A

FI R S T HE B R E W R EA DE R

BY

D U N C AN CA M E R O N, B D . .

L E ITH
'
ST . P AU L S ,

HAS T I E L E CT U R E R , G LA S GO W U N I V E RS I T Y

E DI NB U RG H : T . 85 T . C LA R K, 3 8 G EO R G E S T R E ET
I 1
9 9
 R N ED
P I T BY

M O RR O N 0
IS 18 3 LT D .

FO R

T . T . CLA RK EDIN , B U RGH .

L ONDON : S I M P KI N , MARH S A LL , HA M I LT O N KE N T, A N D co . LI M I T ED .

NE w Y ORK : C HA R EL S SC R NER ON
IB
’
S S S .
 P R E FA C E .

H I S boo k is d es ig n ed fo r t de n t s w ho wish
T
s u to

l e arn in a s h o rt ti m e en ough H e bre w to ena bl e

th em to re a d one of the s i m p l e b oo k s of t he H e brew
B ible . The writer m ak e s no at t em pt to give an a ccur a t e
k n o wledge of t h e det ail s of H e b rew G ra m m ar . He h as

in view th os e w ho wil l h ave no tut o r ,

an d s eek s to m a k e

th e m fa m ili a r fr o m th e b e gi n n i n g wit h re ad i n g H e brew as it

is in a b oo k of the B i b l e . T he ill u s tr ati o n s a re a l
lt a ke n
fr o m t h e B o o k of J o n ah . Fou r or fiv e m o n t h s of reg u l a r
t dy wil l e n ab le th e re ad e r
s u to m as t e r t h i s Fi r s t H e br e w
R e ad e r . He wi ll t h e n be ab l e to r e a d fl u en tly t he B oo k of

J o n ah ,
an d c an p r o ceed to t he m o re s y s te m ati c s ut dy of

t h e l an gu a g e by us n i g P r o fe s s o r A B. . D avid s o n
’
s well
k n o w n Heé rew G ra m m a r .

T h e writ e r d e s ire s to o ffer hi s th an k s to Dr . J ame s

Ke n n edy of th e Ne w C o l lege ,
E d i n b u rg h , w ho re a d t he

p r o o fs an d m a de se v e r al h e l p fu l su gge s ti o n s .
 A FI R S T HE B RE W REA DE R

LESS O N I .

le Al
p /za é e t
.
— The letter s o f t h e Hebrew A l p h abet
s h o ul d be le a r n ed c a refu l ly . T h i s fi r s t s t e p n eed s t h o r o u g h
n es s a n d p atie n c e . T h e l e tt e r s a re give n bel o w an d S h o ul d ,

be w ri tte n a n d re writt e n u n tilt h e s tude n t i s fam i l i a r wi th

-

the m .

C o rr e s p on d i n g
N am e . S i gn S ou n d ‘

E n gl i s h L ett er .

A le p h N
B et h 3 b i n bi n d “

Gimel a g i n ge t
n
D a leth 1 -
d i n d ate “

He n h in h air
Waw w i n w ay
Z ayi n I 2 in z eal
H
C heth n ch i n l oc h “

Tet h u t i n tea “ ”

U
Yo d y i n y ou
Kap h
H
D k i n kee p
5
”
L am ed 1 in l am e
“

M em D min “
m oo n
)3

Nu n J n in n oon

S a m ech D s in su n

A yi n D
p in p ai n
“
Pe 5 e

T s ad i Y
r
a

Ko p h
H
P k in k e ep n
Resh '
1 r in ru n s
-

W
3)
S in 5 in su n
I
I
I

S hi n W sh in “
s hu n 3)

”
T au n t in “
te a
N A FI RST H EBRE W RE AD E R
R em a rks —( I ) I n E n gl i sh Al ph ab et w e h ave n ot m erel y
th e
c on s on an ts l ik e B C D bu t al so vo w e l s l ik e A E an d 0 I t i s
, , , , , .

n ot s o i n H eb re w .Th e al ph ab e t c on s i s ts en ti re l y of c on son an ts .

( )
2 H e b r e w w o r d s a re w r i tte n fr o m ri g h t t o l e ft n o t a s i n E n gl i sh ,

from l eft to ri ght Therefore if w e w i sh to w ri te d o w n the H e bre w

.
,

l etters fo r a w o r d i n wh i ch the c on son an ts are i n the o rde r b r c h

i n E n gl i sh l e tte rs w e w r i te i n H e b re w n 1 3 the fi r s t l e tte r b ei n g
,
'
,

a t th e ri g h t h an d o f th e w o r d .

( 3 ) A l e ph i s a l e tte r th at i s n o t s oun d ed I n tran s l i terati n g .

( th a t i s, i n w r i t i n g o u t t h e H e b r e w l e tt e r s i n th e c orre s pon d i n g

l etters of the E n gl i sh A l phab et) i t i s u sual to repre sen t A l e ph b y

(4 ) A y i n i s n ot soun de d I t i s repre s en te d i n tran s l ite rati on b y
.

( 5) We h ave n ot a l etter that c an b e c o m pare d to C heth T he .

fi n a l c h i n “
l och repre s en ts the soun d fai rl y w ell We d o n ot
”
.

fi n d th at s ou n d a t th e b e g i n n i n g o f a w o r d i n E n gl i sh b ut i t i s ,

frequ en tl y s o p l ac e d i n H e b re w .

( 6 ) T sa d i h as n o c orre s p on d in g l ette r i n E n gl i sh I f w e tak e .

the w o r d sai l an d p u t th e l e tte r t b e fo re i t a s tsa i l w e g o t

“ ” “ ”
, ,

th e s ou n d of T s ad i .

( 7 ) Th ere i s n o d i fferen c e i n s ou n d b etw een T eth an d T au ,

Kaph an d Ko ph S am e ch an d S i n
, .

( 8 ) Sh i n an d S i n are al m o s t al i k e i n fo rm T he o n l y d i fferen c e .

i s th at i n Sh i n the p oi n t i s o n the r i gh t of the th ree u pri gh t l i n es ,

whi l e i n S i n i t i s on th e l e ft .

(9 ) N ote th e p oi n t i n th e c en tre of b g d k p t T hi s p o i n t i s , , , , , .

c all e d D ag es/z .

E XE R C I SE I .

G ive the n am s o f e the letter s in the fo l l o wi n g H ebrew

w o rd s :

hm ,
na ,
m 5: , ,
nm ,
p S mv , ,
nw pm
hm hm hi p ,
a n n iv ,
nw
'
, NJ ,
Oh ,
‘
vpn , mvm
‘
: n vn v ,1 37D ,
n aI N ,
I
n n , a
a — R ea d
N ol from ri gh t to l ft b g i
e ,
e n n in g w ith W aw , Yo d , He ,

Yo d .
 LE SS O N I I .

Fi n alL etters — Fi ve of
t h e letter s h ave tw o fo r m s o n e ,

bei n g us ed whe n the l ette r i s at the e n d o f a w o rd N o te

.

th at
Kap h at the en d of a w o rd is a e s l ew h ere 3
M em D n D
Nu n 1 3
PC ‘
I n 5
T s ad i r x

D ag es h — A tte n ti o n has
bee n c al led to the p o i n t i n the
”
b o dy o f s i x l etter s : :1 a 1 2 a n T h e w o rd B eg ad k ep at
, ,
*
, , , .
“

hel ps o n e t o re m e m be r the s e s i x letter s S o m eti m e s t h ey .

are writte n wit h o u t t h e d ag e s h an d the n ther e i s a ch an ge ,

i n the p r o n u n ci ati o n .

B eth with the D ag e s h i s p r o n o u n ced l i ke b i n bi n d “

,
”

”
bu t with o ut the d age s h i t i s p r o n o u n ced li ke v i n vi n e “
.

I n tr an s l iter ati on we re p re s e n t B eth with o ut d ag e s h b y

bh .

”
D al eth with D ag e s h i s d i n d ate but with o ut d age s h “
,

it re p re s e n t s a s o u n d t h at has s c arcely a n E n gli s h eq u iv ale n t .

We re p re s e n t it i n tr an s l iter ati o n by d h We n o t e t h at .

”
there i s a d i ffere n ce b etwee n t h e s o u n d o f th i n the “

” ” ” ”
w o rd s thi s an d th at
“
The th i n th at m ay be
“
.
“ “

t a ke n to re p re s e n t t h e s o u n d o f d h .

G i m el a n d Kap h with o ut the d ag e s h h ave the s am e

” ”
s o u n d re s e m b l i n g
,
c h i n l o ch
“
I n tr an s liter ati o n J i s
“
.
,
” ”
rep re s e n ted by gh a n d a by k h “
We h ave a l r eady “
.

s ee n th at 3 i s p r o n o u n ced l i ke g in get an d 3 lik e “ ” “ ”

,
” ”
“
k i n k eep “
.

” ”
Fe 5 i s p i n
”
“
p a i n but 9
“
i s p r o n o u n ced
,
l ik e p h “

i n t h e w o rd hi l o s o her — the s o u n d o f o u r l etter f ”

p p .

” ”” ”
T au n i s l ike t i n b u t :1 i s th in thi n g
“ “ “ “
tea ,
.
4 A FI RST H E BRE W R EA DER
R em a rks—( I ) N ote th e res e m bl an c e b etw een s ome o f th e l e tters
.

o f the H e b r e w A l ph a b e t B eth i s n o t u n l i k e Ka ph bu t n o te that

.
,

B e th i s n ot rou n d e d l i k e Kaph G i m e l an d N u n res em b l e e ach .

o th e r .

( 2) D al eth an d R e sh c on fu s e d ; bu t n ote that R e sh

a re s om eti m e s

i s ro un d e d whi l e D a l e th i s n ot N ote that th ere i s a s hort u prig ht .

l in e at the l e ft o f He wh i l e b oth th e u pr ight l i n e s i n C he th are o f

,

t he s a m e s iz e N ote the o pen s pace b e twee n th e l eft u pright s trok e

.

i n He a n d the to p ho r i z on ta l l i n e T he re i s n o s u ch s pace i n C he th . .

( 3 ) O b s e rve th e d i ff e re n c e b e t we e n Waw Z ay in an d Yo d Wa w , , .

c om es d o wn to the l i n e b u t Yo d d oes n o t Th e sho rt l in e at th e t op

,
.

o f Z a y i n g o es b e yon d th e u p r i ght to th e r i g h t b u t i n Wa w w e h ave ,

o n l y a ve ry s h ort l i n e to th e l e ft o f the u pr i gh t l i n e T h e u pr i g h t .

l i n e i s al s o s l i ghtl y c u rve d i n Z ayin .

E XE R CISE I I .

Tr a n s liter ate t h e w o rd s in t h es e tw o ver s e s of th e B ook

o f J o n a h ( ch a p i v v e r s I O . . .
, I I ) .

13
'
. Hw y N 9 m m mm mm m m
aw
'
} : pp p n 7 3;
N5 m m m m I1 96 13 1 rm l
v uva: NB1
‘ ‘
m an n 2 iti WILN n vm n m m mm 7 3: DW
I ‘
HN “

'
5 m N5 wwN m s: 13 " m m? mm »:
‘

17a i

m m ri m s I -

R m k a — U ) T ra l i t r te m
e ar g iv th c rr p d i g
“
ns e a
”
ean s
“
e e o es on n

E n gl i h l tt r s e e s .
”

( 2) R m m b r th t H eb r w i r d fr m i gh t t l ft
e e e Th a e s ea o r o e . e

l ett r f th fi r t w rd i th p g g iv
e s o e swy mr o n e as s a e e n a re .

( 3 ) N o t the B e gad k ep t l etter R m m b th t n i t

“ ” “ ”
e a s. e e er a s ,
a ”
n th .

( 4) N o te t h at the en d o f a ve r s e i s m ark e d b y
( 5) R e p r e s en t N b y an d
y by

E XE R C I S E I I I .

Writ e out t h e Hebre w let te r s fo r :

w y th p ly w n
l l h y w m m y h d gh h :
h
’
lt h
’ '

’
w y m r q r t h y m t s r h l’

y l t h wy n ny
’ '

m b t n s h w ls h w t y s h m t q w l
’ ' '

y :

R é — ( ) N t r m rk
e7zz a r s t
. d f E x rc i
I 11 o e e a s a en o e se .

( ) Th 2 tw v r fr m th B k f J h
e s e a re o e ses o e oo o on a .

( 3 ) H b r w i w ri tte fr m ri gh t t l ft Th fi r t w r d
e s en o o e . e s o

w y th p l
li s w ritte n 559 n m .

N o te th a t
“
t
”
i s to an d “
t
”
is n ; an d th at “
s
”
is D an d

s )5 w.
 LES S O N I I I .

le We h a ve s ee n t h a t t h e lett e r s
Vow el
s — . in the
Hebrew A l p h abet a re al
lc o n s o n an t s T h e v o wel . s ou n ds

a re ex p res s e d i n m o der n H e brew b o o k s by v ari o u s p o i n ts ,

writt e n u s u al ly bel o w t h e c o n s o n an t s .

I n thi s le s s o n we s h a l l c o n s i der the m an n er i n which

wh at we m ay c a l l t h e l o n g v o w e l s o u n d s are r ep re se n ted i n
H ebrew writi n g We h a v e the s e fi ve l o n g v o we l s o u n d s
.

fa m ili a r to o u r s e lve s :
” ”
( 1 ) the s o u n d of in t h e w o rd fath e r
“
a ;
2 ai p ai n ’
N
( 3) s eem
u u
ee
.

(4) o s ore
”
( 5) 00 poor .

I n tr an s liter a t i o n an d i n te ac h i n g p r o n u n ci ati o n the s e

v o wel s o u n d s wi ll b e ex p re s s ed i n t h i s b o o k as fo ll o w :

” ”
5
. t
s an ds fo r the so und of a in fa th e r ;
{3 ai in p ai n
”
in s ee m
“ “
i ee
” ”
5
“
o in “
so e r ;
” ”
in po o r
“ “
ii 00 .

We h a v e th e s e fi v e l o n g v o wel soun ds in H e br e w , an d

we t
n o e n ow ho w th e y are ex p r e s s e d .

K — T h e v o w e l s ou n d a i s r ep r e s e n ted i n
( )
I d m e tz .

