HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT: ANCIENT TIMES

✣ People were concerned with the ff:

TRANSPORTATION – was significant during that time because

people were trying to go places and discover new horizons.

-To search for food and find a better locations for settlement

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✣ To trade their surplus
goods in exchange for things
that they lacked.

✣ Navigation assisted them

in their journeys, it allowed
them to return home after
their travel to new places.

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COMMUNICATION – was essential to discover and occupy new places.

- They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas so as

to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.

- Record- keeping was also important since they needed to remember

the places they had been to and document the trades they made.

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✣ Also vital to keep record of their history and culture
so they could establish their identities as they tried

✣ To relate with other cultures and civilizations.

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FOOD
✣ The increase in
size and number
of nations
connoted increased
demand for food and
other basic
necessities.
✣ This condition also
implied that
people must be
able to produce food
at a given time and
space since resources
were getting scarcer
as more people 5
✣ The people thus needed a form of technology that
would enable them to increase food supplies and
other survival needs without them traveling more
or working harder.

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WEAPONS AND ARMORS – for security and protection was a
major achievement.
✣ For the establishment of new alliances with other tribes as
there was always a risk of conflict when people met others
with different culture and orientations.

✣ Conflicts were common especially if

different groups struggled to control vital
resources.
✣ Stronger nations tended to invade
weaker ones so they could take much
needed resources
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CONSERVATION OF LIFE – is the
primary
challenged they
faced.
The early people might
have
been successful in
harnessing
the rich resources that
the
8 world could provide,
 ✣ Different illnesses
and diseases, both
natural and
man-made,
hampered the full
potential of a
human being.
✣ Given this
predicament, S and
T played a major
role in the
discovery of cures
to, if not the
prevention of,
illnesses.
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FIELD OF ENGINEERING – the development in this
field allowed humans to build structures that would
address their specific
needs and wants.

Some of the structures

built before still exist
today.

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ARCHITECTURE – the development of engineering also ushered in
the introduction of this field.
✣ During this times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of
technological advancement of a particular civilization.
✣ In the generations now, it would be considered a STATUS
SYMBOL among nations of how advanced their technology is
and identity of a nation.

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Conclusion:
✣ The developments in S and T , aside from affecting the
lives of the people, were the results of many prior
antecedents.
✣ Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to
discover and invent things that would impact the lives of
the modern people.

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 Sumerian Civilization
✣ Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.
✣ Sumerians are known for their
high degree of cooperation with
one another and their desire for
great things.
They are not contented with the
basic things life can offer.
Their desire pushed them to develop
many things connected with S and T
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✣ CUNEIFORM-
one of the major
contributions of the
Sumerians is the
development of the
first writing system
✣ A system that
utilizes word pictures
and triangular
symbols which are
carved on clay using
wedge instruments
and then left to dry.
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✣ URUK CITY- a great wonder not only because it is considered to
be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was
erected.
-No building stones and lumber was limited making the construction
a big challenge.

-They used mud and clay from the river, which they mixed with
reeds, producing sun-baked bricks used in housing that could protect
them from the harsh weather and wall around the city that prevented
wild animals and neighboring raiders
15 from entering
✣ THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR- also called the Mountain of God,
was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.
✣ Served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priest
were allowed to enter.

The temple showcases the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture

and the remarkable technology used to build it.
Until today, people still enjoy the marvel of the preserved Ziggurat of Ur

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✣ IRRIGATION AND DIKES- Sumerians created dikes and irrigation
canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the
flooding of the rivers.
✣ This method was considered as one of the world’s most
BENEFICIAL ENGINEERING works

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✣ SAILBOATS- at that time the wheel was not yet invented; the main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and
seas.
✣ Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able
to cover large distances.
✣ Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in
fostering culture,
information, and technology

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✣ WHEEL- the first wheels were not made for transportation but for
farm work and food processes.

✣ With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made
easier.

✣ Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.

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✣ THE PLOW- this enable them to dig the ground
where seeds would be planted
in a faster pace.

As the plow breaks the ground,

the farmer would just drop
the seeds and the farm work would be already done.

With this, farmers could cultivate larger parcel of lands

faster, enabling them to mass produce food without
taking so much effort and time.

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✣ ROADS- to facilitate faster and
easier travel, the Sumerians developed
the first roads.

The invention of roads was very useful

especially during the rainy season when
traveling in soft and muddy roads proved
to be too difficult

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BABYLONIAN
CIVILIZATION
Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers

Babylonians were great

builders, engineers and
architects

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✣ HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
✣ A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of plants, tress and vines.
✣ Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous HGB
from stories and paintings because no physical evidence has been
found to prove the existence

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✣ Its exact location is unknown.
✣ Since time immemorial, people have been debating
about the existence of the mythical place.
✣ Many said it was just a product of the creative
imagination of the great King because it lacked
documentation or archaeological evidence.
✣ Or if it really existed, must have been destroyed by
war, erosion, or an earthquake.
✣ If the stories were true, the HGB may be considered
one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible
to replicate.

