbert C.
Daumar, Allan Jr C. Daumar, and her only younger (1) sister, Alliya Gem C.
Daumar. The researcher attended Musuan Elementary School (MES) in
Maramag, Bukidnon, for her elementary education. Her secondary education
was completed at Valencia National School Bukidnon. She completed her
tertiary studies at Central Mindanao University (CMU) and earned a Bachelor
of Science in Environmental Science. For her undergraduate thesis in
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science, she opted to research "Spatial
Analysis of Urbanization in the Municipality of Maramag Bukidnon."
MARINELA GEM C. DAUMAR
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and glory to the Almighty God for His abundant grace. The
author wishes to offer her heartfelt appreciation to everyone who has
contributed to her accomplishment.
First, she would like to thank her thesis adviser, ERIC N. BRUNO
M.Sc., EnP, for always reminding and encouraging her to keep improving her
thesis writing and completing her work.
To ANGELA GRACE I. TOLEDO-BRUNO, Ph.D., EnP for her continual
assistance in completing this thesis and for allowing her approach.
To MILDRED L. TABAOSARES M.Sc., EnP for her unending support
and understanding during her difficult days of thesis writing, for her patience
and expert guidance in the accomplishment and success of her thesis,
particularly for dealing with the SCP plugin in QGIS, with which she hardly
doesn’t know how to proceed with the process.
To her classmates and friends who constantly inspired her to overcome
the hardest challenge of being a graduating BS Environmental Science
student.
To Her ever-loving parents, for their financial support, affection, and
encouragement. She appreciates your assistance.
She is thankful to everyone who helped make this paper a success,
both personally and indirectly. Thank you really a lot. May God bless all of us
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET i
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF APPENDICES viii
ABSTRACT ix
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitation of the Study 5
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Urbanization Phenomenon in Developing Countries 6
Effects of urbanizing in Developing Countries 7
Urbanization challenges and opportunities 9
Urbanization in the Philippines 10
Implications of Urbanization in Sustainable 11
Development
Spatial Analysis in Urban Studies 12
III METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study 14
Data Gathering 16
Population 16
iv
Area per barangay 16
Population Density 16
Land Use/ Land Cover Data 16
Spatial Data Processing 17
Generating Population density map per Barangay 17
Land use/land cover Change Detection Analysis (CDA) 18
LULC of Built-up area per Barangay 20
Calculating population growth rate 21
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Spatial profile of the Population: Municipality of Maramag 22
Demographic Spatial-temporal Analysis 26
Spatial Distribution of LULC Change in Maramag 33
Extent Urbanization in the Municiplaity of Maramag 37
Spatial Distribution of Built-up areas per Barangay 38
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 42
Conclusions 44
Recommendations 45
LITERATURE CITED 46
APPENDICES 53
v
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Map layout of the Municipality of Maramag 15
2 Change Detection Process for generating LULC change 18
3 Municipality of Maramag Spatial profile of Population 22
4 Population density in Maramag barangays, 26
Census 1990
Census 1990
Census 2000
Census 2010
Census 2015
Census 2020
10 Annual population growth rate and trend in Maramag 32
11 LULC map in 2018 in the Municipality of Maramag 35
12 LULC map in 2021 in the Municipality of Maramag 36
13 Generated Landsat data in the SCP between 2018 37
and 2021 of LULC change of Maramag
14 Extent of Built-up in 2018 and 2021 in the Municipality 41
of Maramag
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE

1 Criteria for generating the low to high population density 17
2 Highest to lowest total Population density of Urban/Rural 25
Barangays in the Municipality of Maramag Bukidnon,
Census 2020
3 Landuse/Landcover trend for 2018 and 2021 in Maramag 34
Bukidnon
4 Percent increase of Built-up per Barangay between 40
2018 and 2021 in the Municipality of Maramag
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

1 Total Population per Barangay in the Municipality 54
of Maramag, Bukidnon
2 Population per Barangay using Arithmethic 56
Density
viii
ABSTRACT
DAUMAR, MARINELA GEM C. Bachelor of Science in Environmental

Science, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag,
Bukidnon. June 2022 “SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF MARAMAG, BUKIDNON”
Adviser: ERIC N. BRUNO, M.Sc., EnP

The research was carried out in the municipality of Maramag in
Bukidnon on May 21, 2022, with data collected in the final week of May 2020.
The general goal of the study is to understand the extent of urbanization in the
municipality of Maramag; specifically, the study will: 1.) generate the spatial
profile of the population in the municipality; 2.) analyze spatial-temporal
demographic changes in the municipality, and 3.) determine the extent of
urbanization in the municipality of Maramag. The collected data for the total
population were obtained by the Philippines Statistic Authority (PSA). The
based map of population density was calculated using Arithmetic Density and
total population census basis for Population Trend. The LULC change to
evaluate the extent of urbanization in Maramag was processed through
Change Detection Analysis in the SCP plugin in Qgis and the data
were analyzed in Excel.
The findings revealed that the 20 barangays in Maramag, contain 8
urban areas and 12 rural areas. The densely populated area is found to be
mostly centered in Maramag, with the largest population density in the North
and South Poblacion of Maramag. Maramag had a total population of 108,293
in 2020. Despite the increasing population of Maramag, the annual growth
rate of the municipality is reduced dramatically from 4.19 percent in 1990 to
roughly 1.25 percent in 2020. The built-up areas in the municipality had a
noticeable increase, from 5.61% of the total land in 2018 to 6.41% in 2021.
This increase was due to the construction of urban buildings in the form of
shopping centers, settlements, and road networks. It is always necessary to
carry out monitoring so that development is in accordance with city planning.
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Urbanization is considered one of the most important issues in the

history of human civilization. People have a natural instinct to cluster in some
locations that are fairly well supplied by resource wealth and provide all of the
fundamental modern conveniences of civic life and greater economic
opportunities. The cities or towns, which are included under the scope of
urban areas, are commonly characterized as considerably better-off areas. As
a result, when we talk about urbanization, we're talking about a growth in the
proportion of people who live in cities or towns (Kauffman, H. J. 2014). Cities
are always changing. Whether the transition is positive or negative, all cities
are inherently evolutionary. It is impossible to evaluate urban development
without considering biodiversity, life expectancy, fitness, environmental
quality, social well-being, and economic standing.
For many years, the population of the Philippines has been steadily
expanding. With a 1.72 percent yearly growth rate between 2010 and 2015,
the Philippines is the world's thirteenth most populous country, along with
Mexico and Ethiopia (PSA 2020). According to the United Nations Population
Fund, UNFPA (2015), the rapid increase in population is mostly due to an
increase in the number of individuals reaching reproductive age, changing
fertility rates, increased urbanization, and accelerated migration leading some
to believe that this could be a path out of poverty. Such an increase will have
serious consequences, particularly for urban households' food security and
land usage (UNFPA, 2015).
2
People in rural areas believed that if they moved to cities, they would
have a better chance of finding work. The Local Government Code and the
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 were influenced by these
urbanization dynamics (Porio, 2009). As a result, young individuals prefer
metropolitan jobs that pay consistently. The rural demographic picture is
shifting, with young children and the elderly staying at home while men and
women of reproductive age move to cities to work. High rural reliance and
urban ward movement have exacerbated urban-rural spatial inequality
(Chaves, 2009). As a result, it harmed both rural and urban areas. It signifies
a shift from scattered to complex population structure (Satterthwaite, et al.
2010)
Soriano et. al, (2019) stated that the use of remote sensing data and
GIS technologies should be considered in the evaluation and monitoring of
urban sprawl in ecologically valuable areas, of their applicability and
significance. GIS is a technology that is beneficial in remote sensing
technologies for tracking urban growth and the impact of human activities on
the landscape of forest reserves, national parks, and protected areas.
Additionally, GIS and remote sensing software tools are used to locate
geographical and non-geographic locations. GIS software can map data and
show spatial trends. Using this program allows data to be easily seen, viewed,
comprehended, and interpreted.
As the population of the municipality of Maramag in Bukidnon grows,