H ebr e w by writte n u n der the c o n s o n an t th a t

recede s i t Th u s t h e s yll a bl e b a w oul d be
p .

writt e n T h i s v o wel s ig n i s c a l led Kam e tz .

”

re — T h e s o u n d E e se n ted by t h e S ig n
( )
2 Ts é . : i s re p r
writt e n u n de r t h e c o n so n an t p rec e di n g i t Thu s .
6 A FI RST H EB RE W REA D E R
”
ben ,
”
Hebrew w o rd fo r
the is “
‘

“
a s on ,
”
writte n Thi s v o wel s ig n i s c al led T s ere .

3) C k z ro
'

q
— The
. s o u n d 1 i s re p re s e n ted by th e s ig n

u n der t h e c o n s o n an t U su a l ly t h i s v o wel s o u n d i s
.

”
rep re s e n ted wi th t h e ai d o f t h e c o n s o n an t Yo d .

Y o d t h e n l o s e s i ts v a l u e as a c o n s o n an t We .

h ave s o m et h i n g c o rre s p o n di n g t o t h i s i n E n gli s h .

I n t h e w o rd b oy y “
h as l os t i ts v a l u e an d i ts
” “
,
”
sou n d as a c o n s o n an t T h e s o u n d It t h e .
“
,
”
H e brew w o rd fo r t o m e i s writte n “
N o te ,

t h e d o t u n der t h e c o n so n an t an d t h e fo ll o wi n g I
.

”
T h i s v o wel S ig n i s c al l ed Chi re q .

(4) C /to le m
‘

— T h e s ou n d 0 I s rep re s e n ted als o i n two

.

w ay s with o r with o ut the a id o f a c on s on an t

,

the c on s o n an t i n t h i s c as e bei n g Waw ”

The “
.

”
s ou n d o f o u r w o rd c o al i s re p re s e n ted i n
“

H e bre w by o r Si p I n tr an s l iter ati n g the s e

.

”
letter s we write q N o te th at with o ut t h e
“
.

ai d o f Wa w “
C h ole m i s a d o t a bove th e
,
” “ ”

c o n s o n an t Whe n Wa w i s u s ed the d o t i s
.
“ ”
,

p l a c e d a b o ve t h e Wa w .
”

( 5) S lz z? req
— T he s o u n d ii i s re re s e n ted i n tw o w ay s
.
p ,

wi t h o r wit h o u t t h e ai d o f Waw The syll ab le .

”

”
w h i ch we m ay r e p re s e n t by the letter s k um ‘
“

i s writte n i n He b re w DE o r DI P Thi s i s a .

H ebrew w o rd m e an i n g A ri s e T h i s v o wel “
.
”

”
S ig n i s c al led S hfi re q an d we s ee th a t it i s
“
,

re p re s e n ted eit h er by t h e S ig n u n der the c o n

s o n an t o r by a , Waw wi t h a d ages h N o te
“ ”
.

th at i i s 6 b u t th at a i s ,

B e fo re we p r o ceed to an e xerci s e on thi s Le s s o n , no te

the di s ti n cti o n betwee n tra n sl i tera ti on a n d p ron u n ci a ti on .

T h e tr an s l iter ati o n o f W“ i s i S h bu t we re p re s e n t i ts p ro
’

n u n c i a ti o n s i m ly a s i s h
p .

’
T he tr an s l it e r ati o n o f V P
) is n aq i i ts p r on u n ci ati o n
,

is na-
ki .

Here a re s o m e ex amp l e s on the l i n e s of the e x erci s e to

fo ll o w .
 A F I RST H E BRE W REA D E R 7

Q ue s ti o n Tr an s liter ate t h e fo ll owi n g H ebrew w o rd s :

num w m mu n mD w ‘
‘

,
n
-
, N e : pi p
’

A n s we r : q ol i, o s i p h, s a ph , ch a bh fi s h, h ar i m,
s h e n i th .

R oma n ian — ( I ) E x pres s i by 6 an d aby u ( n ot b y w o an d w i t) ,

‘

R e ad th e H eb re w fr om r i gh t to l e ft b e g i n n i n g w i th th e ,

w o rd o n the ri ght s i d e bu t w ri te the E n gl i sh l e tters from l eft to

,

r i gh t .

( 3 ) The pr on u n c i ati on o f th e s e H eb re w w or d s m ay b e repre

s e n te d th u s : k 6 li 6 si f s uf ch a vush ( c h l och ha ri m “ “
-

,
-
in
, ,
~ o

sh e n i th
-
.

( 4 ) R e m em b er th at c h a l w ays repres en ts the s ou n d of c h i n

”

“
l och n ever c h i n church
”
,
” “
.

V O C AB U L AR Y I .

H eb re w Wo rd . P ron u n c i ati on . M ean i n g .

‘
pi r n o c hi
f a- -
I
WN ‘
i sh a m an
b en a son

1:
(m ) a fis h
m (m )
.
bl o o d
Rm he
DWI: m o u n t ai n s
‘
3 fo r ( c o n j u n cti o n )
N5 n ot

6 to me
an? to us

he di d
51 5 5
-

he m ad e
th o u h as t m ade
1
3W a s n ha
-

th o u h as t d o n e
$i p k Ol a v o ic e

Di p k um ri s e o r ari s e

Fo r p r o n u n ci ati on o f 5, etc .
,
s ee p ag e 5 . Do n ot c on

fu s e Ka p h an d N u n m . M as cul i n e N o u n s ee page , 23

f= Fe m i n i n e N o u n .
8 A FI RST H EBRE W R EA D ER

E XE R C I S E IV .

Tr an s lit e r at e t he fo l l o wi n g H e b r e w w o rd s :

, m
‘
r NI
j , J
'
; mga , ,
DnT zThT ,
‘

WD ,
‘
Ib NS my
' ‘
,
mna rum I
-

,
ni i a fir m ,
N: ,
tfi N
‘
h ng
,
‘

wD
-

a { 31
r
h
fig t?
’

:D D N tr Ng )3 t
‘
‘
Dj pg
:
I
, , ,

N o te th a t Hebrew w o rd s a re to be re a d fr o m ri gh t to
left T h e tran s l iter ati o n o f
. is h 6 l e kh .
 LE SSO N IV

S /z ort Vow el
s

” ”
N o te ( I ) the und of in hat
“ “
so a ,
” ”
( ) e in he n
“ “
2 ;
” ”
(3) i in pi n
“ “
;
” ”
(4)
“ “
o In
pot ,
” ”
( 5) u in
“ “
p ut .

In tr an sl iterati on an d i n te achi n g p r o n u n ci ati o n the s e ,

v o wel so u n d s wil l be ex p re ss ed i n thi s b o o k as fo l l o w :

-

h at ; a n d e
” ”
5 s t an d s fo r the s o u n d o f a in 6 ii
“
, ,
” ” ”
s t an d fo r the v o wel s o u n d s i n -
he n pi n
“
po t , an d
“
,
“
,
”
p u t re s pectivel y .

We c o n s ider n o w ho w t h e s e s h ort v o we l s o u n d s are -

e x p re s s ed i n Hebrew .

n /z — T h e v o wel s o u n d a i re re s e ted i
( )
I P a t a o s p n n
‘

-
.

H ebrew b y 3 writte n u n der t h e c o n s on an t th at

p recede s i t Thu s
. the H ebrew w o rd for
”
“
a m ou n t a i n i s writte n ‘ 73
,
T h i s v o wel s i g n i s
.
-

” ” ”
c al l e d P a thac h the ch as i n l o ch
“
,
“ “
.

( 2 ) S eg o.l -
T h e so u n d i s re re s e n te d by
p u n der

the c o n so n an t Thu s é l i s t he S o u n d o f the

.
“ ”

”
Hebrew w o rd m e an i n g u n to I t i s writte n
“
.

'

5N N o t e t h e A l e p h N i n thi s w o rd n o t repre
.
,

s e n ti n g a s o un d ; a n d n o te the l i n e whic h c o n n ect s

i t with the fo l l o wi n g w o rd c o rre s p o n di n g to o u r

h yphe n . T h i s v o wel s ig n i s c a l led S eg o l
-
.
”

( 3) T h e u d i i r r e t d by
s o n s e p e s n e
allwritte n u nder
( )
4 T h e s o u n d 5 i s re p re s e n ted by
the c o n s o n an t .

( 5) The s ou n d a i s re p re s e n ted by 2;
We n o te the n th at the s ig n 3 rep re s e n t s a o r O ;
i or

u or ii ;
 10 A F I RST H E B RE W REA D E R

t de n t wi l l s oo n c o m e to k n o w whe n t h e s e s ig n s
T he s u

re p re se n t s h o rt o r l o n g v o wel s M ea n w /zi l
e i t i s en ou l
g z to .
,
V
k n ow tl
za t the vow e l
li s us u al
y s nort in a l
c os ed sy l
la bl
e bu t ,

l
ong in a n o en p l
sy la bl
e .

A c l o s ed s yl l abl e i s o n e which e n d s with a c o n s o n an t a l

s o u n d ; an o p e n s yl l a bl e e n d s wit h a v o we l s o u n d Thu s -
.
,
” ”
“
h at i s a cl o s ed s y l l a ble i n t h e w o rd hat ter but fa -

,
”
i s an o p e n s y ll ab l e i n the w o rd fa ther -
.

N o te is e as in a son ( bé n );
”
is i as in ‘
3 “
fo r ( ki );
i or is 6 as in Si p o r “
a v o ice ( );
k é l ”

a is n as in (l a n u) ;
“
to u s -

i s a as i n a m o u n t ai n (hai r); 0
$3 ” k
is e as i n u n to
If the v o we l s i g n i n an o pe n s y ll ab l e p r on o u n ce
is -

it an d write it as u n l e s s d i rected o therwi s e i n a n o te .

Th u s N213 i s p r o n o u n ced k a ré but 5? i s p ro n o u n ced k 6 ]

'
-

, .

N o te ag ai n the d i ffere n ce betwee n tr an s l iter ati on an d pro

n u n c i at i o n Ka ré i s t h e p r on u n c i ati o n o f K12 ; bu t the
.
-

’
tran s liter ati on o f th at w o rd i s q a r a The w o rd m e an s .

”
he c al led .

5; m ean s al
'

l; an o ther fo rm i s
” “
( k Olan d k OI) .

S o al so wi th an d I f they are i n an O p e n s y ll abl e ,

p r o n o u n ce i an d fi ; i f i n a c l o s ed s y ll ab l e I an d i t u n l e s s
‘’

, ,

di rected o therwi s e i n a n o te .

We n o w give s o m e e x ampl e s o n the l i n e s o f the

exerci s e which fo l l o w s .

Q ue s ti o n : Tr a n s l iter a te an d p ro n o u M e the fo ll o wi n g
w o rd s
l
m Ni n g i
, mg; ,
D‘
n l v a im
s
: l
A n s wer : ( I ) Tr an s l iter ati o n
é l l e kh el e b a e th l
’ ’ ’ ’

, , , , é t i m, y a m i m,
ay y a c h é ll a bh a
’
w y om , , .

( 2) P r on u n ci ati on :

él
, l ech , é -
l
é h a e th l
-
é l
O hi m
, ,
- -

, y é mi m ,
-
‘

w zi y é
- -
c hé l
,

Iii -
v b, y om .
 A F I RST HE B RE I V RE A D E R I I

R enza rbs .
—( I ) N o te th e li ne j o i n in g to the foll w i g w rd
o n o .

Wri tten w i thou t th is the poi n ti n g i s ,

( 2) F i n al Kaph pro n ou n ce d l ik e c h i n l och

“ ”
.

( 3 ) O cca si on all y e i s w ri tten ( S eg o l foll ow e d b y Yo d ) .

E XE R C I S E V .

R e ad an d tr an s l iter ate the fo l l o wi n g w o rd s :

,
nfizo p i n ts p ip ,
Dfis ,
n n ‘
BNa
m1
? ‘
: Ir z
js D IN nw n
‘

Igp
- ‘
.

, ,

R ei n a rl zs — ( I ) h e t e b h
. P ron ou n c e h é té v .
-
.

( 2) R e m em b er th at A y i n i s n o t s ou n d e d S ee pa e . g 2 .

f l g
( 3 ) I t i s a ai r y oo d w orki n ru e to tak e fo r 2
1 g l Y
u n es sl you
are su e r it is 6 .

VO C AB U LAR Y I I .

H eb re w Wor d . P ron u n c i ati on M ean i n g . .

l
j
n r
s a d h am
-
m an
l
e c had h
'
" t
jf
'

-
one

Di m
I S h all p i ty
s a -
ch us
I p ity
$ 95 a u n to
WEN é fé r -
‘

as he s

har a m o u n t ai n

ni b tov g oo d
n i
g
‘
yO
-
na J on ah
i n” y é fé J pp
o a J a fi h
-

or k olo r k OI a l
l
m e l e ch
’
-
a king
f. it a city

ni x ts Om a fas t

he c al led
he c ried ( n ot w e p t “

Pl
‘
r ? s ak sackcl o th
NM s hé n i -
th the sec o n d ti m e

( ) N o te
1 a n ot 6 in the s e c l ose d s y ll ab l es .
 LE SS O N V

I n a i s ti n et Vow el
s — T he tude n t wil l b e fa m ili ar wit h
’
s

v o wel s o u n d s th a t are i n di s ti n ct
-
S o m e o f o u r E n gl i s h .

w o rd s are p ro n o u n c e d i n s u c h a w ay th at cert ai n v o w e l
s o u n d s a re s c a rcely h e a rd at a l l T a k e as an ex am p le .
, ,
” ”
the w o rd believe
“
T he e i n the fi r s t s y ll ab l e o f t h a t
.
“

w o rd i s very i n di s ti n ct S o m e pe o p le p ron o u n ce the wo rd

.

bl
”
as i f i t were writte n i eve .