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
✣ Another early civilization
famous for its legacy located in
North Africa.

It is thus safe to say that the

pyramids are not the only
contribution to the modern
world but many more…

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✣ PAPER OR PAPYRUS- although Egypt was not the first to develop a
system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the
world.

✣ Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river.

✣ They were able to process the plant in order to

produce thin sheets on which one could write down
things.

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Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to
carry and store.

The sheets were also less breakable as compared to clay tablets

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INK- Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.

It was tamper-proof so that people

could not simply tinker with
those written down.

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✣ HIEROGLYPHICS- a system
✣ of writing using symbols.

✣ They believed that this writing

✣ system was provided to them
✣ by their gods and can still be
✣ seen today and remains to be
✣ as famous as the pyramids
✣ where they were found

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 COSMETICS- function in
ancient Egypt was for both
health and aesthetic reasons.

Egyptians wore Kohl around the

eyes to prevent and even cure
eye diseases.
They also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected
from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.

At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion

industry.

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✣ WIG- are used to enhance the appearance of people
who are balding or those who want to try new hair
trends.

✣ During the Egyptian times, wigs were worn for

health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes.

✣ Wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the

wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.

✣ Considered cleaner than natural hair because it

prevented the accumulation of head lice.

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✣ WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA-
this device utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from one
vessel to the other.

✣ In the process, time is measured.

✣ Used as a timekeeping devise

during the ancient times

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 Greek Civilization
✣ Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
✣ Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
✣ Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-
depth works on philosophy and
mathematics.

More than the coliseums and the

Olympics, the Greek civilization has
contributed much to S and T

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✣ WATER MILL- used
in agricultural processes
like milling of grains which
was necessary form of food
processing during that time.
Watermills were considered
better than mills powered
by farm animals because
they required less effort and time to operate since farmer did not have to
raise animals.
They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism
of a large wheel with small BUCKETS of water attached to it could be
installed.
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✣ ALARM CLOCK- one of the most
utilized gadgets today that was invented
by the ancient Greeks.

The purpose was just the same with the

alarm clock of the modern times---to tell
an individual when to stop or when to
start

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Roman Civilization
✣ The Roman Empire was
perceived to be the strongest
political and social entity in the
west.
✣ It was considered to be the
CRADLE OF POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE during that
period.
✣ Because the Roman Empire was
so large, other civilizations
looked-up to it as their model in
terms of legislation and codified
36 laws.
✣ NEWSPAPER – the first
newspapers, known as
GAZETTES, contained
announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people

✣ This way, the Romans enjoyed

easy access to government
information the same way we
benefit from present day
newspapers.

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✣ BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX- Record-keeping was
much easier since paper did not easily break, was
lightweight, and did not occupy much space.

✣ The civilization became fond of record-keeping,

events and newly legislated laws

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 ✣ ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE-
one of the most visual
contributions of the
ancient Roman
Empire to the world.

✣ A continuation of the
Greek architecture,
hence the resemblance

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✣ ROMAN NUMERALS- Romans
devised their own number system
specifically to address the need
for a standard counting method
that would meet their increasing
communications and trade
concerns

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 Chinese
Civilization
✣ Is considered to be
the oldest
civilization in Asia if
not the world.

✣ Also known as the

middle kingdom,
China is located far
east of Asia.

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✣ SILK- is produced by silk worms. But Chinese were the one’s who
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing

✣ The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for
cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges

✣ It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle
kingdom

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✣ TEA production- a beverage produced by pouring
hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
ta leaves

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✣ GREAT WALL OF CHINA- once considered the
only man-made structure that could be seen from
the outer space
✣ It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and
control the borders of China

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✣ GUN POWDER- originally it was developed by Chinese alchemist
who aimed to achieve immortality
✣ He mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate
✣ But instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a
black powder that could actually generate a large amount of heat
and gas in an instant
✣ Ironically instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to
propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless
deaths
✣ On the other hand, gun powder is also used in fireworks during
important celebrations in China

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 MEDIEVAL /
MIDDLE AGES
✣ The start of the middle ages
was marred by massive
invasions and migrations.

✣ Wars were prevalent during

this time.

✣ Some of the most innovative

minds came from this period

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✣ PRINTING PRESS- after the Chinese developed
woodblock printing Johann Gutenberg was able to
invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing
using a cast type
✣ This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical
printing press which was eventually used all over the world.
✣ The printing press was invented to address the
need for publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a faster rate.
✣ This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write

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✣ MICROSCOPE- a devise that could magnify things
invisible to the eye.