this study looked at urbanization scenarios in the municipality of Maramag.
This municipality has grown in recent years to accommodate more residents,
employees, and businesses. GIS and remote sensing software technologies
are used to examine the area's urbanization trend. This research compares
landcover changes to determine Maramag's fast expansion.
3
Statement of the Problem
The Municipality of Maramag is one of the municipalities in Bukidnon

that is beginning to see population growth. The municipality is considered
first-class in the Province of Bukidnon, based on the new income classification
of provinces, cities, and municipalities, and for other purposes, as stated in
Executive Order No. 249, s. 1987 which was signed on July 25, 1987
(Municipal Government of Maramag, 2020).
The municipality of Maramag is now increasing in terms of population,

the municipality has a population increase of 1.72 percent on average from
2010 to 2020, resulting in a density of 240 people per square kilometer and
620 people per square mile (Municipal Government of Maramag, 2020), but
one reason that has drawn people in is its tourism industry and also one of the
major elements is the municipality's banana plantation, which adds to the
DOLE Company's supply of bananas for export. Furthermore, the town was a
hub for the production of mineral and filtered drinkable water, as well as
sugarcane processing (LatLong, 2012). As a result, the concentration of
urbanization in large population barangays in Maramag is crucial and may
have numerous social and environmental problems, such as declining air and
water quality, limited water supply, waste disposal issues, and excessive
energy consumption, all of which harm the environment.
The purpose of this study is to conduct a digital mapping analysis of

the urbanized area using Geographical Information System (GIS) software.
Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:
1. Which barangays in the Municipality of Maramag, Bukidnon have the

highest and lowest population densities?
2. What is the Municipality of Maramag's projected population growth rate
over the next 25 years?
3. How densely populated is the Municipality of Maramag?
4
Objectives of the Study
Municipality of Maramag; specifically, the study will:
1) To describe the spatial profile of the population in the municipality;

2) To analyze spatial-temporal demographic changes in the municipality;
and
3) To determine the extent of urbanization in the municipality of Maramag
Significance of the Study
One of the implications of the concurrent study is that it will emphasize

the province's spatial awareness. As a first-class municipality, assessing
urbanization's spatial mobility within Maramag's numerous barangays is
crucial. Knowing where important areas for economic, social, and
environmental benefits are located in Maramag will assist the administrative
and legislative branches to create more stable and predictable conditions for
the province's development.
As a result, this data is critical for the Planning and Development Office
of the Local Government Unit to forecast population patterns throughout time.
Land development for residential, commercial, industrial, and other purposes
would be required by this population. The maps can show population density,
allowing the LGU to ensure that important services are delivered to these
regions.
With population density rising over time, the LGU can assess whether
other accessible locations can house the "additional" people, thereby reducing
congestion and other social risks associated with overcrowding. Also,
research and planning organizations may utilize the data as a comparison or
projection basis.
5
Additionally, the study hopes to help other students and future

researchers by providing them with the data and recommendations for future
studies.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of the study is confined to using the free source QGIS
software specifically to compare the urbanization in the Municipality of
Maramag. The results of the study largely depend on the information provided
and are limited to what is currently available on the internet. It is important to
note that the researcher does not individually classify the land use/land cover
(LULC) data, but rather utilizes the supplied LULC GeoTIFF scene files of
widely accessible Global Land Use/Land Cover time series from Esri's web-
based mapping software, particularly from the years 2018 and 2021 and
processed through Change Detection Analysis in SCP plugin.
The study looked at population density, population trends, and land
use/land cover change as indicators of urbanization. The research will not
require data such as gender and ratio, employment rate and unemployment
rate, and the population's status in terms of poverty's causal linkages to many
other forms of deprivation, such as access to health care and basic utilities
and educational services. The report does not include data from other
municipalities.
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Urbanization Phenomenon in Developing Countries:
Urbanization is the process where a corresponding city allows the

expansion of trade, employment rate, as well as job opportunities that often
lead to the increase of the population of such corresponding city. According to
National Geographic (2006), nearly half of the world's population currently
lives in cities where jobs in industry and the professions, as well as improved
educational and leisure possibilities, attract them.
Todaro (2007), layout his view as he argues that urbanization is not a

positive thing because it adds significantly to the city’s expansion and the
influx of immigrants, which in turn led to the rate of fertility and mortality
increased. Henderson (2002) also believes that urbanization might result in
overly high levels of urban population concentration, which can lead to a
reduction in interregional and intraregional infrastructure spending initially. He
does, however, point out that it is not always a negative thing because it
allows for more widespread economic activity. He advised correct investment
in interregional transport and telecommunications as a result of this. Cohen
(2006) continued to point out that a lot of urban settlers still live in much
smaller settlements, and that nearly all of the world's population increase is
projected to be centered in urban countries. He further says that the vast
majority of city inhabitants continue to live in much smaller urban settlements
and that he emphasizes that greater population density indicates cheaper per
capita infrastructure and basic service costs. However, despite the existing
fact he still claims that urban people have greater access to education and
health care on average.
In collaboration with Bilsborrow (1996), he further characterized

urbanization as one of the major aspects of the socio-economic development
7
process. He went on to say that internal migration is critical to operating in the

most effective manner possible. He noted that areas with a larger population,
such as Africa and Asia, were able to foresee growing urbanization is
somewhat related to spatial changes and the migration process of these
areas. However, Pugh (1995) refuted the notion that urbanization is beneficial
to society. Pugh agrees that Todaro, stating that urbanization also has its
economic and social consequences, forcing authorities to adopt regulations
that would help control transactions and improve the welfare of urban
countries.
Effects of urbanizing in Developing Countries
Gain excess and trade in the scope of urbanization of emerging nations

have shown a very strong link to the socio-economic state of the developing
country. Yuan and Guanghua (2015) explained that the more open and
expanding urban areas are the more gain surplus enters. As a result, the
development of measures would lead to a wide increase in domestic job
production that would lead to increases economic prosperity and worldwide
competitiveness.
Even though it looks promising, this is not considered a positive impact

since relaxed limitations might limit domestic gains and profits, putting
domestic revenues under strain, Yuan and Guanghua (2015) failed to see the
implication of urbanization on a municipal level for their focus on the global
aspect of urbanization.
However, Rhoads and Bird (1967). filled the gap and explained
urbanization on a municipal level. After studying the case of Columbia’s
“impuesto de valorizacion” Rhoads and Bird held a belief that when rapid
urbanization occurs it will put a tremendous strain on municipal finances for
the reason that funds are limited, and national governments cannot
immediately provide adequate assistance to increase financial capital
investment intended for heavy investments on roads, sewer, parks, schools,
and other infrastructure to accommodate the growing population and needs.
8
Rhoads and Bird theoretically explained that if a given situation can happen
there will be an inevitable increase in the tax like in the case of Columbia
where taxes collected to the people are made to provide municipal revenue
and can therefore decrease the daily income of each individual. Linn (1982)
also agrees and acknowledged that urbanization is a costly effort to
accommodate increasing population and demand. But given that fact its cost,
it is a vital option to improve and maximize resources.
Aside from the economic and global implications of urbanization, it also

has an environmental implication that can vastly affect the individual lives of
urban settlers. Jones (1991) stated that urbanization has a significant impact
on energy consumption since urbanization and economic development are
almost inextricably linked with industrialization. It has an immediate impact on
food distribution, agricultural usage, and large production use, resulting in a
rise in CO2 emissions. Jones' presentation of his study is primarily intended to
enlighten readers about the consequences of urbanization and the ratios of
energy consumption per capita and per dollar of GDP, but the study still lacks
areas that can help readers comprehend the specific implications of this on
each urban settle. The study was further elaborated by Martínez-Zarzoso &
Mariotti in the year 2011 and describes that “elasticity emission-urbanization
is positive for urbanizing places….” This means that there is a significantly
higher emission of CO2.
In the light of the excessive energy consumption Lu et al. (2016),

recommended that national governments and legal authorities should
establish policies that may help reduce energy consumption and CO 2
emissions while also adjusting the energy structure through technological
innovation. In addition to environmental implications, Aguayo et al., (2006)
also added that urbanization has a major influence on biodiversity because it
transforms natural ecosystems into asphalt and buildings, leaving only native
soil. There is also a major disruption in the marsh, where natural habitats and
aquatic species are being rapidly destroyed. All of this was due to a lack of
environmental awareness.
9
Urbanization challenges and opportunities