I n Hebre w thi s i n di s ti n ct v o wel s ou n d i s rep re s e n ted

,
-

by writte n u n der t h e c o n s on an t p recedi n g the i n di s ti n ct

v o wel . I n writi n g o u t H ebrew w o rd s i n the c o rre s p o n d i n g
E n gl i s h l etter s we u s u al ly r e p re s e n t th e i n di s ti n ct v o wel s
,

th u s — b e l ieve Le t u s t a k e t h e H ebrew w o rd th at i s
.

p r o n o u n ced Y e hi the fi r,
s t s y l l a bl e bei n g i n d i s ti n c t Thi s .

i s w ritte n
Thi s S ig n i s c al led S h e v a bu t we m u s t d i s ti n g u i s h
“
,
”

betwee n 5 1m : Voca la n d S i l en t S n va The di s ti n cti o n ‘

.

wil l e as ily b e u n der s t o o d by the s tude n t S h e va i n t h e .

w o rd give n a b o ve i s S h e va V o c al ; t ha t i s S h e va t h at i s ,

s ou n d ed with t h e i n di s ti n ct s o u n d we h a v e i n the fi r s t
,

B u t so m eti m e s S h e v a
”
s yl l abl e o f o u r w o rd believe “
.

d o es n o t s t an d fo r a n i n di s ti n ct v o wel s o u n d bu t m erely -

m a rk s the cl o s e o f a s yll a ble We h ave an ex a m pl e o f.

”
t h i s i n the H ebrew w o rd fo r T ar s hi s h The “
,

S h va u n d e r R e s h I I s n o t a v o wel s ig n b ut m ark s t h e e n d
° '
-

o f t h e s yl l a bl e Thi s m ark i s c al led S h e v a S ile n t

. By .

fa m i li arity wit h H e b r e w w o rd s t h e s t u d e n t wil l s o o n be ,

a bl e to di s ti n g u i s h b e twe e n V o c a l an d S il e n t S h e v a .

U n d e r A l e p h H e C h eth A yi n an d R e s h the i n di s ti n ct
, , , ,

v o w e l s ig n has s o m eti m e s a di ffere n t fo r m o f S h e va

-
.

T h e s e fo r m s are I t wil l be n o t e d t h at they are

c o m bi n at i o n s o f S i m p l e S h e va wi t h t h e v o wel S i g n s fo r a -

an d e a n d O .I n tr an s liter ati n g t h e s e c o m p os ite S h e v as ,

 I 4 A FI RST H E B RE W READ E R
5
an o the r H ebrew w o rd (p r o n o u n ced d h o n ai ) a i - -

”
re p re se n ti n g the vo we l s o u n d i n t h e E n g l i s h w o rd my -
“
.

The H ebrew s reg arded the very n am e nm wi th s u ch ‘

revere n ce th at they did n o t utter i t They d id n o t s ay t h e .

w ord t h e c o n s on an t s O f which were mn‘ ; they s aid gm ‘ ‘

,

5
d ho n ai
-
Whe n e ver y o u s ee mm y ou wil l k n o w th at i t
-
.
‘
,
”
s t an d s fo r o u r w o rd J eh o vah I n r e adi n g it i n Hebrew “
.
,

é"
s ay -
d ho -
n ai .

N o te th a t
(6) or fo l l o wed by i s writte n an d
”
p r o n o u n ced a i t h e v o wel s o u n d i n o u r w o rd
, m y Thu s -
.

{E
p t is r o n o u n ced m i t ai
fi fi
‘
p t -
.

We tur n n o w to t h e w o rd s at t h e begi n n i n g o f the

B o o k o f J o n ah T h e fo l l o w i n g i s a n a tte m p t t o rep re s e n t
.

the w ay i n which the s e w o rd s s h o uld be p ro n o u n ced :

de v ar
a
d h<i n ai él 5
m i t t ai l
é m or
’

w éI y hi n a v en
'
e ‘’
- - - -

y O - - - -
.

The tran s l iter ati o n of the w o rd s i s :

w ay
"
hi d
e
bh ar y
°
h 6 w ah
’
é ly o n a h b en
5
ml
tt ai l
é
’
m Or .

T AB L E OF V O WE L S O U N D S AND S I GNS .

5 is an d a is thu s I D?
( ha ri ch )
'
-
.

e E ( né -
dh e r )
‘
75! an d
( k an d )
‘ '

i or I i y i t te-
n

a u or a an d 6; an d k en
)
ii an? l
a a or
( a n u) -

l n di s ti n ct V owe l s li ke e , in “
bel ieve
N) ?
p r o n o u n ced k
the e bei n g i n di s ti n ct
e
-
ra,

w as {E
m i t tai t h e a -

H
<1
5
lc> hi m the e
-
‘

n i y a the o - -

In tr an s l iterati o n , r e p re s e n t by e
as q r
e
fo r a} ?
5 5
m i t t ai fo r more
’

v by as
‘’

5
fo r U 5g
’e

I) by as 16 h i m D‘
f
5 ’
5
n by as h iy y ah for “9
3 95
I f the s tude n t has m as tered the l etters an d t h e v o wel
s i g n s he s h o ul d be a ble to re a d as s ag e s fr o m the Hebrew
,
p
 A FI RS T H EBRE W R E AD E R I 5

B ible th ou g h he wi ll
,
be a b l e to u n ders t an d thei r n ot

m e an i n g We t ak e a s an il l u s trati on an o ther vers e from

.

the B oo k o f J o n ah ( ch ap i ver . . .

r 4
3 33 :s m n
‘
gfiwga T ru mp ‘ s ” mp
‘
:i
gg
; oh m

We p ron o u n ce the s e w o rd s in the fo l l o wi n g w ay :

k um l ec h élNi ha i r hag g d ho a l
°
ii k
e
- -
n -
wé - - - -
-
°
-
ra
-
l
a é ha k i a
- -
ltha ré
é - -
a th am
-
lfé e - -
n ai .

The tr an sl ite r ati on of the w o rd s is as fo l l o w s :

q um l e kh
’
é ln i n
e
h ag g d h o l
w é h ah ha
'
i r °

fi q
e
ra a l
éha ki
‘
a lth a h r a a th a m lp h zt n ai
e e
' ‘

Rema rks —( I ) Kaph an d Koph repre s en te d i n tran s l i terati on

. by
b u t b o th a e pr c da o ” ” “ “
k an d q, r o n o un e s u r k in k e ep .

vo w e l s i gn s s ee pag e I 4
( 2) Fo r the -

, .

( 3 ) Th e en d of a ve rs e i s m ark ed b y the S i g n S o al s o th e en d
o f a s en te n c e .

( 4) N o te the d ag esh i n a i n the w or d min Ian H ere d ag esh

-

d o es n ot m erel y s i g n i fy th at G im e l i s to be pro n o u n c e d g ”
b ut i t
“

i s th e m ark o f a d o u bl e d l e tter n ot
g ” “ ”
,

gg , .

E XE R C I SE VI .

Write o ut the fo ll o wi n g i n E n gli s h l etter s :

WV51 5 ln
I D: 7 1 3 1‘ “ -
{I‘ D? - i
g
w D
eg]
l
m ay ia
tr :1 ; ;
'
11 ” my ? m y
) uj ufi n
w m3;
mi n i “g
avr l
a Ho -

me
( J onah

R emarks — ( I ) R ea d from r igh t to l eft , bu t w r ite the E n gl ish

l etter fr s om l ft t ri ght
e o .

( )2 fi r
T hes t w o r d i s w a y y a q om .

( 3 ) N ote that 5 i s l b u t that i s I n the c as e o f the

“ ”
,
“
B e ga dk e pat l ette rs the d ag esh m ay
”
,
“ ”
or m ay n o t m ean the
 16 A FI R ST H EBRE W RE AD E R
d ou b l i n g of the l e tte r T hu s n i n i vi va i s t n ot rt an d 3 . n t/ “
“ ” “
,
”

i n th e w or d nun i s b n ot bb T h e s tu d e n t w i ll b e r i gh t i f
“ ” “ ”
.

h e tak e s 3 a t th e b e g i n n i n g o f a w or d a s b n o t bb
” “ “ ”
I n the .

c as e of l ette rs o the r than 3 5 1 3 a n dag esh s i g n i fi e s the ”

, ,
t
, , ,
“

d ou bl i n g of the l ette r .

( 4) E x pres s n; b y b a h N ote the d ag esh i n n Th e word . .

i s pron ou n c e d ba ch c h as i n l och ” “
,
” “
.

5) R em e m b er th at 3 i s b h .

( 6 ) The tr an s l i tera ti on o f n 13 5 i s l
I b h r O 5 c h th e v o w el s ou n d
‘ ‘
’
-

a c om i n g bef ore th e c o n s on an t u n d er wh i ch i t i s w r i tte n Th i s i s .

c all e d P a t/zae/z Fu rti v e ( P athac h s teal in g i n )

“ ”
.

E XE R CI SE VI I .

Write ou t the fo ll o wi n g in H ebrew letter s :

w ay y a q O m y on a h w ay y é é kh é l lN i n
e
w é h
k i d h bh a r Y h a w ah w Ni n w é h h a y th fi h
e e e e e

dh al l
é l l l
' ’
i
Ir g
e
ah oh i m m ah akh sh
°
O s h é th
y am i m .

R em a rks — ( I ) Th i s i s 3 rd v er se o f th e 3 rd ch apte r o f J on ah
th e .

( 2) E x pres s d ou bl l
ed ette r s b y d a esh g x l
“ ”
Fo r e am p e, i n the .

fi rs t w or d yy i s a “ ”
l
s o a so i n th i rd w o r d h ere a re fi ve O f the . T
H eb re w l etters that are n ot d ou bl ed . T h ese are R, n, n, I), 1
'
.

a
(3 ) h is n an d y is
e I.

(4) sh
e
15 s h é th i s ne w .

( 5) E x pres s h m! fo
‘
i by t us "
r ir .

T h e s tude n t s h o u l d p r acti s e re adi n g the s e e x erci s e s

as they are i n the Hebrew letter s T h e p ro n u n ci a ti o n i n .

E x erci s e V I m ay be re p re s e n ted thu s — w ay y é k 6 m y O n a

.
- - -

l
i v rO ac h - -
tar s hi - -
s ha mi ll
if né - -
5 -
d ho -
n ai w ay y é ré d h y é - -
‘

-
fO
‘ i'
a
w ei y y i m ts i ba a h ar s hi s hé w ay y i t té n s ch ei
e
ré
‘ '

niy t
y zt
- - - - - - - - - - -
.

w ay y é red h b ach l i m m a hé m t ar s hi s ha mi ll
if né
’
- -
a vo - - - - - - -

i -
d ho -
n ai .

E x e rci s e V I I .
—
w ai y
‘
-

y a k6m
-

yO w ay y é l ch é n i
-
na - -
e
’

l -

l
v

wé kId h w e h a y tha i r g d ho a
‘
e
v ai r d hO n ai
‘’
a
‘ e e e e
n - - -
w -
ni -
n - - - - -

é l
l h e th
a
o hi m mah l ac h sh IO m m
e
- - - - - -
s y a i -
.
 A F I RST HE B R E I V REA D E R I 7

VO C AB U L AR Y I I I .

H e b re w P ro n u n c i at i o n M ean i n g
Wo rd
. .

é
Iii hi m -
G od
I
n n is
5
m i t ta i -
A m itt a i
7 73 $ a m -
V

r He sa id
ymg
l
Si
m 5 é m or -

l i ter a ll y to sa
y
mpg 5
a sh i p
'

? niy yé
- -

a
t; b it he c a m e
Ki n ? l
a VO -
to c o m e
ma hé -
r ach he fle d
s l
i v rO ac h to fle e
‘

nn - -

Wé"; da -

v ar a w o rd
n rw m
j
“
de -
v ar
5 -
d ho -
n ai th e w o rd o f the Lo rd

hé l ach -
h e we n t
l ec h go
5 -
d ho -
n ai J e h o v ah
“ J or W7 5 né -
d her or n é -
dher a vow

ni -
n
e
-
wé N i n eve h
l
l
); n
'

a -
t h an he g ave
y i t t é n -
h e wi ll giv e
m w ity e
1
an d h e g a ve
‘’

u -

y t t n i -

D k am he r o se
2 1
w ay y a k ci m an d h e r o s e
‘

D ]
ag
- -

mp k e -
ré c ry ( a c o m m a n d )
t ar -
s hi s h Ta rs h i s h
oj l
fl t o T a r s hi s h
‘
i
n t‘
tar s hi s ha
g - -

1 ) N o te w ay ds wa
r— e in father
( sou n as .
 LESS O N VI .

e — In
Tbe A rti cl H e b r e w t h e re is I n d e fi n it e A rticl e
no
,
”
A ci ty i s
” ” '
l ik e the E n gli s h a o r a n “ “
.
“
( i r t he ,
”
s o u n d o f o u r w o rd
“
e ar

T h e D e fi n ite A rti c l e i s n ot writte n as a s e p a r ate w o rd

”
l ike o u r t h e b u t i s p u t at th e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e w o rd to
“
,

w h i c h i t i s a tt a ched I ts u s u a l fo r m i s {I ( ha) a n d t h e l e tter

.
,
” ”
fo ll o wi n g i s d o u bled T h u s Di i s a d ay b u t the d ay
.
‘ “
,

”
is h a v i n g d a ge s h the S ig n o f a d o ubled l etter
“
, .

The tr an s lit e r a ti o n o f t h e s e w o rd s i s y 6 m a n d h e y y 6 m .

” ”
The p r o n u n ci ati o n i s y om a n d hay y am “ “ -
.

T h i s i s t h e u s u a l fo r m o f the D e fi n i te A rti c l e an d ,

u n le s s o n e k n o w s a g ood rea s on fo r d o i n g o therwi s e o n e ,

h
s ou ld e x p r e s s t h e A rticl e b y n wit h the fo l l o wi n g c o n s o n
a n t d o u bl e d I t h as a lre a dy b e e n p o i n t e d o u t t h at a c o n
.

”
s on an t i s d o u bl ed by d age s h T h u s I: i s m b u t In i s m m .
, .

is bu t
”
N o te the n t h a t a d e s e rt t he d e s e r t
“ “
is
r n o u n c e d h am m i d h bar d h lik h i t h i “
1 27 0 71
3 ( p o e t n s
- - -

R em a rk s — ( I ) R e m e m b e r th at N n n I) I a re n o t d o u b l e d ‘
, , , , .

( 2) B efo re N p I th e A rti c l e i s u s uall y H e n c e th e sh i p i s

' “ ”
, ,

HJ N I
’
'
I .

( 3) S o m et i m e s b e fo r e n o r y th e A r ti c l e i s n
‘ ’
I
.

( 4 ) B efore n th e A r ti c l e i s a l w ay s :1 H en ce Du nn i s the .

H eb re w fo r th e v i o l e n ce ( J o n ah i i i
“ ”
.