✣ Guided by the principles used for the invention of

the eyeglasses in earlier years, ZACHARIAS
JANSSEN was able to develop the first compound
microscope.

✣ With the microscope, people were able to observe

organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

✣ It was the key in discovering new means in

preventing and curing various illnesses.
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✣ TELESCOPE- an
optical instrument
that helps in the
observation of
remote objects, was a
great help for
navigators during this
time.
✣ Together with the
telescope, the
invention of the
compass, oars, and
rudders made sea
traveling easier and
safer.
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✣ WAR WEAPONS- since wars were widespread
during the Middle Ages, great development in the
weaponry technology also occurred.
✣ All sides must develop weapons not only as
offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.
✣ For open area battles – cross bows and long bows so
that they could attack enemies at long ranges,
keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls
and fortresses.

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✣ In close-range hand –to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to
protect themselves, a need addressed
by the creation of IRON BODY
ARMORS.

✣ However, the body armors were heavy

and limited their movements.

✣ The problem was eventually solved by

the invention of the CHAINMAIL
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 Modern times
✣ The booming world population during the 19th century
onward demanded the more goods be produced at a faster rate.
✣ People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more
goods and cover a larger distance.
✣ Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
✣ Faster and easier means of communication and computing should
be developed to established connections between nations
✣ All these needs resulted in the development of industries.
✣ However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again
faced more complicated problems
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✣ PASTEURIZATION- the process of
heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to
spoil faster.

✣ Through this process, milk

could be stored and consumed
for a longer period.
✣
✣ It also prevented illnesses caused
by harmful bacteria.

✣ LOUIS PASTEUR, a French

biologist, microbiologist, and
chemist, invented
53PASTEURIZATION
✣ PETROLEUM REFINERY- the modern times
demanded better means of powering homes
and transportations.
✣ SAMUEL M. KIER was able to invent kerosene
by refining petroleum.
✣ KEROSENE- was later on refereed to as the
ILLUMINATING OIL because it was used at first
to provide lighting to homes
✣ The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry.
✣ At present petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants
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 ✣ TELEPHONE- the
development of
telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell was one of
the most important
inventions at that time.

✣ The more people got

connected by trade and
exploration, the more
they needed a way to
maintain these
connections and
communicate with each
other.

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✣ CALCULATOR- a
faster way
to compute more
complicated
equations.
✣ Computing devices must also be easy to
carry since they would be utilized on a
day-to-day basis.
✣ It also resulted in the development of
more complex processing machines
like the computer
✣ BLAISE
56 PASCAL- French
Philippine Inventions
✣ Despite being considered a
developing country, the Phil. Also
contributes to the global
advancement of S and T.

✣ Many of the discoveries and

inventions made by Filipinos were
therefore built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt to
the harsh tropical environment

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✣ SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
✣ VICTOR LLAVE and his team at H2O Technologies were able to
invent an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded areas
but also rivers and lakes.
✣ May also be utilized to travel from island to island.
✣ Since the Phil is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful invention
that has a lot of potential

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✣ SALT LAMP- a young Filipino
name AISA MIJENO was able to
invent a lighting system that
utilizes a material abundant in the
Phil….saltwater.

✣ She invented the Sustainable

Alternative lighting SALT lamp…an
environment friendly light source
that runs on saltwater.

✣ Safer to use and poses no risk of

fire and emit no toxic gases.

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✣ MEDICAL INCUBATOR- Dr.
Fe del
✣ Mundo, a Filipino
pediatrician and
✣ the first Asian woman
admitted to
✣ Harvard Medical School,
devised a
✣ medical incubator made
from
✣ indigenous and cheap
materials which
did not run on electricity.
✣ Main purpose was to maintain
conditions suitable for a newborn,
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usually a pre-term baby.
✣ MOSQUITO
OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP
SYSTEM- in 2010, the Department of
Science and Technology Industrial
Technology Development Institute
was able to introduce this mosquito
trap also known as OL trap.

✣ This trap system is made of natural

ingredients that are lethal to
mosquitoes but safe for humans and
the environment.

✣ Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral

illness is endemic in the Phil.
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti 61
✣ EJEEPNEY- Electrical jeep was developed a modern
type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of
the more expensive diesel.
✣ It is environment friendly since it does not emit any
smoke and noise.
✣ An innovation that changed the transportation
industry in the country

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✣ Watch TEDx Talk by Hannu Rajaniemi titled “The
Big History of Modern Science”.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcWsjlGPPFQ)
✣ Write a 200-250 words essay on the topic “Why is it
important to study the history of Science and
Technology?”
✣ Come up with a five to seven word title for your
essay.

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