Urbanization is unavoidable, resulting in significant inequalities in each
urbanized area. Concerning challenges and opportunities of urbanization, In
the report of McDonnell & Pickett (1991), the degree of change varies
depending on the many arrays that result in natural, semi-natural, or human-
made ecosystems within a landscape. In terms of the ecosystem, their
findings reveal that many people believe that converting an environment into
an artificial ecosystem will have a negative influence on biodiversity, affecting
the lives of many animals and almost extinct plants. But the study is still
limited to the role of ecologists, and land implications and did not layout the
several effects of urbanization on a different scale of the ecosystem.
Human populations are densely concentrated on shorelines as well,

according to Burt et al. (2019), and this greatly impacts the biodiversity and
ecosystem of the shore because of the rising urbanization that is exerted to
increase strain on coastal ecosystems across the world. Rana and Bhatti
(2018) saw it as a necessary movement and sacrifice for the greater good of
the urban settlers. As they studied Lahore, Pakistan's progress of
urbanization, which is now treated as the country's second-largest
metropolitan area and the capital city of Punjab province, it is revealed that
even if there was increasing pressure on the administration in terms of
managing infrastructure and squatter settlements the city still pursues the
avenue of urbanization. However, the study of Rana and Bhatti only focuses
on the benefit of the society as a whole and thus neglects the potential danger
and harm those squatter settlers might experience during the transition.
Furthermore, Grant (2012) sees urbanization as a potential avenue for

illegal land squatters to find work and eventually meet their basic
requirements. There is an increase in work opportunities in the presence of
economic development expansion. Even while certain jobs need expertise,
there are still a lot of manual labor and informal jobs that poor people can
apply for. Sridhar & Venugopala (2011) also stated that human talents, skills,
awareness, and resources are very essential in facilitating improved
10
socioeconomic among people of the lower socioeconomic standing. However,

Grant (2012) still recommends and encourages people in poverty to invest in
skill development to compensate for the disruption of living that urbanization
had caused and to also change the quality of the labor market.
Urbanization in the Philippines
Narrowing down the implication of urbanization, many studies discuss

how different neighboring countries influence the Philippines to take a step
towards urbanization. Banzon-Bautista (1998) believes that urbanization has
a significant impact on Philippine culture. She claims that urbanization led to
numerous technical innovations, worldwide economic output, trade barrier
breakthroughs, and lifestyle changes among Filipinos, particularly in
developing societies. She also stated that urbanization has had a significant
influence on the Philippine economy by expanding the number of low-skilled
labor jobs, which has greatly increased opportunities for those living in
poverty. Banzon-Bautista’s study appears to be overly idealistic and
optimistic, failing to address real-world issues such as biodiversity and
geographical changes to which the Philippines as a whole must adjust.
Urbanization has a significant impact on infrastructure and structures to
enhance the likelihood of potential investors who will help with revenue
growth.
Pante (2019) uses Quezon City as an example of a city with

spectacular architecture and a master plan, but owing to past conflicts, this
city is the only one that cannot truly undergo dramatic changes to
accommodate the existing urbanization. As determined by Boquet (2017), he
stated that housing styles evolve, starting with the classic bamboo/nipa hut
and the urban stone to the wood home of the aristocracy, and more recently
patrimonial urban condos. But, because job opportunities in the country are
scarce and limited, particularly for those who live below the poverty line their
housing is never upgraded according to the recent trends bought to
urbanization.
11
The agriculture sector in the Philippines is the most affected by the

urbanization process and conversion. It has significantly reduced agriculture's
proportional distribution in the national economy. Agricultural jobs have vastly
declined and revealed large losses in terms of employment. Farm plots have
also shrunk in size as a result of urbanization, and agricultural areas have
been converted to urban usage (Bravo, 2017). When an agricultural
environment is transformed for urban use, it necessitates several physical
modifications.
Malaque & Yokohari (2007) strongly advocate for the preservation of

green open spaces throughout the adoption of urbanization through an
ecological planning strategy incorporating a mix of urban and agricultural land
uses so changes such as CO2 emission will vastly affect the whole population.
World Bank (2017) recommended in their policy paper there is one system
that can help attain order in terms of land administration. Such a method that
can help the transition and preservation of green open space land is the
Land administration and management (LAM) system. It is a vital infrastructure
management system that facilitates the effective functioning of land markets
that allow investments, and growth, enhance land allocation and develop
financial markets.
As mentioned earlier under Bravo, Chaves (2009) also agreed that like
agriculture, the fishery livelihood of people living in the coastal areas of
Mindanao revealed a spatial disparity. The majority of livelihood within the
coastal areas largely depends on fishing. However, for the past few years
fishing industry shows also a decline in production and income generation
making the livelihood projects decline together with the fishing income thus
increasing rates of poverty. Aguayo et al. (2006) also mentioned their
perceptions of various urbanization issues that have a significant impact on
the fishing livelihood and environment, such as oil spills, solid waste
mishandling, and reclamation projects that are linked to the decline in fish
stocks.
12
Implications of Urbanization in Sustainable Development
There is a growing concern on the issue of urbanization in correlation

with sustainability, Sadorsky (2014) stated that if we compare urbanization
utilizes energy much lesser than industrialization making urbanization more
feasible and sustainable for both improvements of economies. However,
according to Roberts & Kanaley (2006), urbanization and economic
development in Asia is hard to achieve but can be attainable. Given the
proposed hypothesis of Roberts and Kanaley, when the majority of Asia has
already reached its maximum potential in terms of economic development it
might result, in an increased pace of production, reduction of poverty,
commerce will skyrocket, and productivity growth will accelerate.
Spatial Analysis in Urban Studies
Spatial analysis is the analytical technique used to study geographic

phenomena and their associated spatial dimensions and attributes (Ismail,
2012). Spatial analysis frequently focuses on a finite region or bounded
segment, as well as spatial phenomena such as geographic variation,
affiliation, connection, and dispersion, which results in the standardization of
the proximity and continuity of events occurring within a local region (Yamada,
2009). Additionally, the spatial distribution of communities concerning
settlement locations is critical for health care delivery, resource allocation, and
economic development (Linard et al., 2012)
A geographic information system is one of the tools used in aiding an

efficient spatial analysis observation outcome. GIS is a database
management system that collects, manages, analyzes, and maps various
types of data. GIS enables the connection of data to a continent, incorporating
location information, where things are, with various kinds of comprehensive
data, and what life is like in those locations. This lays the groundwork for
visualization and monitoring, which help improve communication, strategic
planning, and decision-making (Esri Inc., 2019). The main value of GIS is the
capacity to do analysis. Spatial analysis is a process for modeling problems
13
globally, collecting data from computer processing, and exploring and

comparing outcomes. This research approach has proven to be highly
effective in determining the spatial suitability of certain locations for specific
purposes, estimating and predicting outcomes, evaluating and detecting
changes, and defining key patterns (Esri, 2018).
According to Soriano et. al, (2019), GIS is great tool technology that
provides advanced analytics and management techniques to spatially
interpret patterns, differences, and associations to make better decisions. The
use of remote sensing data and GIS technologies should also be considered
in the evaluation and monitoring of urban sprawl in ecologically valuable
areas, of their applicability and significance. GIS is a tool proven to be a
useful method for remote sensing to track urban development and the effect
of human activities on the landscape of forest reserves, national parks, or
protected areas.
Adding, in the study of Lodiana (2020), GIS was also utilized in

mapping the area and focused on the analytical function in Cagayan de Oro
City. The study was able to conclude through the use of GIS that the
urbanization of Cagayan de Oro City has changed over time as a result of
natural growth, migration, and urban development.
14
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The Municipality of Maramag (Figure. 1) is a first-class municipality