E x a mp l es — P u t th e A rt i c l e b e for e th e fo ll o w i n g w o rd s

, n n;
gg w ,

T he fi rs t w o rd ce d l o ur w o r d e ar pr
m ean s on o u n ik e “
,
”

w e w r i te fi n ( R e m a rk
” ”
th e C i ty
“
“
a C i ty Fo r
.
y fl gs
‘ a

i y y a h p ro n o u n c e d
,
n i yé ) H e re a l so w e h ave a g o o d re as on
5 - -
.

fo r n o t w r i t in g n N i s th e fi rs t l e tte r i n th e w o r d an d tha t l e tte r

.
,

c an n ot b e d o u b l e d We w r i te nu Nnl D nap m all

.
l a chi m m e an s .
‘ - -

,
Y '
Yz
‘ ’

s a i l o rs T h e s a il
o rs i s n nhp g h am m al l ”
a chi m as th e r e i s
“ ” “ ‘ - - -
.
,

n o r e a s on h e re fo r n o t w r i ti n g th e A r ti c l e i n th e u s u al fo rm .

1 8
 A F I RST H EBRE W R E AD E R 19

We m ay tak e a s an oth e r ex ampl e the w o rd 5f t; ( go r21 1) We -

.

s e e th at th e fi rs t l e tte r h a s d ag e sh b u t th e d ag esh h e re i s th e ” “ ”
,
“
d ag es h i n o n e o f th e B ega d k epat l e tters I t i n d ic ate s that
” “ ”
.

a i s to b e p ro n o u n c e d Th e l i s i n H e b re w
” “ “ ” “ ”
g n ot gh ot .

Sli m an d n o te that th is w o rd r ea d s h ag g O ral

,
- -

.
”

The s t u de n t s h o u l d n o w p r ac t i s e r e a di n g H e b r e w s e n
te n c e s eve n al th o u gh h e i s n o t a b l e to u n d e r s t a n d w h a t h e
,

re ad s T he w o rd s s h o u l d be re ad al o u d
. A t t hi s poin t i t .

m ay be wel l t o re a d a g ai n t h e v er s e s i n t h e B oo k o f J o n ah
t h a t h a v e a l re ady b e e n give n ( s e e p age s I 3 I We n o w ,

give the 4 th ver s e o f t h e fi r s t c h ap ter o f J o n ah .

l
l
Si n -

1 2D i
nn e m9N -

n gh a
i -

mw '‘
7 o mi n i )
na
gm5 -

ha m
r
2
n u Nm

P r o n o u n ce t h e s e w o rd s thu s :

w a d ho
‘
- -
n ai h é ti -

lru ac h
-

g de
h o-
lé e1 h a y y a m w a
-

y h i - -
e
-

s ee r g et
‘

-
d h ol b ay y am w
-
e
-
hé
‘I
-
niy
-

y zi c hi s h s h v a
e
-
e
hi sh
'

- -
l-
’

s hi -
ver .

—
N o te ( I ) P a th ach F u rtive ; n o t rfi c ha bu t ru ac h
V
- -

( p age
5
( )
2 N o t e t h a t v o w e l s i g n s lik e w ritte n a b o v e the li n e
-

are i n di s ti n ct .

N B — A R e a di n g E xerci s e i s gi v e n at t h e e n d o f e a ch
. .

T h e s t u d en t i s a dvi s e d t o re a d t h e s e a l
'
Le s s o n .
ou a .

R e adi n g a l o u d s h o u l d b e p r acti s e d r e g u l a rly .

E XE R C I S E VIII .

Put t h e A rticl e b e fo r e t h e fo l l o wi n g w o rd s :

‘
9; m mm? b m f‘
'

y ut: tt N
‘
322 y; D tpgt
‘
j nt z u D; n n
, , T , , ,

U Tl
l 0 ?
‘
3 0 79 1
. ,
,
20 A FI RST H EBREW RE AD E R
VO C AB U LAR Y IV .

H e b re w P ron u n c i ati o n M e an i n g
Wo rd .
. .

mm “
ma hi m -
s m en
g a d h ol
-
gre at
gO
-
ré l l
ot

mt z é -
v ach a sa crifi ce
1
9 0
02 c hi -
m as vi o l e n c e
i y ab b a s h a d ry l an d
a
r a: - -

Di ‘ y m
o a d ay
0
: Yam sea

b ay y am -
in or o n th e s ea

m i d h bé r -
a d e s ert
ma yi m w ater w ater s
l
-

moars ma ll
é ch i m
- -
s a il o r s

D‘
W '
IJ n
e
-
d ha ri m -
vo w s
WE } né -
fé s h s o u l o r l i fe

WP sa -
ar a t e m pes t s t o r m
,

3N8 ts On a sh e e p

m" ( f ) . rfI -
ac h wi n d
DIP ? s ha -

ma yi m -
h e a ve n

( ) N o te a cce n t o n s ec o n d s yl l abl e
1 . H e n ce c hi -
m as ,
” ”
c ha m os ;
”
n ot -
ch l i ke ch i n l o c h
“ “ “
.

( 2 ) S ee N o te I p age 2 1 , .
22 A FI RST H E B RE W REA D E R

a w o rd l ike w ay y i r fi it i s s u gge s ted t h a t the l i p s s h o u l d be

- -
e
-

cl o se d a fter p r o n o u n c i n g the fi r s t s yl l a b l e t h u s givi n g s o m e ,

thi n g o f i ts c o n s o n an t a l v al u e to y S o wi t h o th e r c as e s o f .

”
d o u b led Yo d N o t e t h at
. w ay d o e s n o t r e p re s e n t t h e
“

s o u n d o f o u r w o rd w ay I t i s w e— e as i n hat
“
.
”
.
”

( )
2 P r o n o u n c e — lc) h a u l a s t s yl l a b l e l ik e o u r
e
'

-
ho w ,
“
.
”

E XE R C I SE IX .

Tr an s l a t e i n t o H ebrew
(I) J o n a h ro s e u p to fle e to T a r s h i s h .

( 2) J e h o v a h m a d e the s e a an d t h e d ry l a n d
2
.

( 3) A n d J o n ah ro s e u p .

3
(4) A n d th e w o rd o f t h e L o rd c a m e t o J o n ah , sa yi n g .

5) T h e ki n g s a id : G o u n t o N i n ev e h .
”

(6) He c a l l e d the s e c o n d ti m e .

4
(7) A n d J o n a h c a l l e d t he s ec on d ti m e .

R em a rks Th e w ords fo r th i s e x ci
er se a re g iv en in Voca
bu l
a ri e s I .
—1V .

( )
2 M a rk the A cc u s at i ve h e r e as on pa g e 21 . Fo r “
an d the
”

s ay
'

n m
.

( 3 ) S ay
“
w as .
”
S ee pa e 2 1 g .

(4 ) A n d
“
he c all e d ”
m pg}
is { .
 LESS O N VI I I .

T/ze N ou n ana
’
t/ze A ayeeti v e — .
( ) G
I e n der — . I n Eng
li s h w e s p e a k o f th e G e n der o f a N o u n a s m as c u l i n e ,

”
fe m i n i n e o r n e u t e r
, T h u s m an i s a m as c u li n e n o u n
.
“
,

” ”
“
w o m an fe m i n i n e an d s ea n e u t e r ,
I n H e b rew t h er e
“
.

a re t w o g e n der s ; a n o u n i s e i t h e r m a s c u l i n e o r fe m i n i n e .

A s wi t h u s t h e n a m e s o f m a l e b e i n g s are m as c u li n e
, ,

an d t h e n a m e s o f fe m al e b e i n g s are fe m i n i n e Thu s .

’ ” ’
s m as c u l i n e h h
( sh
) a m an i d ( h )
“
i an i s s a ,
-

“
a w o m an i s fe m i n i n e A l l t h e H e bre w w o rd s fo r o u r
.

n e u ter n oun s a re e i t h er m as c u li n e o r fe m i n i n e Th us .

( m i d h b i r) a d e s e rt
-
i
“
s m as c u l i n e an d
(y b
a ,
”
ba s h ah) d ry l an d “
i s fe m i n i n e
'

-
.

T h e A dj e c tive h a s o n e fo r m fo r the m as c u l i n e a n d
an o t h er fo r t he fe m i n i n e I f t he a dj e c tive q u a l i fi e s a.

m as c u l i n e n o u n t h e m a s c u li n e fo r m i s u s e d b u t i f i t
, ,

q u a lifi e s a fe m i n i n e n ou n t h e fe m i n i n e fo r m o f the adj e c tive ,

i s u sed T h e fe m i n i n e i s fo r m ed fro m t he m as c u li n e
.

a dj ecti v e b y a ddi n g T ; ah) T h u s ni b ( t O bh) “9 5D

I -

.
,

h f o r m 511 3 t h e fe m i n i n e i s
( t O b -

a b ) I n a w. o rd o t h e f
t he fi r s t s yl l abl e b e c o m i n g i n d i s ti n c t .

( )
2 N u m b e r — We s ay th a t a n o u n i s e i th e r s i n g u l ar
.

” ”
o r p l u r al T h u s b o y i s s i n g u l a r a n d b o y s i s p l u r al
.
“
,
“
.

I n H ebr e w t h er e are t h re e n u m b e r s A n o u n i s s i ng u l ar .

whe n i t d e n o t e s o n e t h i n g o r p ers o n ; p l u ra l w h en i t d en o tes

m o re t h a n o n e The d u a li s u s ed o f p air s o f t hi n g s as
.
,
”
t w o eye s .

T h e ge n e r a l r u le fo r the fo r m ati o n o f t he p l u r a l i s
ad d D i m ) to t h e s i n g u l a r B u t n o t e the ch a n ge i n
‘ -
.

th e fo r m o f a w o rd l i k e T he p l u r a l i s t he fir s t
s yll abl e bei n g i n di s ti n ct Thi s i s a c o m m o n fo r m o f the
.

p l u r a l o f w o rd s o f t w o s yl l a b l es T h us : .

23
24 A F I RST HEBRE W REA D ER

S i n g u l ar . P l u ral . P ron u n c i ati on . M e an i n g .

w ho m e l ech m l a ch i m king
e
- - -

T
d a v ar d e v a ri m
-

,
- -
w o rd
z é v ac h z v a c hi m s a crific e
e
h n! D ng t
‘

l
- - -

,
'
ll ‘
U ‘
Wp:
'

n é d h e r n d ha ri m
-

,
e
- -
vow

A w o rd e n di n g i n the fe m i n i n e ter m i n ati o n n ; ah) -

has for t h e p l u r a l fi l Oth) i n p l ace o f the s i n g u l a r e n d i n g

m -

Th s t h e p l u r a l o f t h e fe m i n i n e a dj ective i
( )
rah . u s

new; ( g d h o l ah) ( g d h o l ot h )
° e -
- - -
.

N o te t h e n t h a t a c o m m o n fo r m o f the p l u r a l o f w o rd s
o f tw o s yll a bl es i s m y t he fi r s t v o w e l bei n g i n di s ti n ct a n d
} ,

the s e c o n d Ka m e tz I f the s e c o n d v o wel o f t h e w o rd i n

t h e s i n g u l ar i s i o r a o r t h a t v o wel i s r e t a i n ed i n the
lur l f r m Th D 5i 1 §
( a d ho l g d h o l i m )
‘ e
a o us g
p
- -
-
.
, .

The fo r m s o f t h e a dj e ctive s 3 5D an d 5h ; wil l e x p re s s

the g e n er al r u le s give n ab o ve .

M as c S i n g . . Fem . S in g . M asc P l u r . . Fe m . P lur .

ni p ng i u Dun
n ni ai n

1
.511 : DDS Ia
-
ni 5m

N ote — A n dj ective a gre e s wit h t he n o u n i t q u alifi es

a

i n g e n der a n d n u m b e r A g o o d m an i s fi l 3 W
l W5 ( i sh
.
“ ”
-
'

A g o o d w o m an i s 7 n ” "’
I s h s h ah t 6 bh ah
t O bh) .
( ) i -
.

The a dj ective i s p l a c e d a ft e r t he n o u n it q u al ifi e s .

i s PW
”
“
T he c ity I f we wi s h to writ e t he g o o d
“

.
“

”
city b o t h t he n o u n a n d th e q u a li fyi n g a dj e c tive h ave the
,

a rticl e H e n c e w e writ e ng i u a i l
.
hj
‘ ‘
.

N o te ( I ) Te t h i n the a dj ective i s d o u bled a fter the

a rticle ( p age 1

( )
2 i s a fem i n i n e n ou n a n d th e r e fo re t h e a dj ectiv e ,

h as t h e fe m i n i n e fo r m .

I f we l e ft o u t the a rticl e befo r e t h e a dj e cti v e an d wr o t e

FTn t h i s w ou l d m e an T h e city i s g o o d n ot t h e” “ “
,
”
g oo d city .
 A FI RS T H EBRE W REA D E R 25

VO C AB U L AR Y V .

P ro n u n c i a t i o n . M ean i n g .

3
‘

l
cJ h au
'

-
1
hi s G o d
r
i sh -
s ha a w o m an
I ‘
fg s
t é -
l
au
1
u n t o hi m

aw}: I
Sher
’

w h o w h i ch
a
-

Eth ( m a rk o f A cc u s a ti v e )
g d h o l
a
e
- -

gre a t ( fe m ) .

e
7

mar i -

d v fi ri m - -
w o rd s
D nnr
‘
z
e
-
va -
c hi m s ac rifi ce s

ha y é -
“
h e w as o r i t w a s “

W1 w a y hi
e
- -
a n d h e w as

h e fe a re d
N3 : yé
-
ré
fe ari n g
aw n w ay y i r LI a n d t h e y fe a r e d
e
‘

- - -

iv y é —
r ad h h e we n t do w n
w ay y é - -
rEd h an d h e w e n t d o w n

”
( )
f vi m?L fe a r
:
“I
f
”

m
e
-
l
a ch i m -
ki n gs
ki i n n o ce n t
’

n éI -

w ay y i k - -
ré a n d h e c a ll e d

k a rav -
he cam e n ear
w ay y i k rav - -
a n d h e c am e n e a r

s h é ch av -
he l ay d o w n

3 3 233 1 w ay -
yi s h -
ki v an d h e l ay d o w n

nq éo (f ) ‘
. S im -
c hi 5 0 3'

2 )
n 1
( t ré —
a e vi l ( n o u n )
au — l i ke
”

( 1 ) No t e d of i n how
“
soun ow .

