Mensuration Module

PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Introduction
Mensuration is a branch of mathematics which deals with the measurements of lengths of
lines, areas of surfaces and volumes of solids.
Mensuration may be divided into two parts.
1. Plane mensuration
2. Solid mensuration
Plane:
 A plane is a flat surface (think tabletop) that extends forever in all directions.
 It is a two-dimensional figure.
 Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
 So far, all of the geometry we’ve done in these lessons took place in a plane.
 But objects in the real world are three-dimensional, so we will have to leave the plane
and talk about objects like spheres, boxes, cones, and cylinders.
Solid: Geometric figure in three dimensions

Surface Area: Total area of all the surfaces of a solid shape or prism.
Volume: This is the space occupied by a solid shape or prism.
Areas of geometrical shapes
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Measurement and measuring tools

Units of measurements
We have two units of measurements English system and Metric system.
Definition of English System
 A standard system of measurements based on the inch, pound, and Fahrenheit degrees.
 English measurements are primarily used in the United States and England.
Definition of Metric System
 A standard system of measurement based on the meter, kilogram. And Celsius degrees.
The metric system is internationally recognized.
Convert Metric to English
Accuracy: is the lowest dimension that can be measured using the measuring tool.
Example: -The Accuracy of Steel Rule is 0.5 or 1mm
-The Accuracy of Vernier calliper is 0.1, 0.05 and 0.02 mm
Precision: the closeness or the agreement occurring between the results obtained for a
quantity measured several times using the same instrument at the same condition.
Example: -Vernier calliper is more precise than Steel Rule
-Micrometre is more precise than Vernier calliper.
Error: is the difference between the result of the measurement and the true value (Ideal
Dimension) of the quantity.
Example: -True Value = 10mm, Measured value = 9.75 mm
-Error= 10-9.75=0.25mm
Measuring Tools
Semi-precision measuring devices
 Semi-precision measuring devices are steel rule, Tape rule, Zigzag rule and etc.
 Rules:
There are two basic types of rule: steel rule and steel tape. Both start at zero and have
millimeter graduations.
Calipers:
 They are indirect measuring tools used to measure or transfer linear dimensions.
 These are used with the help of a steel Rule to check inside and outside
measurements.
 These are made of Case hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon
steel.
 While using, but the legs of the calipers are set against the surface of the work,
whether inside or outside and
 The distance between the legs is measured with the help of a scale and the same can
be transferred to another desired place.
 These are specified by the length of the leg.
 In the case of outside caliper, the legs are bent inwards.
A- Firm joint outside caliper.
B-Bow spring outside caliper.
C-Firm joint inside caliper.
D- Bow spring in side caliper.
E-Hermaphrodite caliper
 Protractor:
Engineer's Protractor
 An engineer's protractor is a general purpose tool used for the measuring / checking
angles,
E.g. the angle of drill head, angle of cutting tool, and even for the marking out of angles on a
component part.
Vernier Protractor:
 This is a precision measuring tool that the accuracy of measurement can reach
±5 minutes of an angle through the Vernier scale.
Engineer's Protractor Vernier Protractor

Precision measuring devices
Precision measuring devices are Vernier caliper and Micrometers
 Vernier Caliper
 It is difficult to take accurate readings with a rule, because you have to estimate
measurements.
 We can obtain better accuracy with the Vernier caliper. Vernier caliper is end
measuring instrument for measuring height, diameter and depth.
Parts of Vernier caliper
1. Outside jaw: - used to measure external diameter or width of an object.
2. Inside jaws: - used to measure internal diameter of an object.
3. Depth bar: - used to measure depth of an object or a hole.
4. Main scale: - gives measurements of up to one decimal place (in cm).
5. Main scale: - gives measurements in fraction (in inch).
6. Vernier: - gives measurements up to two decimal places (in cm).
7. Vernier: - gives measurements in fraction (in inch).
8. Retainer: - used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring a
measurement.
How to read Vernier caliper?

Dimension to be measured=
Main scale reading + (Vernier scale reading × least count)
 We can measure main scale up to 1mm. thus, we can use Vernier also as steel
rule.
 For getting accurate dimension, we need to know Vernier scale reading and least
count of Vernier caliper (least count is minimum reading that an instrument can
measure).
 For Vernier caliper with least count 0.1mm.

10 Vernier scale division = 9mm (9 main scale divisions)
𝟗 𝟏
Least count = 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 = 0.1 mm
𝟏𝟗 𝟏
Least count= 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎 = 0.05 mm
𝟒𝟗 𝟏
Least count= 𝟏 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 = 0.02 mm
Vernier height gauge