located in the Province of Bukidnon, Philippines. It is located approximately
158 kilometers, southeast of Cagayan de Oro City; 50 kilometers, south of
Malaybalay City, 152 kilometers, south of Davao City, and 281 kilometers
north of General Santos City. It has a land area of approximately 44,726
hectares.
Maramag is derived from the Manobo word "Ag Ramag," a shortened

word for "Ag Ramag Ki Dini," an invitation by Manobo which means "let us eat
our breakfast here." (Lalawigan ng Maramag, 2021). The dispersed houses of
Manobo in the area eventually developed into a community and by the entry
of Christians (LatLong, 2012). The municipality is composed of 20 Barangays
with a population of 108,293 people, representing 7.03% of the total
population of Bukidnon or 2.16% of the population of the Northern Mindanao.
Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 242 inhabitants
per square kilometer (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2021). The land profile of
Maramag consists of 44.0% (22,967 has) Alienable and Disposable Land (A &
D), while 56% (29,232 has) is classified as Timberland or Forestland
(Lalawigan ng Maramag, 2021).
Owing to its cold climate, the economy of Maramag is largely focused

on agriculture with an increasing added value of products through processing.
Maramag hosts agri-based industries for bananas and sugarcane. It has also
established ecotourism sites including resorts (LatLong, 2012).
15
16
Figure 1: Map layout of the Municipality of Maramag

16
Data Gathering
This research is primarily based on secondary data accessed,

encoded, and analyzed using different tools. Hence, to achieve the objectives
of the study, the following data were collected and processed:
Population
The population data per barangay was taken from the Philippine
Statistic Authority (PSA) website covering the censuses of 1980, 1990, 2000,
2010, and 2015, and 2020.
Area per barangay
Given that the research is GIS-based, the researcher obtained the area
per barangay from the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) Database (2012)
for the Municipality of Maramag. The boundaries were processed using the
QGIS software.
Population Density
Population density refers to how crowded or uncrowded a certain land

area. The calculated population density per barangay was computed using
the Arithmetic Density formula shown below:
Arithmetic Density ( hectare )=

person total individual population
land area
Land Use/Land Cover Data

Landsat data images have been utilized generally in land cover
analysis studies. The comparison of land cover changes is essential to this
study to detect the changes in Maramag land use-land cover for the periods
2018 and 2021. Raster data images were gathered from ArcGIS Online, Esri's
web-based mapping software. Esri's web-based mapping software allows
users to view Sentinel-2 Global Land Use/Land Cover map's 10-meter
resolution GeoTIFF files created by Esri, Microsoft, and Impact Observatory
each year. The map is based on ESA Sentinel-2 imagery, the picture shows a
17
composite of land use/land cover estimations for nine classes for each year
between 2018 and 2021 (Karra, Kontgis, et al., 2021).
Spatial Data Processing
Calculations of population projections and mapping using the GIS

application software QGIS are the major approaches used in this study.
Generating Population Density Map per Barangay

The shapefiles (.shp) obtained from the Global Administrative Areas
were used to create the urbanization map. These are imported into the QGIS
software to locate the administrative barangays of Maramag. The population
data per barangay and the barangay land area is critical in this study to
calculate the population density per barangay censuses from 1980, 1990,
2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Density can be computed by dividing the
population by the land area. The computed population density is entered into
the attribute table to classify the population density range.
The population density of each barangay is categorized as high,

moderate, or low. The PSA definition of an urban center is defined as a
population density of at least 1000 persons per square kilometer. Table 1
shows the categories used to categorize population density to get the low to
high population density, as shown in (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2021).
Table 1. Criteria for generating the low to high population density

Category Population density
Low-density population <499 persons/sq km
Moderate-density population >500 to 1000 persons/sq km
High-density population >1001 persons/sq km
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

18
A classified color symbology map legend in the QGIS application is

used to depict the range of population density categories, i.e. the deeper the
color, the denser the population. In this way, the map gives the viewer an
immediate idea of the population density and distribution of the municipality of
Maramag.
Land use/Land Cover Change Detection Analysis (CDA)

The comparison of land cover changes of two obtained Land cover
maps dated 2018 and 2021 downloaded from Esri's web-based mapping
software are processed through Change Detection Analysis (CDA) using the
QGIS software's Semi-Automated Classification plugin (SCP). SCP provides a
comprehensive set of tools for satellite image processing, ranging from pre- to
post-processing. (Geographic Innovations for development solutions, Inc.,
2021). The downloaded Global Land Use/Land Cover maps for 2018 and
2021 are clipped by the Maramag shapefile (shp.) in QGIS to be able to locate
the desired study area. The clipped maps of the two datasets are then used
for CDA. A number of steps were carried out in CDA to get the desired
results as illustrated in the diagram below Figure 2.
Step 6.
Change Detection Step 5.
Analysis Repeat steps 1-3
CDA in SCP
on CD map
Step 4. Step 7.
Step 1. Polygonize
(raster to vector) Rasterize (vector Join table and
to raster) Dissolve
Step 2.
Edit (geometry Step 3. Step 8.
and attribute Dissolve Field Calculator
table)
Figure 2. Change Detection Process for generating LULC change

Source: Geographic Innovations for development solutions, Inc., Handouts (2021)
19
The CDA process applied in this study as illustrated in Figure 2, is explained

simply below.
 Step 1. Polygonize (raster to vector): The raster LULC data of 2018
and 2021 is converted to a vector to get the geometric area of each
change in identified land classes.
 Step 2. Edit (geometry and attribute table): The geometry and

attribute table of the vectorized data for 2018 and 2021 are manually
edited by creating additional class fields in the attribute, with class
names of the values of shapefiles. Note that the value of the classified
class “cloud” polygon present in the raw datasets is compared and
identified in google earth with its corresponding years and then was
reclassed to Trees based on the observed land cover image in google
earth.
 Step 3. Dissolve: To reduce the number of polygons susceptible to a

subsequent process, the updated class field is dissolved.
 Step 4. Rasterize (vector to raster): The vectorized maps of 2018

and 2021 are converted back to a raster image.
 Step 5. CDA in SCP: In the SCP post-processing, the modified raster

data images of the two datasets are subjected to land cover analysis.
This procedure generates an output picture of LULC change from the
merged data sets as well as spreadsheet information on LULC class
changes.
 Step 6. Repeat steps 1-3 on the CD map: To summarize the findings

for further reporting, the output LULC map of the two data sets is
repeated from steps 1-3.
 Step 7. Join table and Dissolve: This is done to finalize the results by
incorporating the spreadsheet with the shapefiles.
 Step 8. Field Calculator: This is necessary for the process to

calculate the coverage of classes. Units should be in hectares. It
should be noted that the alterations in built-up areas in Maramag are
20
the primary focus of this study. As a result, the research only reports
the LULC change in built-up areas of the municipality.
There were six (6) land classes identified based on the LULC change
of Maramag, from the merged raster data images between 2018 and 2021. As
follows:
 Water: Areas where water was present with little to no sparse

vegetation, no rock outcrops, and no built-up structures such as docks
(Karra, Kontgis, et al., 2021).
 Trees: Any major clustering of tall (15 feet or higher) dense vegetation,
typically with a closed or dense cover (Karra, Kontgis, et al., 2021)
 Flooded vegetation: Areas of any type of vegetation with apparent
water intermixing for most of the year. A seasonally flooded region with
a mix of grass, shrubs, trees, and barren ground (Karra, Kontgis, et al.,
2021)
 Crops: Humans planted/plotted cereals, grasses, and crops not at tree
height; examples: corn, wheat, soy, and fallow plots of structured land
(Karra, Kontgis, et al., 2021)
 Built Area: Man-made structures; significant road and rail networks;
large homogeneous impervious surfaces such as parking structures,
office buildings, and residential dwellings; examples include residences
and dense villages/towns/ cities, paved roads, and asphalt (Karra,
Kontgis, et al., 2021)
 Rangeland: Open grasslands with little to no higher growth; wild
cereals and grasslands with no visible human plotting (Karra, Kontgis,
et al., 2021).
LULC of Built-up areas per barangay