R EA D I NG E XE RC I SE .

l E S?“ S ui m
ip aa r m 15 W f
g ‘
n u r
n; an i » :
- -

Nhi D
I
D n i
bzgq n mrh ‘ “
7m fl i
g hts N1 9
;
: WJ NJ
( J o n ah i .
26 A F I RST H EBRE W RE A D E R
P r o n u n c i a ti o n

w ay y i k rav é lau - - -
rav ha c h O - -
ve lw ay y é m er 16 m al -
- e

lc ha n i r d am k fi m k
— l c ha fi l
é
e e
- -
ré e1 -
<3 h é - -
ai
y i th-
i s h s h et h ‘
- -

o hi m l
l a— l
é
hé o n o vé d h
e
- - -
na w - -
.

N otes R e m e m b e r t h at “
ch has th e sou n d of
” ”
ch w o rd l o c h n o t o f c h i n the w o rd
i n t he ,
ch u r ch .

”
T e p r o n u n ci a ti o n o f l as t s yl l a b l e h e re i s
( )
2 h c ha .

E XE R C I S E X .

G ive t he H e b rew fo r t he fo l l o wi n g p h r ase s :

A gre a t city , t he
gre at c i ty a gr e a t wi n d the gr e a t , ,

t e m p e s t i n n o c e n t b l o o d a gre a t fe a r a gr e a t fi s h a gre a t
, , , ,

e v il t h e gre a t e v il a gre a t j o y
, ,g o o d v o w s the g o o d vo w s , , .

N otes — .
(I) The w o rd s wi t h ge n der no e t d a re gi ve n i n
V o c a b u l a r i e s I —V . .

( ) 2 R e m e m be r
t h a t t h e a dj e c ti v e a gre e s wi t h t he n o u n

i t q u a lifi e s i n g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r .

3 ) P u t t h e a dj e c t i v e a fte r t h e n o u n .

( 4 ) R e m e m b e r t h e di s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n the gr e a t c i ty
”
an d the ci ty i s gr ea t S e e p a ge 2 4
“
. .
 LESS O N IX .

T/ze N ou n an d t/ze C as e — We h a v e
A dj ec ti v e
three c as e s i n E n gl i s h — t h e N o m i n ative the P o s s e s s i v e an d , ,

t h e O bj ective We h av e t h r e e c o rre sp on di n g c as e s i n
.

Hebrew . A n ou n whic h i s the s u bj e ct o f a ve r b i s i n th e

N o m i n ative an d t h i s i s the n o r m a l fo r m o f the w o rd a n y
, ,

ch an g e b e i n g b a s e d on t h i s fo r m T h e A cc u s ati ve i s fre .

que n tly m arked b y T M o r ( p age

We m u s t n o te c arefu lly w h at c o rre s p on d s to o u r P os
s es s i v e C a se ( the L a ti n G e n iti v e) We s ay t he L o rd s .
“ ’

” ”
w o rd o r t h e w o rd o f the L o rd
,
“
To ex p r e s s t h e P o s .

”
s es s i ve C as e we m a k e a c h a n g e i n t h e w o rd L o rd in one “
,
”
c as e b y a dd i n g i n t h e o t h er b y p re fi x i n g of In “
.

” ”
H e b rew i t i s w o rd n ot Lo rd t h at i s i n fl ect e d
“
,
“
In .

”
a p h r as e l ike t h e w o rd o f t h e L o rd w e h a ve w h a t i s
“
,

c a ll ed tbe Con s tru et Form I n t h at p h r ase t h e H e brew

.
,

i s i n fle c te d — u n d e rg o e s a c h an g e
”
fo r w o rd
“
I n E n gli s h .

” ”
it i s L o rd t h a t i s i n fl e cted ; i n H e b r e w it i s w o rd
“ “
.

We m ay re p re s e n t the d iffe re n c e i n t h i s w ay : i t i s as i f
”
w e wr o te t h e p h r as e i n E n gli s h t h e w o rd o f t h e Lo rd “
-

,
”
i n Hebrew t h e w o rd o f t h e Lo rd We h av e se e n
-
.

”
( V o c . I I I ) t h
. a t t h e Hebrew for t he w o rd o f the L o rd
“
is
We n o te t h a t ther e i s n o ch an g e i n the fo r m o f
”
t h e w o rd fo r t h e L o rd b u t t h a t t h e r e i s a c h an g e i n
“
,
”
the H ebrew t e r m fo r w o r d T h e H ebrew fo r the
“
.
“

”
w o rd i s ‘ 3 1” But the w o rd o f “
i s r e p re s en ted b y

We n o w give s o m e e x a m p le s o f t h e C o n s tr u c t form ,

t ake n fr o m the B o o k o f J o n ah We give fo u r c o l u m n s .

,

t h e fi r s t b ei n g the He b r e w p hr ase t h e s ec o n d the p ro ,

n u n c iati o n th e t h ird t h e m e an i n g an d the fo u r t h t he

, ,

u su a l fo r m o f t h e w o rd — the u n i n flec te d fo r m o f t h e
w o rd .
28 A F I RST HEBREW REA DE R

P ro n u n c iati o n M e an i n g U sua l
H e b re w Ph ras e . . .

F rm o .

m de ii
w o rd of t he
'

a
i -
v ar -
d ho -
n ai T he 13 ?
'
’
1

L o rd
I
n my z; b en
a
-
m i t ta i -
th e son of A m it
ta i
n ‘
aaa ii k th e h a e
the i d es of t he D‘
DEW‘

g y r s s
-
-

—
S
e
hip -
l
i I I Et -
s

53 hh rav ha c h o v el
7 -
:I I t h e s h i p m as ter - - 31

om we: n é fe s h h ii i s h th e l ife o f t he W5 3
r
p
- -

m an
‘
E’
? m e
-
é h ad -
d agh the b e lly of th e nun:

fish
$i in ; b e ten -
sh
e
-
61 l
l H ad es
th e b e y o f
my :3 5 lv av y am
°
- -
mi m th e h e ar t of ( th e) 33 $
s e as
were 53 m hé -
c h al k od h -
t h e t e m pl e o f t h y
sh
e
-
c h2
1 h o li n e s s
mm ‘
339 k i tz -
vé h a ri m -
th e r o o t s o f m o u n Di ni -
f?
t ai n s
NW; Dan h av e -
ls h au 1
id o l s o f v an ity 0 a ‘
5
;
k 6 ] tO d h ii -
the vo i c e o f p r a i s e
mg:x
iv/ht a5m: »
m zi h
‘
-
lzi c h
i -
‘

sh
e
a t h re e d a y s ’
agnn
‘

l
O sh eth -

y éi j ou r n e y
mi m
''

m :
y"
MI N an -
s he Ni -
n
e
th e m en of Nin e @n
we veh

m e l e ch -

Ni -
n
e
t he king o f Ni n e
we veh

3 5m are t it am h am m e
- -
t he d e cre e of th e DMD

l e ch king
fine p an c h a
-

rOn zi p p 6 -
t he h e a t of his
an ger

” ” ”
( ) 1 N o te “
au r e p r e s e n ts so un d of
“
ow in “
ho w .

It t h e s e fo r m s v e ry c a r e fu lly
i s i m p o rt an t to s t u dy It .

wil l to m e m o ri s e th e p h r a s e s give n
b e g o o d fo r the s t u d e n t
a b o ve T h i s wil l h e l
.
p h i m to u n d e r s t an d r e a dily t he r u l e s
fo r t h e fo r m a ti o n o f t h e C o n s truct w h en he c o m e s to
30 A F I RST H EBRE W RE A D E R .

V O C AB U L AR Y V I — con ti n u ed
.
’
.

H e b re w Wo rd . P ro n un ci ati o n . M ean in g .

t a it m a d e c re e
’
are -

D m‘ ‘
y am m i m
-
s ea s (s ee V o c I V ) . .

a k h a m t he t w o s i d e s
’

y r i t y i - - -

32 $ vé v h e a rt
a
ma h - -
l ach a j ou r n e y a w a y ,

D‘ l
m me i m -
b o w e l s b e l ly ,

fi a sh ip
e
nJ DD ‘
s - -
né

k O d h es h -
h o l i n e ss
1
k od h -
sh
e
-
c ha thy ho l i n ess
an y ? k ts a e
- -
vi m en d s r o o ts ,

:3 rav l ead e r
5me
) sh
e
-
61 H a d es
s h au v an ity
we ; new sh
e
l
o sheth mi m three d ay s
'

a
y
- - -

l in t o d ha r i se
'
n a
p
-

( 1 ) Not e t h at a t the e n d o f a c l au s e t h y h o li n e s s is
“

W?I k od h s he c ha wit h a cc e n t o n s e c o n d s yl l a b l e
W - -

, .

R EA D I NG XE R C I SEE .

mni: i l
m an ab s: um w as »)
ru
gI n
; y
- -

l
mj z m ash mm
‘
when
‘
w en h
‘

n rzI n -

rut T T

l
m : u ni s : ai l 4 w ar m mgr
; s yn pac 1
-

t s:
2
l mn
:1 7
; WI DE) mm mam bo rm p ; n
-

ma ts
”
or ri m mi
-

( J o n ah i .
7,
P r o n u n ci ati o n

w ay —
yO m lré e ha lc h fi w n ap pi l -
e
a c ho ré -
rfi i sh é - -
e
-
e
- - - -

IOth w n é d h e et b s h e l lm i h éI é é bi 6 th l
e
‘
e e
a
‘ ‘

a fi r z 2 n
- - -
- - - - - - -

y zi p pi l w ay y i p p Ol h ag g O al al
‘

fi c h o é l oth O éi r r n
y
- - - - - - - - - -

w ay y O m fi é l hag gi d h a n a l é — fi hé i r lm i
a
e
s he
e
au
- - -
r - - -

n - - -

h é é a ha Oth l a n fi m am m l ach t e c h a fi m e a i n t a
' '
e ‘
-
r -
z -

y
z i v6 -
- - - - - - - -

m a ar ts e c ha w é m i z e
é am fi t ta
’
- - - - -
z -

.
 A F I RST H E BRE W REA D E R 31

( ) Thi
I s fo r m at the end of a cl au s e ,
bu t u s u al ly 13 7 8 .

S ee p age 3 0 .

( 2) Thi s fo r m the e n d o f s e n te n ce B u t s e e p ag e 3 2
at . .

L i tera ltra n s l a ti on — A n d t h ey s aid a m an t o hi s

n eig h b o u r go a n d let u s c as t l o t s a n d let u s k n o w on
,

wh os e acc o u n t thi s evil ( i s ) to u s an d t h ey c as t l o t s an d

,

fel lthe l o t o n J o n ah A n d t h ey s a id u n t o hi m tell u s

.
,

n o w o n wh o s e a cc o u n t t h i s evi l ( i s ) t o u s
,
w h a t i s thy ,

bu s i n e s s a n d whe n ce c o m e s t t h o u w h a t ( i s ) t h y c o u n try
,

a n d o f w h a t p e o p le ( a rt) thou ?

( Not e the w o rd s i n br a cket s N o c o rr e s p o n di n g w o rd

.

i n the Hebre w p as s a ge ) .

N o te t h at w ay d o e s n o t re p re s e n t the s o u n d o f w o rd
”
I t i s w a— a h a vi n g the s o u n d o f 5 i n hat ”
‘

w ay . For . .

the “ y ”
s ee p age 2 1 .

E XE R C I SE XI .

1
An d
J n a h c a m e n e a r u n t o the k i n g o f N i n eve h
( ) 1 o .

1
( )
2 A nd the m e n s a id u n t o hi m R i s e go u n t o J o p a
, p , .

3) H e we n t d o w n i n t o t h e s ide s o f th e s h i p .

n a h w as the s o n o f A m itt a i
1
( )
4 A nd J o .

2
( 5) A n d the w o rd o f the L o rd c a m e t o J o n a h .

( )
6 T h e s hi p m as ter s a i d u n t o Jeh o v ah H e we n t u n to ,

Thy h o ly te m p le .

(7) G o a t h r ee d a y s j o u r n ey .

( )
8 A n d
1
th e m e n o f N i n e veh s a i d u n t o J o n ah G o , .

R em a rk s —
( I ) S ay , A n d c a m e J on ah
“
.
”
S ee V oc . v . S l
o a so

A n d s ai d th e m en ; A n d w a s J o n ah
” ”
.

A n d w as th e w o rd
“ ”
( 2) S a y .
 LESS O N X .

Tbe P ron ou n p h r as e like. h —

e s a id
In a the p r o n ou n
“ ”
,

i n H e b rew i s i n cl u d e d i n the v e rb fo r m T h us m e an s he .
“

s a id ,
”
a n d D‘ p tf m e an s
‘
I s a id ” W h en the p r o n o u n i s a d ded
“
.

i n a dditi o n to th e v e r b fo r m it i s fo r the s ak e o f e m p h a s i s , .

a
T he w o rd fo r I i n H e b rew i s t o r 231 ( n i o r a n o c hi )
” ‘
3 3 - - -

”
DR m ig h t b e tr a n s l a t e d A s fo r m e I s a i d
‘ ‘ “
13i , ,

A g ai n “9 1 m e an s h e s acrifi ced an d NW m e an s I “
,
” “

”
s h al l s a cr i fi c e .

We m ay tr a n s l at e “BIS t I s h al l s a c rific e l ayi n g

‘ “
,
”

s tre s s o n t he p r o n o u n S ee Voc V1 ] f or p ron u n c i a ti on

( .
) . . .

”
T he w o rd 139 73 m e a n s t h o u h a s t p itied I f w e writ e
“
.

”
a l s o t h e p er so n a l p r o n o u n fo r th o u w e ge t 13 9 0 311318 w h ic h
“
, ,

T/zou h a s t p itied S o Di ng: m e a n s I ”

m ay be tr an s l at e d
“
.

a n d Di m I s h al lp ity
” ”
s h all p ity s 9 3 m e an s ‘ “
.
,

We fi n d th e s e c as e s o f e m p h as i s i n t h e B o o k o f J o n a h
”
I n a p h r ase l ike O f w h a t pe o p le art t h o u ? t h e H ebrew
”
m ay b e writte n i n the fo r m O f wh at p e o pl e t h o u ? n o “

ve r b b e i n g u sed ; t h u s DV We h a ve see n th at
the H e b r e w fo r t h o u i s “FIN b u t h er e i n the B o o k o f
“ ”
,
‘

J o n ah we h ave b ec a u s e t h e w o rd o cc u r s a t the e n d o f
a cl au s e I t i s n o t u s u a l to h a ve a l o n g v o wel i n a s h u t
.

s yl l a b l e but here the s h u t s yll able i s a cce n ted whe n t h e

,

w o rd i s at t h e e n d o f a cl au s e .