-It used to measure the heights to within an accuracy of 0.02mm. It made from high quality
alloy steel & has the following parts.
A. A HEAVY BASE: which is flat at the bottom that slides on the surface plate
B. VETICAL BEAM: which is graduated in millimeters, & has a 300 mm height
C. VERNIER SCALE: that slides up & down the beam. It has two locking screws & fine
adjustment nut &screw.
D. A SCRIBER: held on to the Vernier scale. Used to make line on the work pieces.
-Height gauge is mostly used to for lay out work.
-It placed on the surface plate
-It also used for inspection.
• Micrometers:
 A micrometer is a very useful instrument.
 It enables you to take measurements to within one hundredth of a millimeter
(0.01 mm).
 The metric micrometer is able to measure ranges of 25 mm (that is, for 0-25 mm,
25-50 mm, and so on).
 The micrometer has a thread with pitch 0.5 mm.
Types of Micrometers:
 Outside Micrometer:
 An outside micrometer is used for measuring outside diameter of cylindrical objects, parallel
surfaces or other outside dimension.
 The work to be measured is placed between the anvil and the tip of the spindle.
Parts of micrometer
Reading the micrometer:

Least count of micrometer is found as follows:
Least count of main scale = 0.5 mm
Graduation on thimble (circular scale) = 50 mm
As the thimble completes on revolution axial advancement of spindle = 0.5 mm
Therefore pitch = 0.5 mm
𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝟎.𝟓
Least count = = = 0.01 mm
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝟓𝟎
 Inside Micrometer:
 The structure of this micrometer is as similar as that of an outside micrometer. It is

used for measuring internal dimensions.
 Depth Micrometer:
 Depth micrometers are used for measuring the depth of holes, slots, grooves,
Keyway and shoulders etc.
 Note that the scales are graduated in reverse as compared with external or internal
micrometers.
 Dial Iindicator:
 A dial indicator (dial gauge) can measure dimensions up to an accuracy of
0.01mm or even less.
 The principle of it is that the linear mechanical movement of the stylus is
magnified and transferred to the rotation of pointer.
 It is usually used as a comparator for calibration or alignment of machine.
Tolerance
Recall, from the measurement section, that a tolerance is an allowable variation from a given
size. A dimension shown on a print is called a basic size. A tolerance is applied to the basic size
to determine the largest and smallest acceptable size for a dimension. The largest acceptable
size is often called the high limit, or upper limit. The smallest acceptable size is often called the
low limit, or lower limit. The difference between the upper limit and the lower limit is the total
tolerance. The amount of a tolerance can vary greatly depending
on the intended use of a machined component, but the principle of interpreting any
tolerance is the same.
Bilateral Tolerances
A bilateral tolerance allows a dimension to vary both above and below basic size. A
bilateral tolerance can take two forms. It can vary by equal amounts above and below basic size
or by different amounts above and below basic size. The allowable amount above basic size is
shown with a “+” symbol. The allowable amount below basic size is shown with a “₋” symbol.
When both amounts are equal, a “±” symbol is used.
Unilateral Tolerances
A unilateral tolerance allows a dimension to vary either above or below basic size, but not both.
A unilateral tolerance is also shown using a “+” or “-” symbol, but one amount is “0,” indicating
no variation is allowable in that direction.
Limit Tolerances
A limit tolerance does not use the “+,” “−,” or “±” symbol. Instead of a basic dimension being
listed, the upper and lower limits are shown. They are usually separated by a bar or a slash.
To determine total tolerance from a limit tolerance, simply subtract the lower limit from the
upper limit.
Classes of Fit
Sometimes machining operations produce two mating parts, such as a shaft that fits inside a
hub. If the print doesn't specifically call out the dimensions or tolerances, use of technical
reference material may be required to determine the proper size ranges for those two mating
parts. This relationship between the sizes of the two mating parts is called the class of fit.
Allowance always equals smallest hole minus largest shaft

Shaft A is a clearance fi t, and shaft B is an interference fit.
When the shaft is machined to its smallest diameter (.998), there is a clearance fi t with the
hole. When the shaft is machined to its largest diameter (1.002), there is an interference
fi t with the hole.
Clearance fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts will always leave a space or
clearance when assembled.
Interference fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts will always interfere when
assembled. An interference fit fixes or anchors one part into the other, as though the two parts
were one. This means that the shaft will always be larger than the hole. In order to assemble
the parts under this condition, it would be necessary to stretch the hole or shrink
the shaft or to use force to press the shaft into the hole. Having an interference is a
desirable situation for some design applications. For example, it can be used to fasten two parts
together without the use of mechanical fasteners or adhesive.
Transition fit occurs when two tolerance mating parts are sometimes an interference fi t
and sometimes a clearance fi t when assembled.

Mensuration Module

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PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Solid: Geometric figure in three dimensions

Areas of geometrical shapes

By Abebe Yitagesu 1|Page

By Abebe Yitagesu 2|Page

By Abebe Yitagesu 3|Page

By Abebe Yitagesu 4|Page

By Abebe Yitagesu 5|Page

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By Abebe Yitagesu 8|Page

By Abebe Yitagesu 9|Page

Measurement and measuring tools

Convert Metric to English

A- Firm joint outside caliper.

B-Bow spring outside caliper.

C-Firm joint inside caliper.

D- Bow spring in side caliper.

Engineer's Protractor Vernier Protractor

How to read Vernier caliper?

 For Vernier caliper with least count 0.1mm.

Vernier height gauge

Reading the micrometer:

 The structure of this micrometer is as similar as that of an outside micrometer. It is

Allowance always equals smallest hole minus largest shaft

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