The modified vector data sets for 2018 and 2021 are used in this part
of the analysis. The attribute table values for built-up areas were selected and
saved in the directories. The shapefiles of Maramag barangays were utilized
to clip the built-up areas per barangay in Maramag between 2018 and 2021.
21
The built-up in 2021 was then overlaid in 2018 built-up areas. This was done
to be able to visualize the spread of built-up areas to its barangays.
Calculating Population Growth rate
The population growth rate as cited on the Philippine Statistics

Authority website was calculated using the formula shown below:
(Vpresent −Vpast )
PR= x 100
Vpast
Where:
PR = Percent Rate
VPresent = Present or Future Value
VPast = Past or Present Value
The annual percentage growth rate is simply the percent growth

divided by N, the number of years. While the formula to calculate the future
population given the current population and a growth rate is:
n
PopFuture =Pop present x (l+ i)
Where:
Poppresent = Present Population
i = Growth Rate
n = Number of Periods
The obtained data sets were visualized as graphs, maps, and tables.
22
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The primary goal of this research is to assess the level of urbanization

in the Municipality of Maramag. This chapter is organized into the following:
spatial distribution of the population, demographic spatial-temporal analysis,
and the extent of urbanization in the Municipality of Maramag.
Spatial Profile of the Population: Municipality of Maramag
Figure 3 highlights the spatial profile of the concentration of population

in the municipality of Maramag in the year 2020. The level of urbanization or
the high population density in the area is observed to be mainly concentrated
in the center of Maramag, the North and the South Poblacion. The people
that lived in rural or low population density areas were shown to have
dominated the major portion of the municipality. These visual observations will
be further analyzed in the following discussions to understand how densely or
sparsely distributed the population is in Maramag, Bukidnon’s Municipality.
23
Figure 3. Municipality of Maramag Spatial profile of Population in census 2020
The Municipality of Maramag is administratively divided into 20

barangays. According to the Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC)
on the Philippine Statistics Authority website, the Municipality contains 8
urban areas and 12 rural areas, as presented in Table 2, highlighting the
overall population density of urban/rural barangays in the Municipality of
Maramag census 2020.
The Barangay North and South Poblacion has the largest total
population in census 2020, which supports the apparent highest population
density shown in Figure 3 and is classed as one of the eight classified
municipality's urban centers. Densities in these areas are often made up of
mixed infrastructure, such as residential, commercial, administrative, and
institutional structures, resulting in high levels of urban congestion. While
Anahawon is the municipality's least populous urban barangay with 2,854
people it accounts for just 20% of North Poblacion's total population but ranks
second in terms of density to South Poblacion due to its smaller total land
area. The Maramag Municipal Hall is also located in Anahawon, it was once
located in North Poblacion but due to its limited area, the local government
has decided to relocate to Barangay Anahawon.
The barangay Dologon is next to North Poblacion in terms of

population size but with a lower population density than in barangay
Anahawon, this explains the large land area of Dologon which is dominated
by open space. Dologon is the oldest and is one of the largest barangay in the
municipality of Maramag. In fact, this area is home to Central Mindanao
University (CMU), Mindanao's largest State University. The barangay also
serves as a passage between BUSCO and Quezon City. Furthermore, with
just 146 people per square kilometer, Dagumbaan is the least urban barangay
in terms of population density. Dagumbaan has largely agricultural land areas,
and the people who live there are mostly involved in agricultural activity.
24
Based on the new definition of urban barangays (CPH, 2010), on the

Philippine Statistics Authority website that an urban barangay is classified as
urban if it meets any of the following categories; “First, if it has a population
size of 5,000 or more, secondly if it has at least one establishment with a
minimum of 100 employees, and lastly if it has five or more establishments
with 10 to 99 employees, and five or more facilities within the two-kilometer
radius from the barangay hall. A barangay that does not satisfy any of the
criteria above is classified as rural.” A majority of the urban barangays in 2020
in the municipality were classified under Category 1, excluding barangay
Anahawon having 2,854 people only. All of the 8 classified urban barangays
in the municipality fall under categories 2 and 3.
Furthermore, among the municipality's 12 classified rural barangays,

Panadtalan has the highest overall population and density, followed by San
Roque and Kiharong, while Bagongsilang has the smallest population size
with only 1,024 people. However, the population density in the barangays of
Bayabason and Tubigon is the lowest, with just 6 and 4 people per square
kilometer, respectively. This might be due to physiological restrictions, such
as having highland terrain or a lack of accessible water. Agricultural land
predominated in these rural barangays, and a lack of infrastructures in some
areas, particularly in areas distant from major roads, were some of the
factors of Maramag’s rural areas having a low-density population. Maramag's
urbanization has been slow due to the municipality's population size and the
presence of numerous rural areas. However, changes in the population size,
distribution, and density in both rural and urban barangays in the municipality
will eventually place increasing demands for more agricultural land, energy,
and other forest products. Resulting in extensive land-use changes and urban
spatial expansion.
The presence of numerous both rural and low population density in the
municipality show slow urbanization in Maramag. However, changes in
population growth, distribution, and density in the municipality would
eventually increase the demand for additional agricultural land, energy, and
25
other forest products. As a result, major land-use changes and urban spatial
expansion may happen.
Table 2. Highest to lowest total Population density of Urban/Rural Barangays

in the Municipality of Maramag, Bukidnon Census 2020
MARAMAG BARANGAYS POPULATION DENSITY URBAN/RURAL
North Poblacion 14,357 1,555 Urban

South Poblacion 13,190 1,168 Urban
Anahawon 2,854 512 Urban
Camp I 5,773 357 Urban
Dologon 13,828 307 Urban
San Miguel 7,190 240 Urban
Base Camp 8,743 172 Urban
Dagumba-an 8,720 146 Urban
Panadtalan 5,366 634 Rural
San Roque 3,604 206 Rural
Kiharong 1,625 203 Rural
Kisanday 2,770 199 Rural
Colambugan 2,274 192 Rural
Panalsalan 2,450 110 Rural
Kuya 4,770 58 Rural
La Roxas 2,384 51 Rural
Bagongsilang 1,024 49 Rural
Danggawan 1,897 37 Rural
Bayabason 2,994 6 Rural
Tubigon 2,480 4 Rural
Source: Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC)
26
Demographic Spatial-temporal Analysis
This part of the results includes all of the GIS maps of the population
densities of Maramag barangay censuses from 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010,
2015, and 2020. Population density indicates how populous or sparse an area
is. Each barangay's population density is classed as high, moderate, or low,
and is represented by a color symbology of population density range
categories, i.e. the darker the color, the denser the population as shown in
Figures 4 to 9.
Excluding the North and South Poblacion having a low population

density in 1980, it is important to note that in the year 1980 there is no
population data for the barangays Anahawon, Bagongsilang, Base-camp,
Bayabason, Camp-1, Colambugon, Dagumba-an, Danggawan, Dologon,
Kiharong, Kisanday, Kuya, La Roxas, Panadtalan, Panalsalan, San Miguel,
San Roque and Tubigon, since they did not exist at the time.
Figure 4. The population density in Maramag Barangays, Census 1980

27
The population density in the North and South Poblacion increased

from low to moderate over ten years from 1980 to 1990, as illustrated in
Figure 5. In the year 1990, the population of Maramag began to grow and is
concentrated mostly on the north and south sides of the Poblacion. The
densely populated barangays of the municipality are shown to be started to
concentrate either near rivers or in generally flat to slightly sloping areas of
the municipality.
The population density in the year 2000 is shown in map Figure 6. The
density in the North Poblacion has grown to a high population density, while
the density in the South Poblacion has remained stable at a moderate level.
The rise in its population density might be due to development, migration, or
natural birth in the municipality. Maramag is a mixture of tribal origins.
Individuals in Maramag communicate in many dialects/languages, which
supports the claims that migration is one of the factors contributing to the
28
municipality's population growth. The first occupants of Maramag, according

to historical accounts, were Manobos and Maranaos. Over time, Christians
began to arrive and establish themselves in the area. The Cebuano language
was widely spoken in the area. Lumads, on the other hand, may still be found
in some areas of Maramag. According to Chaves (2009), migration has
increased urban-rural spatial inequality since people seek business
opportunities and high-quality education in urban centers.
The significant increase in population density in barangay North