We m ay c o m p are wit h t h i s t h e He b rew fo r A Hebrew

am I ,
9 3$
”
liter ally A H e b rew I , .
”

A c o m m o n fo r m i n H ebr e w i s the n o m i n ative o f the

p r o n o u n wit h the fo r m o f t h e verb t h a t c o rre s pon d s to o u r
p a rti c i p le Th u s NE
:
.
W m e a n s I a m fe a ri n g liter al ly “
,
”
,
”
“
I fe a ri n g We n ot e h er e t h at K) : m ay a l s o m e an h e
.
“

Rm
” ”
fe ared . H e w as fl eei n g i s“
( p r on o u n ce d h fi
V O ré ac h)
- -

T
O B is the .
p re s e n t p artici p le o f the verb
”
whic h m e an s he fl ed N o te the p r o n u n c i a ti on o f
“
.

v O ré ac h t h e n with wh at i s c al led P a thac h Furtive p ag e I

- -

, (
 A FI RST H EBRE W REA D E R 33

O ther thi s k i n d i n the B oo k o f J o n ah are :

p hr as e s of

91 5 38 ‘ “ ”
I am k n o wi n g
‘
or I know Not e “
.
”

P ath a c h F u rtiv e .

O c c u rri n g a t the e n d o f a c l a u s e t h i s re ad s ,

my .

min 1 133 T h o u a rt J e h o v a h
“ ”

: .
.

DE
”
N I am s pe ak i n g “
.

pan 5N W38 T h o u art a gra ci o u s G o d ”

.

N ote t h en th e s e p r o n o u n s :
3s m e an s 5
I p r o n o u n c e d n i o r a n o c hi
‘ ”
}
‘
DR o r 3
,
- - -
.

mgr: th o u ti t ta
i ,
”
-
.

”
NI n he , hfi .

VO C A B U LAR Y V II .

H eb re w Wo r d . P ron u n c i ati on . M ean i n g .

nn~ 5N 5
l
e hem -
u n t o the m

e -
r e ts e art h l an d ,

a m ar ti I s ai d
‘
D DR
I
'
- -

ma l '

b O r e ac h - ~
fleei n g
ni Bii a
-

g e -

ré -
l ath l o ts
d i b b er -
he s p o k e
1 3 31 do -
v er s p e ak i n g

n9
; z é -
v ac h he s a crifi c e d
nan; ez -
b ach I s h a l l s acrifi ce
F3 ” C h an -
n an g ra c i o u s
DD c h as he p i tied
FD” C h as -

ta t h ou h as t p iti e d
y é d h a -
he k n e w
‘
n fl‘l y é d ha ti - -
I k n ew
11 H
; ya
-
d he -
fi t h e y k n ew
l
ll
i
'
‘
y é d he a
- -
k n o wi n g
@8
1 0 m Ia c h a
e
- -
b u s i n es s
am S s n m
e
-
l ac h t e - -
c ha thy b u s i n e s s
fr o m t h e Pr es e n c e
“i n: 3 9 50 mi ll 5
if né d ho n ai
‘ - -
- -

o f J e h o va h
o

‘’

I v ri -
a H e b rew
my firm pe o pl e

( )
1 A fter an O p e n s yll ab l e so u n d l ik e Nan, th is is wri t te n
[ 35, an d p r o n o u n ced V O ré ac h
1 - -
.
34 A FI RST H EBRE W REA D E R

R E AD I NG E XE R C I SE .

us gzp n
n r j
‘

i n
‘
m h
i ng
-

n un
, w as un i t m m
n uim n ‘
'
T
-
: T
nm m : mfiaan mm T T
“
-

eg
g
-

ms l
fl ipj fi tti bz
‘

m:

Wi n : "
ri m rm -

i fas In
n is“ n gh
i
; my )
.

m : mm my
l
? mm m wm n
'

z en i n pa ni '
:
"
T T

( J on ah i .
9, Io .
)
P r o n u n ci ati o n

w zi y y O m er - -
’
5 -
l
é hé m -
iv -

ri é -
n o c hi -
w
e
-
e th a
-
d ho -
n ai
é -
l
o hé -
hé s h -
s ha -
ma yi m -
5‘ e
ni
‘

y zt ré
-
5 -
s he r é -
Eth hay y am
sa - -
‘

w eth hay y ab b a s h é : w ay y i r fi hé
e
- - - - - - -
e
- -
a
-
n a s h i m y I r za c h
-
‘’
-
‘

e
d ho l w ay y O m rfi e l m i l 26 th é th et k i y a d h LI
e °
‘ ’

zi
‘

-
au - - - - - -
si - - - -
.

hé -
i -
nE
I s -
hi m ki mi -
ll
if né
-
’
-
5 -
d ho -
n ai hfi v 6 ré - -
zi c h
‘

k i hi g gi d h -

l
i h em -
.

Li tera ltra n s l
— A n d he s a i d u n t o t h e m A H e b rew
a ti on ,

I a n d J e h o v ah t h e G o d o f the h e ave n s I ( a m ) fe ari n g w ho

m ade the s e a a n d t he d ry l a n d A n d fe a red th e m en a .

gre at fe ar an d they s aid u n t o hi m Wh at ( i s ) t h i s th o u h as t ,

d o n e fo r k n ew the m e n t h at fr o m the p re s e n c e o f J e h o v a h
,

h e ( w as) fl e e i n g for h e t o l d [to ] th em .

No t i n the Hebrew . N o t required i n the

E n gl i s h .

E XE R C I SE XII .

Tr an s l ate i n t o H ebr e w
( ) 1 he s a id I ( )
And
a m a Hebrew , .

( 2) A n d t h ey s a id H e ( i s ) fl eei n g , .

am
( ) ( )
3 I fe a ri n g Je h o v a h .

( 4 ) O f wh at p e o p le ( art) t h o u ?
5) A n d h e s a id Th o u ( art) Je h o v ah , .

( )
6 I ( am
) s p e a k i ng .

( 7 ) T h o u ( a rt) a gr aci o u s G o d
2
.

R em a rk s — ( I ) D o n ot pu t i n H e b re w th e w o r d s i n b rack e ts
. .

( 2) P u t the a dje cti ve afte r th e n oun .

 LESS O N X I .

Tbe P ron ou n — S we h a ve o n ly c o n s idered t h e

. o fa r
n o m i n a tiv e c a s e o f t he P e r s o n a l P ro n o u n I n thi s l e sson .

” ”
we c o n s i d e r the m e t h o d o f e x p r e s s i n g m y hi s e tc
“
,
“
, .
,

a l o n g wi t h n o u n s ( N o te th a t it i s n o t t h e tr a n s l it e r ati o n
.
,

b u t the p r o n u n c i a ti o n t h a t i s g i v e n i n b r a c k e t s b e l o w ; an d
,

t h at t h e p h r a s e i n p a u s e r e fe r s to w o rd s at t h e e n d o f a
”

cl au s e o r s e n t e n ce ) .

”
W h e n it i s att a c h ed to a s i n gu l ar n o u n my is ,
“

e x p re s s ed by a ddi n g
T h u s $i p is “
v o ic e ”
an d
‘
5i P “
my v o ice ”
( k o l
i ) -

W WRW
'
” ”
h e ad head (
'

my rO s hi
)
‘ “ ‘ “
NI -

U u al ly t h ere i s a ch a n ge i n the fo r m o f the w o rd i n

s

a dditi o n t o the a dded s u ffix ( W e m ay c o m p a re t h e .

c h an ge i n the p l u r a l a n d c o n s truct fo r m s S e e p ag e s 2 4 .

an d Th u s :
W5} ? is “
life ”
but W ?! “
my life ( n af s hi
) -

'
13 ?
7 '
a w o rd my w o rd ”
( d e v a ri
)
- -

”
n
71? “
l an d “
my l an d ( ad h m é thi ) - -

WE ( t fI l l
.

” ”

p r ayer
D“ my p r ayer a thi )
“ “ e
- - -
.

”
Whe n i t i s a tt a ched to a p l ur a l w o rd ,
“
my is ex
o f t h e p l u r al D”
re ed by tti g i p l a ce e n di n g
‘
s s u n n
p p 2
"

T hu s is “
l i fe ”
bu t " I" “
my l i fe ”
( ch ay y )
ai -

13 0n 5 ( l
” ” é
‘ “
God ‘
0 3 “
my G od o h ai ) - -
.

I n p au s e , my l ife is 0 an d m y G od 95 ‘
35
“ ‘
3 .

T h ere i s o n ly the o ne fo r m o f t h e s u ffi x fo r m y “
,
”

w h ether i t refer s to a m as cul i n e o r fe m i n i n e n ou n B ut .

”
there i s o n e fo r m o f s u fli x fo r thy wh e n it r e fe r s to a “

m a s cul i n e n o u n an d a s lightly d i ffere n t fo r m whe n it r e fer s

,

to a fe m i n i n e n o u n .

as
36 A F I RST H EBRE W RE AD ER
When i t i s a tt ached to a i g u l a r n o u n an d refers to
s n ,
”
a m as c u l i n e n o u n t hy ,
“
i s ex p re s s e d by the s u ffi x

”
The s t u de n t s h o u l d di s ti n gui s h c arefu lly b e tween t h y “

’
ref erri ng t o a n o u n an d thy a ttacbea to a n o u n,
Thu s“
.

” ”
s p e ak i n g o f J o n a h i n t h e p h r ase t h y b u s i n e s s thy
“ “
,

r e fe r s to a m as c u l i n e n o u n ngi ( y o n é ) but i t i s att a ch e d ‘ -

t o a fe m i n i n e n ou n t h e w o rd fo r b u s i n e ss ”
, T he “

s u ffi x i s t h erefo re th e m as c u li n e su ffi x We c o n fi n e o u r .

s elve s here to thy referri n g to m as c u l i n e n ou n s a n d the

“
,

s tude n t c an le a r n l a t e r t h e fe m i n i n e s u ffi x fo r thy —:7 .

”
H

We n ot e a gai n t h at a tt ached to a s i n gul a r n o u n thy ,

i s e x p re ss ed b y the s u ffi x i l

”
Thu s V13
1 l an d
is “
but 337 % is “
thy l an d ( i r -
ts
”

c h a)

ml ) is h o li n e s s
“ ” “
th y ho l i n e s s ( k odh
s h c h31)
e
-
.

“
I n p au s e t h e s e w o rd s are 3 3 1 3 an d wit h a cce n t on

s to o o
‘

W h e n it i s a tt ached to a p l u r a l n o u n or a n o u n o f a
W
,

”
p l u r a l fo r m
( li ke O N thy i s e x p r e s s ed b y “

p u tti n g T 7 ; i n p l ac e o f t h e p l u r a l e n d i n g I n th e
c as e o f a w o rd o f the d u al fo r m ( p age 2 3 ) the du a l e n di n g
( a y i m ) give s w ay to W1 : ( e c ha)
‘
U
‘
m - -
.

T h us t
ar s is “
God
”
bu t Ta s t “
th y God
”
(
e
-
IO
Ch ech at)
-

” ”
is bre aker s “
thy bre a ker s ( m i s h
b a ré c ha)
- -

D 53 i s w ave s TE t h y w a ve s ( g al
“
)?
l é c ha)
-

cm : i s Tm:
” ”
t h y eye s né
e ye s
(
“ “
é -

c hi )

We t u rn n o w to the H ebre w m eth o d o f ex p re s s i n g

”
“
t h e i r ref erri ng to a m as c u li n e n ou n
, Whe n the w o rd .

”
“
t h e ir i s a tta cbea to a s i n g u l ar n o u n i t i s ex p re ss ed
’
,

u s u al ly by the s u ffi x D ;
3s A F I RST H EBRE W RE A D E R

V O C A B U LAR Y V I I I —con ti n u ea
'
.

H eb rew Wo r d . P ron u n c i ation . M ea n i n g .

Che s e d h -
c o ve n an t l o ve
mg
"
c h i th ar -
h e d igg e d
Wan": w ay y ach t e rfi - - -
a n d t h e y d igg e d

£13 kaf p a l m ( o f h an d )
was k zi p p ét y i m b o th p al m s
‘ ’
- -

Wig
/22
9
i
m a si m - -
w o rk s d e e d s ,

a
né - -
se we s h al l d o
a “
? k a d hi m -
e as t
wxw r osh h ea d
' '

my; ra -
a evi l
s he -
m esh s un

i
n as r
g te -
fi l
la -
a p r ayer
ch “ ”
as in “
l och ,
”
ne ve r a s in “
churc h .
”

R EA D I NG E XE RC I SE .

‘ 3 3 33 mg ari n hu mn u-

w as h-I

~
35; s n as ty on i
hs an s m
‘

nigh 1
-

3 in 5 n
ng

w e h n ‘ 3 us any ‘ 3 DE REK Di ?! PM “ .
DW ”?
I

ami
d? n ufi
zs2n i
7
-
1
w arm n 33 hm ; wgem

bi} w ow 3 5i n B mp BN
'

: np w our i
s R 1 a
n n
-

: T

( J o n ah i . I 1

P r o n u n ci a ti o n

w ay y O m rti e a u m an n a s e é c h w y s h tok h ay
- -
°
-
’

-
l - -
E -
l °
~ l -
l

y am m e a e n fi k 1 h ay y am h O l e
-
ch w
°~
s O-
é rlw i y y O m-
er - - - - -

5i -
l-
i
é hem s é fi n i w a h ti fi n i E h zi y y am w y i s h tok h ay
° - - - - -
l -
l -
‘
-
‘

-
‘’
-

y am m e
i
l e
e ch m k i y O d h e a é n i k i v s h l i h as s i ar
- -
e - - -
’

.
- -
e l
- - -

hag g a d h ol h az z é
-
e c h e m w ay y ach t rfi h é
-

n a s hi m -
I
a
-
l -
- -
e - -
i - -

°
- -
°
l
lh a s h i v é h ay y ab ba s ha w o y é c ho fi k i hay y am h6- - - -
'

-
l - -
l -

"
l ec h w s O Er e hé m
e 2
- - -
l -
.

Li tera ltra n s l
a ti on — An d they id u n t o hi m W h at
sa ,

s h al l we do u n to t h ee , an d wi ll be s il e n t t h e s ea fr o m u o n
p
 A FI RST HE BR E W RE A D E R 39

us, fo r the s ea w a s g o i n g an d t e m pe s t u o u s A n d he s a id .

u n t o the m T a ke m e u p a n d c a s t m e i n t o t h e se a a n d wi ll
,

be s ile n t t he s e a fro m U p o n y o u fo r k n o w i n g ( a m ) I t h at
,

u p o n m y a cc o u n t t h i s gr e at t e m p e s t ( i s ) u p o n y o u An d .

2
ro we d the m e n to bri n g b a c k to t he dry l a n d a n d n o t ,

were they able fo r the s ea ( w a s ) g o i n g a n d te m p e s t u o u s

, .

b u t ha— e as i n
” ”
( 1 ) N o te h ay n o t o u r
“ “
hay , “
ha t .

S ee p a ge 2 2 .

”
( ) L i ter l ly digged “
2 a , .

E XE RC I SE XIII .

A . G ive the H ebrew fo r : T h i n e e y e s Thei r , p a l m s, Thy

bre akers .

8 Tr an s l ate i n t o H ebrew :
.

(I) We s h a l l d o th e ir w o rk s .

( )
2 A n d h e c a m e n e a r u n t o t h y w a ve s .

( 3) H e s p o ke u n t o v a i n id o l s .

(4) I ( am ) fe a ri n g m y G o d t h y G o d , .

5) He ( i s ) fl e ei n g u n t o t h y h o ly te m p l e .

( )
6 I k n ew t h e i r evil .

(7 ) H e k n e w m y p r ayer m y l a n d m y l i fe m y w o rd
, , , .

( 8) They k n ew t h eir c o ve n an t l o ve -
.
 LESS O N X I I .

Tne P ers on a l P ron ou n — We k n o w th at h i s i n E n g .

li sh a l w a y s r e fer s t o a m as c u l i n e
n ou n I ts i s t h e w o rd .
“

u se d i n m o d e r n E ngl i s h i n refere n c e to a n e u ter n o u n .

H e b r e w h as n o n eu te r ge n d e r a n d i n tr an s l ati n g the w o rd
‘

,
”
i ts w e m u s t n o t e i f i t refer s to a m a s c u li n e o r fe m i n i n e
“
,

n ou n W h e n it r e fe r s t o a m as c u l i n e n o u n t h e He b rew
.
,

ex p r e s s i n g i t i s the s am e as t h e s u ffix for h i s ”

’

s u fli x .

I f i t r e fe rs to a fe mi n i n e n o u n the s u ffix i s the s am e as the ,

”
s u ffi x fo r her “
.

We t a k e fi rs t the w o rd hi s w h e n a tt a ch ed to a s i n g u
, ,

lar n ou n T h i s i s e x p re s se d i n H e br e w b y t he s u fli x i
.
-

Thus ‘
E Ni
‘
is “
h e ad ”
bu t With “
hi s h e ad ”
( rO s ho -

) .

U s ua l
l
y the re
‘

is a c h an ge i n t he w o rd in a dditi o n to
the su f fix . T hu s :

“
rag e o r a n ge r”
i ts r a g e
“
,
”
i5 ?! “
,
”
t he w o rd “
i ts
r e fe rri n g t o th e m as c u l i n e n o u n D
: s ea

NP ? t h ro n e 58 9 ? h i s t h ro n e “
k
( is 6) -

11
'
l
w “
m a n tl e l
m fl h h i s m an tl e ‘ “ ”
( ad d ar tO) - -

ID hi s w a y
w ay T I
( d ar k O)
'
-

up ;
l i fe “
(
“
hi s l ife n af s ho — )
a n ge r 353 x hi s a n g e r ”

( ap p O) -

PEP: rig h t h a h i s rig h t h a n d ( y m i n O)

” ”
nd
“ e
- -

sti nk) l e ft h a n d
“
hi s l e ft h a n d S
”
( m O IO)
“ e
- -

H e r e we not e a g ai n t h at w h e n a w o rd has the fe m i n i n e

e n di n g n i s c h an ged t o 11 b e for e the s u ffix i s ad ded : (

ni p “
evil ,
”
i mp ,
h i s e vil ( ré
“ ”
-
a the)
-
.
,

R a r e ly the su ffix fo r “
h i s a tt a ch e d to a s i n gu l ar no un

T hu s in ( ré -
a “
a n eig h b o u r ,
”
any?! “
hi s n eighb ou r ”

( ré -
e hfi )
-
.
 A F I RST H E BRE W REA D E R 41

Whe n “
hi sis ”
a tt a ch e d to a p l u r a l w o rd i t , is ex

p r e s s e d by tti g i n p l ac e o f the p l u r a l e n d i n g
‘ ‘
u n I 0
p
i

ins ( l
” ” E
tra
,
“
Go d, “
hi s G o d o ha u )
- -

( g d ho l
”
no bles ,
hi s no ble s au )
e
- -
.

T he su ffi x fo r th e w o rd he r when it i s a tt a ched to a
s n i gu l a r n ou n i s F1 ;

wai)
?
” ” ” ”
f w a ge s o r fa re ) ,
n1 9 “
i ts fa re t h e w o rd
,
“
i ts
”
r e fe rri n g to the fe m i n i n e n ou n “9
3 35 a s hi
p
“
.

N o t e (T EE
? p r o n o u n ced s c ha r ac h n wit h d a g e s h
e
- -

, .

Whe n h er ( o r i ts referri n g to a fe mi n i n e n o u n )
“ ” “ ” '

is a tt ached to a p l u r a l n ou n the s u ffix i s G ( ha) Th u s

a
s ‘ - \
, .

étc h)
”
i ts
”
(b che
’

(b b a r, bars
e “ “ °
-
ri - -
ri -

” ”
“
i ts re ferri n g to t h e fe m i n i n e n ou n 1
V8
“
e a rt h .

[Vi i — B efo re ex p re s s i n g the w o rd s a nd

” D
thy i ts .
“
,
“
,
”
“
their by H e brew su ffix e s the s t u d e n t m u s t n o te i f the ,
-

n o u n s to whi c h t h e y a re a tta c/z ea a re s i n g u l a r o r p l u r al a n d

’
,
,

i f th e n oun s to which t h ey ref er are m a s culi n e o r fe m i n i n e

‘

VO C A BU L AR Y I X .

H eb re w Wo rd . P ro n u n ci ati on M e an i n g . .

11i é d d e r e th -
m an tl e -

s
D‘ /“l
g
g de
hO li m n o bl e s -

N
E DS
g al lim w ave s
-

n‘ fi a b °
-
ri -
d eh b ar
z a af -
an ge r r ag i n g ,

V59
0 c ha -

fets h e de s i re d
3 39 1
3 5 c hi -
fat s -
ta tho u h as t de s ired
’

t o: rig h t h an d
'

y zi -
rn i n

ND: ki s
’
-
sé t h ro n e
m i s h hé - -
ri m bre a ker s
$1: u po n

HOP ] E w ay y i k - -
°
r -
fi an d t h ey c a ll e d
rel he s aw

s é ch ar -
w age s fa re ,

’1
N o te p r o n u n ci a t i on of w ay . S ee p a ge 22 .
42 A FI RST H E B RE W REA D E R

R EA D I N G E XE RC I SE .

:1 3 ;s Bi
gS R
-
fi
g s: w as h mi n i 9N -

am p}
mpg R ‘ pg n 3 D E
~
33 I
/
Inn
-

S m mm W e ag ga
r

w he n ng n N j
‘ n'
fir
st : » zh ‘
iv y fi m
ls: n nj

m3? Dm v am m Hay m
— 1 m“ n B
ag g t u R
-
fi

l
l
: D T : W M mp h n ut mam h i n m3 n gi m
-
g
- -
‘

( J on ah i . 14

P r o n u n ci ati on

w ay y i k r fi é l d ho n ai w ay y O m rfi an n a d ho n ai
— 5
‘
- -
e fi e
- - -
- - - - - -

al b n é fe s h h é i s h b i z z é w éI lti t ten a l
’

n é n O v d hé
e
e;
e e
- - - - - - - - - - -

a a
n fi d am na -
k i k i at ta - - -

d hO -
n ai ki - -
S hé r c ha fat s ta fi - - -
Si -
th é
w ay y i s II Eth y O n a WE
- -
‘

I y ti n h fi é hay y é m w iry y a} - - -
e
- -
l -
l
- - -

h -
i
m od h iI y y é m m i z z é po w ay y i r II h é n a s h i m y i t a
’
- - - - -
'

- - -
‘’
-

c h d hO é
°~
le
fi
t h d ho n a i w ay y i z b c h a Z E v ét c h a d hO n ai
-
e
- - - - - - - -
’

l - -

w ay y i d d e ru n d ha ri m
e
- - - - -
.

Li tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d t h ey c a lled u n t o J e h o va h a n d
t h ey s a id A h w e p r ay J e h o v ah d o n o t w e p r ay l
, et us , , , ,

1
p e ri s h fo r t h e life o f t h i s m an a n d d o n o t give u p o n u s ,

i n n o ce n t bl o o d fo r T h o u J eh o vah a cc o rdi n g to w h at T h ou
, , ,

h as t de s ired T h ou h as t d o n e A n d t h e y l i fte d u p J o n ah .

2
a n d they c as t h i m i n t o th e s e a a n d t he s e a s t o o d fr o m i t s ,

r agi n g A n d th e m e n fe a red ( with) a gre at fe a r J e h o v a h

.
2 3
,

a n d t h e y s a crific e d a s a c rific e to J e h o v a h a n d t h e y v o w e d

vo ws .

”
( I ) L it e r a ll y by
“
,
,

( )
2 L iter a l ly ,
And t d th e s e a
s oo S ee p age .
”
21 ,

( 3 ) N O w o rd
”
i n t he H e brew here fo r wit h “
.

EXE R C I S E XIV .

A G ive t h e H e br e w fo r : T h y w a ve s Hi s
.
, an ge r Thy ,

b re a ker s i ts ( her) fa re
, .
 A F I RST H EBRE W READ E R 43

B . Tr an s l ate i n t o Hebrew :

( 1 ) T h ou h as t de s ired hi s l ife .

( 2 ) H e s aw hi s thr o n e .

( )
3 A n d t h e y c a ll e d u n t o J o n a h : G o u p o n h i s w ay .

( 4 ) T h ey k n ew hi s an ger .

5) Hi s ri gh t h an d w as u po n hi s h e ad .

1
( )
6 A n d my w o rd c am e u n t o J o n ah s ayi n g , R i s e , go
u n t o N i n eveh .

( )
I S ay , A n d w as m y w o rd .
”
S ee p a ge 21 .
 LE S S O N X I I I .

Tne P rep os i ti on —S o m e o f the H ebrew p re p o s iti o n s d o

.

n o t fo r m w o rd s by t h e m s e l v e s b u t l i ke t he A rticle , a re , ,

a tt a ched to the b e gi n n i n g o f the w o rd s t h e y g o v e r n

!
T ak e .
,
” ” ”
fo r e x am p l e the w o rd fo r
, in on or with a s i n the
“
, , ,

p h r as e i n th e s h a d o w
“
T h i s i s ex p r es s e d b y p re fix i n g
.
”

”
to the w o rd it g o vern s S o o u r w o rd is so m e “
to .

ti m e s ex p re s s e d b y p re fi x i n g t o t h e w o rd i t g o ver n s .

s h a d e o r s h ad o w i s $ 3 ( ts é l
” ”
T he H e b r e w fo r “
)
“
.

I n a S hade is ( b t s el )
“ e
-
.

W h e n t h e s e p re po s iti o n s 3 5 are befo re the D efi n it e ,

A rticl e t h ey tu be t/z
, of n .

T h e s h ad e i s n I n the s h ade i s .
( b at s t s el ) -

Not e th a t 3 h as t ake n the p l ace o f n .

“
The city is Wm . In the city i s
an d To t h e c ity i s W)? ”

” ”
The s ea is 13 0
3 .
“
O n t h e s ea i s ( bay y am ) -
.

“
T he sh i p is “ mm O n t h e s hi p i s ( b a
a
n i y y )
a - - -
.

T o t h e fi sh i s :1 ? l
” ”
“
The fis h i s :1 0 .
( ad d ac h ) -
.

N ote — W o rd s in br acket s re p re s e n t p ro n u n ci at i o n , n ot

tran s l it e r a ti o n .

V O C A B U LA R Y X .

H e b re w W o r d . P r o n u n c i a ti o n . M ean i n g .

71 $
3 én -
n é . 0 I p r ay !
,

NJ n éi I p r ay !
c h Oz kfi p o wer
-

v5: ba le h e s w al l o wed
iv l
l oa - -

to s w a l l o w
“
In né hed h b efo r e
g
-

ts e l s h ad e
 A FI RST H EBRE W R E AD ER

E XE R C I S E XV .

Tr an s l ate i n t o H ebrew

( )
1 H e w a s i n N i n eveh thre e n ight s .

l
( 2) A n d J o n a h cried u nto J eh o va h with po we r .

( 3 ) He s aw the fis h i n thei r h an d s .

1
( )
4 A n d J o n a h w a s i n t he s h a de .

( 5) H e s a w the k i n g i n the city .

( 6 ) H e c alled B y the life o f t he m a n

“ ”
.

( )
I S ay , “
And cried J o n ah .
”
S ee p age 21 .
 LESS O N XIV .

Tbe P rep os i ti on .
—A n o t h e r P r e p o s iti o n freq u e n tly u se d
”
in H e b rew i s ( m i n ) I t m e an s fr o m
. as in
“
,
th e
”
p hr a se : The s e a ce as ed f rom i ts r a gi n g .

T a k e t h e s e n te n ce : T u r n fr o m t h e vi o le n c e w h ich i s
“

i n y o ur h an d s We m ay e x p re s s fr o m t h e vi o le n ce i n
.
”

Hebrew by p re fix i n g it? to the w o rd fo r t h e vi o le n ce “ ”

“

on l
”
a ge H e n ce fr om the vi le ce
(
“
y»: s e e p o n i s

( see V o c an d fr m the city W i

“ ” ‘
a p
'

. o .