Poblacion has extended to its neighboring barangay South Poblacion, as
seen in Figure 7. The population density in the South Poblacion grew from
moderate in 2000 to high in 2010. The large increase in population density in
both locations is related to their geographical location. As a connecting point
of the Bukidnon’s major national highways to other parts of Mindanao, which
has then boosted its economy. This is expected for an urbanizing area where
opportunities for work and other economic activities could be created. Grant
29
(2012) pointed out there is an increase in work opportunities in the presence

of economic development expansion than in rural areas. The significant
increase in the population density of these areas is so because it was in the
center of the municipality where locations and sites of various infrastructure
have drawn people to in-migrate into the center of the municipality. Setting
high concentration pressures on the population in these areas.
The Population density for the years 2015 and 2020 shows a constant
population density, as presented in Figures 8 and 9. The growth in population
density in Barangay Panadtalan and Anahawon from low to moderate is
attributed to the dispersion of people residing in the North and South
Poblacion. The high population density in North and South Poblacion causes
overcrowding, therefore people have moved to nearby barangays to live.
Panadtalan and Anahawon are mostly residential areas, the populations of
these barangays are expected to grow since people prefer to live in locations
30
with easy access to infrastructure (i.e., roads), and thus can be reached by
the government for the delivery of essential social services. The main
concentration of the population occurs in the plain areas in the municipality.
Moreover, around 16 of its barangays have low population density which
spans a large percentage of the municipality. This might be due to
physiological constraints such as elevation or water scarcity.
The overall map of the population density in the Municipality from 1990
to 2020 is shown to be mainly concentrated in the Municipalities’ urban center
and eventually began to spread to its nearby areas. However, the majority of
the barangays in the Municipality are shown to be sparsely populated. The
adverse physical conditions and absence of adequate means of livelihood are
might be one of the reasons responsible for low inhabitation in some areas in
Maramag. Further, one of the major causes of the growth in population
density in the Municipality is economic development, migration, and natural
birth.
31

32
Population Growth of Maramag Bukidnon
Figure 10 presents the annual estimated population growth rate and

the trend in population in the municipality of Maramag Bukidnon. The data
from the National Statistics Office show a variable pattern of growth and
decline in the Maramags population. There is an increasing trend in
population in the municipality of Maramag Bukidnon. The increase is
significant from 1980 to 2010 and then continues to increase in 2020. Being
considered a first-class municipality in the Province of Bukidnon, Maramag
boasts its agricultural importance to the development of the province. This has
led to a significant increase in its population over the years.
Based on the calculation of population projection, the municipality of

Maramag Bukidnon’s population will continue to increase in 2020. The
population continued to increase by as much as 71,559 individuals over 40
years, from 36,734 people in 1980 to 108,293 people in 2020. Although there
33
is an apparent increase in its population. The Population growth rate of the

municipality tells somewhat a different story. The growth rate is reduced
dramatically from 4.19 percent in 1990 to roughly 1.25 percent in 2020. Part of
the reason for this, according to the World Population Review (2022), is the
increased use of contraceptives and modern family planning methods in the
Philippines. After a period of decline, Maramag’s population has still been
rising over time. Changes in growth rate and population are also a result of
changing land use and land cover. Population density decreases as the
number of inhabitants decreases owing to the shift from residential to
commercial. The North Poblacion for instance is one of the barangays in the
municipality that has a great number of settlements in its early years, but it is
now largely of commercial areas which shows inhabitants tend to move to
other places adjacent to the area.
Due to the increase in population and development, extensive land-use

changes and urban spatial expansion are likely to occur in Maramag. This
study requires a spatial analysis of the extent of urbanization in terms of Land
use and Land cover (LULC) of built-up areas in the municipality of Maramag,
which is addressed on the following page.
Annual population growth rate and total population in the

Municipality of Maramag
Number of Individuals
120,000 4.50%
Percent growth rate
4.00%
100,000
3.50%
80,000 3.00%
2.50%
60,000
2.00%
40,000 1.50%
1.00%
20,000
0.50%
0 0.00%
1980 May 1 1990 May 1 2000 May 1 2010 May 1 2015 Aug 1 2020 May 1
Figure 10. Annual population growth rate and trend in Maramag, Bukidnon
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
34
Spatial Distribution of LULC Change in Maramag
The spatial distribution of the LULC Change in Maramag is presented

in Table 3. The Historical Land use and Land cover (LULC) change statistics
are essential information to analyze land use’s temporal and spatial changes
in the Municipality. The built-up areas in the municipality have expanded
slowly over the last four years. The built-up areas had a noticeable increase,
showing spatial patterns of population increase with a 0.8% growth in 2018
and 2021. The concentration of built-up areas in Maramag is mostly found in
places that are near highways. Most of the built-up expansion in low-density
areas is the conversion of open space to industrial use or residential.
However, an opposing downtrend of three (3) LULCs was observed in 2021
from 2018 (i.e. crops, water, and rangeland).
Croplands still cover half of the municipality’s land cover based on the
statistics shown in Table 3 and is visually seen in the map in Figure 12. Based
on its economic profile, Maramag boasts of its agricultural importance to the
development of Bukidnon province. Maramag has the Crystal Sugar
Corporation with a rated capacity of 6,000 tons per day. As of 1999, the total
area planted for sugarcane was 20,500 hectares, which ranked as the number
one crop. Corn is the municipality's second-largest crop, with 10,800 hectares
planted, while rice is the municipality's third-largest crop, with 4,900 hectares
irrigated. But their area has a slight decrease in 2021 from 2018 a quantity of
cropland adjacent to the road began to be converted to urban built-up areas,
and several crops from different areas in Maramag have converted to tress,
as observed in Figure 12.
Water covers just 1.05 percent of the total land area of the municipality
in 2021, down from 1.13 percent in 2018. The decrease in its Water has
contributed to a 0.07 percent of flooded vegetation increase in the area, this
might be due to the frequent rainfall in the municipality throughout the year.
Water coverage in the area is dominated by a few man-made ponds and the
Pulangi River and stream system. Further, bodies of water abound the area,
35
the Baguic-ican River in the east, flowing downstream as a tributary of the

Muleta River that drains in the South to Don Carlos; and the Maramag River
whose tributaries upstream originate from the central portion of the
municipality, which flows further towards the Pulangi River. Another tributary
to the Pulangi River that flows within the area is the Kibalagon Creek and the
Kulaman River, both found in the North East. Only Pulangi Watershed is
identified to influence the availability of water resources in Maramag.
Nevertheless, because water covers such a tiny area in the municipality, only
a minor trend of change was discovered as observed in Figures 11 and 12.
Contrary to the amount of change in water, the rangeland in the

municipality was significantly reduced to 1.54 percent in 2021 from 3.87
percent in 2018, half of the change in rangeland was shown to be dominated
by Forest areas as seen in Figure 12. Maramag has a Type IV climate, which
means that rainfall is very equally distributed throughout the year. It is one of
the factors that contribute to the biological and physical diversity of its
environment. The municipality plays a vital role in the protection of the
Bukidnon Watershed. According to the official website of the municipal
government of Maramag, thirty percent of the land, approximately 17,340
hectares, of Maramag has been designated as forest land. Moreover, the
Kalatungan Mountains dominate the landscape of Maramag in the northwest,
and the active Musuan volcano. The Municipality’s southern section is
classified as slightly mountainous.
Table 3. Landuse/ land cover trend for 2018 and 2021 in Maramag, Bukidnon
LAND CLASS LULC 2018 LULC 2021 INCREASE/DECREASE

CROPS 79.26% 78.92% Decreased
TREES 10.08% 11.96% Increased
BUILT-UP 5.61% 6.41% Increased
RANGELAND 3.87% 1.54% Decreased
WATER 1.13% 1.05% Decreased
FLOODED 0.04% 0.11% Increased
36
VEGETATION
Figure 11. Landuse/land cover map in 2018 in the Municipality of Maramag
Figure 12. Landuse/land cover map in 2021 in the Municipality of Maramag

35
37
Extent Urbanization in the Municipality of Maramag
Focusing on the increase of built-up land cover area in the Municipality,

the intersected Landsat data of built-up change between 2018 and 2021
generated in the SCP of QGIS in the municipality of Maramag, is shown in the
graph below (Figure 13). Crops have the greatest number of areas converted
to built-up areas. However, several built-up areas have converted also to
croplands in 2021. This might be due to the migration of people from areas
that have access near roads and highways the same way to the small amount
of built-up converted to rangelands. The tress is quite numerous in the year
2021 and confines mainly at Mt. Kalatungan Range and mostly dominated the
rangelands as shown in Figure 12. Built-up conversions to trees are second to
the significant amount of change from crops to built-up. The change in built-up
to water is just nearly equal to the change in the water body to built-up.
The overall graphs show that there is a land-use conversion from built-
up to other land classes to meet the need for residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional, and other non-agricultural land use. The graphs also
indicate several built-ups have converted to other land classes, this shows
that these changes depend on the land uses and the preferences of people
regarding their way of living and due to road widening people are forced to
move in relocation areas given by the local government.
Built-up changed between 2018 and 2021

Built-up to Rangeland 60
Land class
Built-up to Water 1,140

Water to Built-up 1,290
Rangeland to Built-up 3,430
Built-up to Trees 17,200
Trees to Built-up 26,710
Built-up to Crops 97,810
Crops to Built-up 340,970
Built-up (No change) 1,682,840
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Areas in ha.
Figure 13. Generated Landsat data in the SCP between 2018 and 2021 of
Land use and Land cover (LULC) change of Maramag (value in ha).
38
Spatial distributions of built-up areas per barangay
The extent of built-up in the Municipality is shown in Table 4 and is

illustrated in a map in Figure 14 to understand the LULC change of built-up in
Maramag. The table shows both the total area of built-up per
barangay between the two periods and the percentage change from the 2018
LULC as the baseline scenario for 2021. This Built-up is composed of man-
made structures; significant road and rail networks; large homogeneous
impervious surfaces such as parking structures, office buildings, and
residential dwellings; examples include residences and dense villages/towns/
cities, paved roads, and asphalt (Karra, Kontgis, et al., 2021). From the year
2018 to 2021, each of the municipality's barangays has seen a growth in built-
up development.
The highest percentage increase in built-up areas is in Barangay

Bagongsilang, one of the rural barangays in the municipality of Maramag.
Despite the low population count of 1,024 people in census 2020 and a
population density of 49 persons per square kilometer. The majority of the
people of Barangay Bagongsilang is involved in agriculture and seldom
moves their house during normal periods, population shifts have occurred,
primarily for economic reasons. This is followed by barangay Kisanday,
Colambugan, Camp-1, Panalsalan and Danggawan with an increase of 48%,
37%, 30%, 28%, 26% respectively. The barangays mentioned above have
shown a greater significant increase within 4 years considering that these
barangays are reportedly in a remote area of the Municipality, although Camp
1 and Colambugan are an exception as these areas are located mainly along
the national highway. The built-up has expanded from vegetation to road and
settlement infrastructure. Barangay Camp-1 and Colambugan is on the main
road and has significant economic possibilities for development as a trading
area with stores and services. The development of these areas is moderately
dense and is characterized mainly by settlements and agricultural
developments.
39
The barangays that have less than a 10% increase are as follows;
Dologon at 8%, Kiharong at 9%, South Poblacion at 9%, and North Poblacion
with the lowest increase of 5%. This increase was due to the construction of
urban buildings in the area. The total built-up area in the Barangay Kisanday
is primarily under-developed but may receive future industrial growth. The
Barangay Dologon, South and North Poblacion has the largest developed
built-up areas in the Municipality and is characterized by dense urban
development. The low increase of built-up development in these areas
throughout the study period is due to the limited spaces in the area, the
present buildings in the North and South Poblacion are focused on renovating
for economic development.
The overall results of the spatial distributions of built-up areas per

barangay in the municipality show that the built-up areas in Maramag are
slowly expanding through the rural areas of the Municipality. As observed in
the LULC map in Figure 13, the significant growth in built-up areas in
Maramag follows a linear pattern along with major transportation networks
such as national highways. The transportation system is one of the supporting
factors driving the rise in built-up development. Based on previous
discussions on the Maramags population, it is obvious that the Maramags
population is expanding annually. It indicates a direct relationship between
population growth and urbanization. Although the built-up area is substantially
lower in comparison to other Municipalities in the Province of Bukidnon, it will
eventually affect the existing LULC pattern in Maramag for demand for
products and services to sustain the expanding population in the coming
years.
40
Table 4. Percent increase of built-up areas per barangay between 2018 and
2021 in the Municipality of Maramag.
Areas in ha.
Barangays Percent % Increase
2018 2021
Bagongsilang 17.24 26.87 56%
Kisanday 28.02 41.59 48%
Colambugan 28.09 38.55 37%
Camp I 109.3 141.70 30%

3
Panalsalan 22.50 28.73 28%
Danggawan 26.96 34.08 26%
Base Camp 111.6 135.13 21%

2
Tubigon 30.81 37.01 20%
Anahawon 70.43 83.16 18%
Panadtalan 85.97 100.78 17%
San Miguel 88.71 103.40 17%
Kuya 105.7 122.31 16%

9
Dagumba-an 114.3 129.29 13%
5
Bayabason 60.87 68.03 12%
La Roxas 44.17 48.69 10%
San Roque 33.00 36.18 10%
Kiharong 165.7 181.37 9%

5
South Poblacion 21.48 23.49 9%
Dologon 381.2 410.26 8%

7
North Poblacion 251.6 263.57 5%
5
Figure 14. Extent of built-up in 2018 and 2021 in the Municipality of Maramag Barangays 41
42
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
The research was carried out in the municipality of Maramag in

Bukidnon on May 21, 2022, with data collected in the final week of May 2020.
municipality of Maramag; specifically, the study will: 1.) generate the spatial
profile of the population in the municipality; 2.) analyze spatial-temporal
demographic changes in the municipality, and 3.) determine the extent of
urbanization in the municipality of Maramag
The spatial profile, spatial-temporal demographic changes, and extent

of urbanization in the municipality of Maramag were determined and
visualized using Qgis software, and the data were analyzed in Excel. The
collected data for the total population were obtained by the Philippines
Statistic Authority (PSA). The based map of population density was calculated
using Arithmetic Density and total population census basis for Population
Trend. The LULC change data raster images used to evaluate the extent of
urbanization in Maramag were obtained from Esri's web-based mapping
program ArcGIS Online and are processed through Change Detection
Analysis in the SCP plugin in Qgis.
The findings of the study show that the level of urbanization is

observed to be mainly concentrated in the center of Maramag, the North and
the South Poblacion have the highest population density. The people that
lived in low population density areas were shown to have dominated the major
portion of the municipality. The Municipality contains 8 urban areas and 12
rural areas. The presence of numerous both rural and low population density
in the municipality show slow urbanization in Maramag. Although there is an
43
apparent increase in its population of 71,559 individuals over 40 years, from

36,734 people in 1980 to 108,293 people in 2020. The Population growth rate
is reduced dramatically from 4.19 percent in 1990 to roughly 1.25 percent in
2020. However, changes in population growth, distribution, and density in the
municipality would eventually increase the demand for additional agricultural
land, energy, and other forest products. As a result, major land-use changes
and urban spatial expansion may happen.
The spatial distribution of the LULC Change in Maramag is shown to

have an increase in built-up areas. The crops, water, and rangeland are
observed to have decreased in 2021 from 2018. Based on the calculation of
the area of built-up areas in the Municipality of Maramag it can be concluded
that the Municipality has experienced an increase in built-up land that varies
every time. This increase was due to the construction of urban buildings in the
form of shopping centers, settlements, and road networks so it is always
necessary to carry out monitoring so that development is in accordance with
city planning.
44
Conclusions
Urbanization is an inevitable process. Based on the findings of the

study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The level of urbanization is observed to be mainly concentrated in the

center of Maramag, the North and the South Poblacion have the highest
population density.
2. Low population density is shown to have dominated the major portion of
the municipality.
3. The Municipality contains 8 urban areas and 12 rural areas.
4. Although there is an apparent increase in its population of 71,559
individuals over 40 years, from 36,734 people in 1980 to 108,293
people in 2020. The Population growth rate is reduced dramatically from
4.19 percent in 1990 to roughly 1.25 percent in 2020.
5. The Municipality of Maramag is experiencing urbanization, as
demonstrated by population density and land cover.
6. There were four LULCs in 2018 were converted to built-up areas in
2021, with croplands accounting for the largest conversion of built-up
with a total of 3,409.7 sq.km., and a 267.1 sq. km. of trees, as well as
34.4 sq. km. of rangeland, and 12.9 square kilometers of the waterbody.
7. Based on the calculation of the area of built-up areas in the Municipality
of Maramag it can be concluded that the Municipality has experienced an
increase in built-up land that varies every time.
8.
45
Recommendations
The study recommends that:
1. The LULC change data images of the landcover collected from Esri's
web-based mapping software (ArcGIS Online) a global map of land
use/land cover (LULC) derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10m
resolution, must be examined owing to the creator’s point of view the
digitization of the landcover. To obtain more precise statistics, it is
advised that the land class should be personally classified using the SCP
plugin.
2. This study has identified the spatial distribution of the population,
demographic spatial-temporal analysis, and the extent of urbanization in
the Municipality of Maramag. This will then help urban planners in
preparing the land-use plan, providing better and more efficient basic
amenities, and eliminating problems such as overcrowding and other
urban problems in the municipality.
3. Additionally, the study will help future researchers with the provided data
and recommendations for future studies.
46
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54
Appendices
54
Appendix Table 1. Total Population per Barangay in the Municipality of Maramag Bukidnon
Barangay Population Population Population Population Population Population Growth Population

(1980) (1990) (2000) (2010) (2015) (2020) Rate Projection
(2015-2020) (2025)
Anahawon 1,367 1,928 2,350 3,016 2,854 -1.16 3,376
Bagongsilang 895 1,101 1,041 1,045 1,024 -0.43 1,170
Base Camp 3,383 5,502 6,905 7,569 8,743 3.08 8,473
Bayabason 1,410 1,959 2,370 2,737 2,994 1.91 3,064
Camp I 2,894 3,493 4,416 4,852 5,773 3.73 5,431
Colambugan 1,668 1,669 1,761 1,916 2,274 3.67 2,145
Dagumba-an 5,917 6,082 7,134 7,638 8,720 2.83 8,550
Danggawan 685 1,075 1,587 1,680 1,897 2.59 1,881
Dologon 7,445 10,757 11,747 14,093 13,828 -0.40 15,776
Kiharong 1,279 1,537 1,752 1,768 1,625 -1.76 1,979
Kisanday 2,770 2,610 2,620 2,599 2,770 1.35 2,909
Kuya 2,303 3,911 4,294 4,819 4,770 -0.21 5,395
La Roxas 1,828 2,256 2,191 2,430 2,384 -0.40 2,720
North Pob. 4,300 6,448 9,518 12,352 14,799 14,357 -0.64 16,566
55
Panadtalan 2,184 3,053 3,983 4,774 5,366 2.49 5,344

Panalsalan 1,295 1,817 2,194 2,344 2,450 0.94 2,624
San Miguel 2,696 4,642 5,942 6,518 7,190 2.09 7,296
San Roque 1,803 2,325 2,952 3,126 3,604 3.04 3,499
South Pob. 3,230 6,118 8,253 11,408 12,165 13,190 1.72 13,618
Tubigon 1,262 1,609 1,902 2,201 2,480 2.54 2,464
56
Apendix Table 2. Population Density Per Barangay using Arithmetic Density
Barangay Land Area (sq Population Population Population Population Population Population
km) Density Density Density Density Density Density
(persons/sq (persons/sq (persons/sq (persons/sq (persons/sq (persons/sq
km) 1980 km) 1990 km) 2000 km) 2010 km) 2015 km) 2020
Anahawon 5.5646 0 246 346 422 542 512

Bagongsilan 21.0185 0 43 52 50 50 49
g
Base Camp 50.77452 0 67 108 136 149 172
Bayabason 655.29 0 2 3 4 4 6
Camp I 16.186 0 179 216 273 300 357
Colambugan 11.8712 0 140 141 148 161 192
Dagumba-an 59.58 0 99 102 120 128 146
Danggawan 50.7069 0 13 21 31 33 37
Dologon 44.9459 0 166 239 261 313 307
Kiharong 7.9847 0 160 192 219 221 203
Kisanday 13.9404 0 199 187 188 186 199
Kuya 81.5545 0 28 48 53 59 58
57
La Roxas 46.8252 0 39 48 47 52 51
North Pob. 9.2346 466 698 1,031 1,338 1,603 1,555
Panadtalan 8.4634 0 258 361 471 564 634
Panalsalan 22.3445 0 58 81 98 105 110
San Miguel 30.0175 0 90 155 198 217 240
San Roque 17.5332 0 103 133 168 178 206
South Pob. 11.295 286 542 731 1,010 1,077 1,168
Tubigon 562.56 0 2 3 3 4 4

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SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF

MARINELA GEM CASONA DAUMAR

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

College of Forestry and Environmental Science

The undergraduate thesis proposal attached hereto entitled, “SPATIAL

ANGELA GRACE I. TOLEDO-BRUNO

ANGELA GRACE I. TOLEDO-BRUNO Date

IDA V. MAGHUYOP Date

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

ALEX S. OLPENDA Date

JUPITER V. CASAS Date

The author holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental

MARINELA GEM C. DAUMAR

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

DAUMAR, MARINELA GEM C. Bachelor of Science in Environmental

Adviser: ERIC N. BRUNO, M.Sc., EnP

Background of the study

Urbanization is considered one of the most important issues in the

As the population of the municipality of Maramag in Bukidnon grows,

Statement of the Problem

The Municipality of Maramag is one of the municipalities in Bukidnon

The municipality of Maramag is now increasing in terms of population,

The purpose of this study is to conduct a digital mapping analysis of

1. Which barangays in the Municipality of Maramag, Bukidnon have the

Objectives of the Study

1) To describe the spatial profile of the population in the municipality;

Significance of the Study

One of the implications of the concurrent study is that it will emphasize

Additionally, the study hopes to help other students and future

Scope and Limitation of the Study

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Urbanization Phenomenon in Developing Countries:

Urbanization is the process where a corresponding city allows the

Todaro (2007), layout his view as he argues that urbanization is not a

In collaboration with Bilsborrow (1996), he further characterized

process. He went on to say that internal migration is critical to operating in the

Effects of urbanizing in Developing Countries

Gain excess and trade in the scope of urbanization of emerging nations

Even though it looks promising, this is not considered a positive impact

Aside from the economic and global implications of urbanization, it also

In the light of the excessive energy consumption Lu et al. (2016),

Urbanization challenges and opportunities

Human populations are densely concentrated on shorelines as well,

Furthermore, Grant (2012) sees urbanization as a potential avenue for

socioeconomic among people of the lower socioeconomic standing. However,

Urbanization in the Philippines

Narrowing down the implication of urbanization, many studies discuss

Pante (2019) uses Quezon City as an example of a city with

The agriculture sector in the Philippines is the most affected by the

Malaque & Yokohari (2007) strongly advocate for the preservation of

Implications of Urbanization in Sustainable Development

There is a growing concern on the issue of urbanization in correlation

Spatial Analysis in Urban Studies

Spatial analysis is the analytical technique used to study geographic

A geographic information system is one of the tools used in aiding an

globally, collecting data from computer processing, and exploring and

Adding, in the study of Lodiana (2020), GIS was also utilized in