The c o m m o n e r w ay to e x p r e s s fr o m i s to a ss i m il a t e “

the I o f P? to the fi r s t c o n s o n an t o f t h e fo ll o wi n g w o rd .

Thi s i s be s t e x p l a i n ed by ex am ple s .

The w o rd m e an s r a gi n g ( V o c I X ) “
. .

Hi s r agi n g i s l (
5?! z é
p O )
”
-

Fr o m h i s r agi n g i s lfil l ( m p O)
’

zE
“
f ?
‘’

Iz -
I -

We s ee t h at in t h i s w o rd t h e fi n al 3 i n it? h as

di s appe a r e d ,
an d t he fi r s t l e tter in i s d ou bl e d .

01 2 i s “
t he ea s t
”
Dj pp i s
- “
fr o m t h e e as t .

We see t h at the g o f it) di s a pp e a r s ,

an d the p of
'

DWP is
d o ubled .

The H e b rew w o rd 3 5 5 m e an s b e fo re ‘ ”
.

1 5 50
” ”
‘
m e an s fr o m b e fo re“
or fr o m the fac e o f “
.

H e nce fr o m t h e fa c e o f J e h o v ah i s fl fn
“
(V oc
‘
.

B e fo re a l e tt e r w h i ch i s n o t d o ubl ed ( N n n I) a); ll
? , , , ,

bec o m e s D :
511 1 1 i s h i s e v il i s i mp);
”

3 . Fr o m his evil ( m e réi éi t hé )

- - -

B ef ore the D efi n i te A rti c l

e we c an ex p r e s s “
fr o m ”

s i m pl y by pre fix i n g
47
48 A FI RST H EBRE W REA D E R
We h ave a l re ady seen ( page 29 , R e m ark
) th a t the 2

A rtic l e i s n o t p r e fi xed to a w o rd in the C o n s tru ct :

The w o rd is ( V o c . III ) .

“
T he w o rd of the L o rd
”
is 1
1 71:
T
( p age
S o whe n r
p p e o s iti o n s we
t he ha v e bee n c o n s iderin g
( 3 5
,
7
9 ) a,
re a t t a ch e d t o a w o rd i n
‘
the C o n s tr u ct we tr e at ,

t he w o rd a s h avi n g n o a rticl e
:

“
The life o f t h e m an is t
c ‘
Nn l we:
B y the l i fe o f the m an i s when W5 33

N ote t h at W
5 33 is by t h e l i fe ( p ag e but W ) @
38 7 5 33
”
“
by t h e l i fe of the m an .

“
With the v o i c e ”
is Si p; ( p ag e 4 4 )
”
Wit h the v o ic e of t h an k s givi n g i s
” ”
D VD ‘
m e an s “
b o wel s or
“
bel ly ( V o c .

“
T h e bel ly i s ( p r o n o u n ced h am m e i m) - -

”
“
The bel ly o f t h e fi s h i s 33 73 9 ? ( p age 2 8 ) ‘

I n the bel ly o f t h e fis h i s
We s h o u l d n ote the fo r m W m We m ight e x pect to .

h ave W EE but w h e n t w o i n d i s ti n ct v o wel s c o m e t o g ether

, ,

the fi r s t u s u al ly bec o m e s He n ce W73 3 .

The evi l w ay i s i l lfl n fl
jj fl
(p a ge
)
' '

T V ?
24

Hi s evi l w ay i s fi l m ! i3 “ ' 1 "

"
s

“
Fr o m hi s evi l w ay i s “In? tarm -

Fr o m t h e i r e v i l w ay i s ( pa ge 3 7)
Hi s wr at h i s 55 8 ( ap p O) -

T h e h e at o f h i s wr at h i s l eg
“
Fr o m the h e a t o f h i s wra t h i s ( s ee
pa ge

VO C AB U LAR Y X I .

H eb re w Wo r d P ron u n ci ati on M ean i ng . .

g it r as h he e x pel led
-

FIWWJ J as e x p
'

n i h r as h ti I e ll e d
‘
g
-

w -

ay !
r
" c hi v as h
-
he b o u n d
War} c ha v fi s h
-

b o u n d (p artici p l e )
 A F I RST H EBRE W REA D E R 49

V O C A B U LA RY X I — c on l
i n u ca
'
.

H e b re w \V o rd . P ron u n c i ati on . M ea n i n g .

na
p s l
a d ho n a i- -

to J e ho va h
w hen b e I O hi m - -
i n G od
l
D aaNS I
l
e lO hi m - -
to G o d
a ‘
l
if né -
b efo re ( p re p o s iti o n )
l
t”?
i
m e a yin - -
when ce P
m i n n é hed h b e fo re
'
I JBD
g
- -

Y
m e
-
ts -
l
a t h e d e e p ( s e a)
hi fl o wi n g s tre a m
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g
‘

na
I -
r ,

t e
h S fif s e aw ee d
’
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va
tr he p as s e d o ve r
$ 19 9 1 é -
V
e
—
rfi t h e y p as s e d o v e r
hi m te -
hom t h e de e p

( ) At I cl a u s e ( i th e end of a . e . i n p au s e ) t h i s i s writt e n
3 ( p ro n o u n ced a v a ru )
“3 1 - -

R EA D I N G E XE R C I S E .

an g ers u niz p : way m y 93 42a um bwm

’

,
23 .

w as? m e m um: I mps um my; ~

53; i
am
‘
U D m as ts z ap
-

IQ bum hr: -

u ‘ an b m m o 3N

$ m t hat; t ho ‘
Jllb ‘
Di m I tr
i er - -

w
( J o n ah ii .
4

L i tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d T h ou h as t c as t m e ( i n t o ) the
d e e p i n t h e h e a rt o f t he s e a s a n d ( the ) fl o wi n g s u rr o u n d s
, ,

m e ; al lT h y b re a k e rs a n d T h y w a ve s u p o n m e h av e p as se d
o ve r . A n d I h ave s a id I have be e n ex p ell e d fr o m b e fo r e ,

1
T h in e ey e s ; s u r e ly I s h a ll a d d to l o o k u p o n T h y h o ly
3
te m p l e 2
Wat e r s u rr o u n ded m e u n t o s o u l t h e d e e p
.
,

s u rr o u n d e d m e ; s ea w e e d
( w as) b o u n d to m y h e ad .

( ) Th is is the Hebre w of yi n g I h al l g ai n
“
I w ay sa ,
s a
”
l o o k upon .
50 A F I R S T H EBRE W REA D E R

( 2) L iter al ly , the te m p l e of Thy h o l i n e ss .

’
S ee p ag e
29 .

”
( 3) O r
“
u n t o t h e li fe ,
tha t i s, u n til l ife w as n e a rly
ex ti n ct .

E XE R C I S E XV I .

Tr an s l ate i n t o H ebrew

) J o n a h c a lled fr o m the belly o f th e fis h

( 1 .

( 2) T h e m a n fl ed to T a r s hi s h fro m the p re s e n ce of
}
J eh o v ah
3 ) I c al led fr o m his thr o n e .

( 4 ) H e w ent down i n t o t h e bel ly o f H ade s .

( )5 H e c a m e fr o m the e a s t u n t o N i n eveh .

( 6 ) T h ey t u r n e d fro m thei r evi l w ay .

(I) S ee V oc . VI I .
 LE SS O N X V .

T/ze Compa ra ti ve D eg ree — IV e n ote here t he u se of iD

in ex p res s i n g the C o m p a r ati v e D egree .

”
T a k e the p h r as e b et te r t h an l ife “
.

Thi s i s ex p re s s ed i n H e brew by D mD 3 30 ‘

I t is lJ n o t 19 bec a u s e n c an no t b e d ou bl e d
‘
-
, ( p ge
a

N ote t h e n t h a t the C o m p a r a ti v e i s e x p re s s ed b y the

s i m le A dj ective fo l l o w ed b y or i ts e q u i v ale n t
p , .

Thu s Fo r m e de ath i s bette r th an l ife i s i n H ebrew ”

" ND ‘
NID DID ,

L iter al ly , B etter my dyi n g t h an my l ife ,

”
the s ec o n d
w o rd m e an i n g my dyi n g “
,
”
the I n fi n iti ve of the V erb w it h
the p r o n o u n s u fli x ‘
.

VO C A B U LA R Y X I I .

H eb re w Wo rd . P ron u n c i atio n . M e an in g .

a
I
1 23 ba - -
d hi behi n d m e
h e re m e m bered
’

c h zi r
'
79
! z é -

1
z é -
c h ar -
ti I r e m e m bered
shfi é t hé s a lv a ti o n
e

y
- - -

‘
: Iftj j
yi
-
rét d h
’
-
ti I we n t d o w n
ow 1 6
°
l
am fo r ever
;
- -

mi n m o thi -
m y dyi n g
' '
I JJ
'
né -
d h ar h e v o wed
‘
m TJ ‘

nfi -
dh ar -
ti I vo w e d
5 15 -
he we n t u p
2
a n d t h o u h as t
w ai t -
ta a -
l brought u p
a pi t
‘

n nv s ha c hé th -

Ri m té -
VO she wil l c o m e 3
Y

( ) jl ( l c h r ) c c e n t on ec o n d
’
I
“
In p au s e ,
‘
nj i a-
a -
ti ,
a s

s yl l a b le .
52 A F I RST H EBRE W REA D E R
”

( )
2 L iter al ly , t h o u h as t c a u s e d to go u p
An d .

” ”

( )
3 O r
“
i t will c o m e the w o rd i t r e fe rri n g to a ,
“

fe m i n i n e n ou n .

R E A D I N G EXE R C I S E .

DE W? “i
s: am ; n ew Wm : ‘ 23 P ?
we; {y 7 np y n n a $ n mn w “ n vn
n nr Sum
z ap ham - '
7 1s I
n f
/
en R s:
i
b max31 mp; h i - I ng
-

m3

m un hi p; um z az i g
lfl D‘ fi ms
w :3 a t y
“
?;

m i n “? no w :
fr
o m “
m a W E ai l
m s
( J on ah ii .
—
7 10 )

L i tera a ti on — T o t h e r o o t s
ltra nsl the m o u n t a i n s I of

h ave g o n e d o w n ; the earth ( a n d ) h er b a r s ( wer e ) behi n d

m e fo r e v e r A n d T h ou hast b r o ug h t fr o m a p i t m y l ife
.

1
J eh o v a h m y G o d I n fa i n ti n g u po n m e m y s o u l J ehovah
.

I re m e m b ered an d c a m e u nto Thee m y p r ay e r u nto t h e

, ,

temp l e o f T h y h o l i n e ss 2
T h ey w ho w o r s hi p id o l s o f .

v an i ty t h e ir c o ve n an t l o v e t h e y le av e
2
, A n d I w i th the .
,

v o i c e o f p ra i s e l
et m e s acrifi ce to Th ee ; w h a t I h ave
‘

3
v o wed let m e c o m p lete : s al v a ti o n to J e h o v ah
, .

( )
I T h a t i s Wh e n m y s ou
,
lw a s fa i n ti n g withi n me .
”

( 2 ) That i s T h y h o ly t e m p l e
” ”
,
v a i n id o l s , .

( 3 ) S alvati o n i s J e h o va h s
’
.

E XERC I SE XV I I .

Tr an s l at e i n t o H ebrew
I c ri e d s ayi n g B etter fo r m e t o d ie th an to l ive
( )
I , , .

( )
2 I ha v e c a ll e d i n tr o u ble .

3 ) M y p r ayer c ometh u n to J e h o v a h .

h h a n the k i n g o f N i n e v e h
( )
4 A n d J o n a w a s better t .

5) He s ai d T h ou ( art) gre a ter t h an m y life

, .
 LES SO N X VI .

Tne P rep os i ti on — T h e s t u de n t s h o uld le a r n c a refu l ly

the fo l l o wi n g w o rd s i n w h ich p re p o s iti on s h ave a p r o n o u n
s u ffi x

5 we h ave s ee n m e an s to
:
“ ”
or
“
fo r .
”

‘
5 i s to m e or fo r m e
“ ” “
.
”

” ”
is fo r thee w h e n thee
“
,
“
refer s to a m a s culi n e
n oun .

i5 is
” ”
“
fo r h i m or
“
fo r it .

? is
”
)3 “
fo r us .

?
”
D}E i s
“
for
t he m .

3 w e h a ve s ee n m ean s i n “
.
J,

is i n hi m
“ ”
or i n i t wh en ”
it refer s to a “
,
” “

m a s c u l i n e n oun .

” ”
is i n her
“
or i n it referri n g to a fe m m m e “
,

n oun .

”
m e an s “
fro m .

”
‘
BE D is “
fr o m m e ( m m en
m i - -
ui ) .

T h e s e fo r m s s h o u ld be m as t e red by the s t u d e n t He .

m ay c o m p a r e the s u ffi x es to s i n g u l a r n oun s give n i n

Le ss on s X I an d X I I . .

V O C A B U L AR Y X I I I .

H e b re w Wo rd . P ron un c i atio n . M e an i n g .

I‘ an b i g gi d h he t o ld
'
-

n0 "
2
) h fi y t h§
°
- -
s he w as
( o r) it w as
w ay y é l ch - -
e a n d h e w ent

NP“ w é y y é ke - -

a n d he v o m ited

W
I ) ”
wéy yi - -
as a n d he m a d e

W W
I
,
'
‘

y é sh or y é sh there i s
n
u t? s l
am -
m a eh -
5 -
r ath ne x t d ay
54
 A F I RS T H EBR E W REA D E R 55

V 0 CA B U LAR Y X lI I . con ti n u ed .

H eb re w Word . P r on u n c i atio n . M ean i n g .

ap
r
; la k ach -

he t oo k
“P k ach t a k e ( I m p e r a ti ve )
Y
ma wh at i ’

nan s uk -
ka a booth a ten t ,
'
I l
f W
t P‘
k °
-
ri -
5 . a c a ll
’

ur
o
1'
s h am there

R EA D I N G EXE R C I S E .

m bsz mgr ms w e”
'

j
I s
va n app
nn n nj
' -

EN b m
i

mp :w w mi n
'

ri p s r
ha i
-

ng I
-

3 513 u ni ts w ru bs my l
n i wnn M pg
ns j pn ns
‘
g
-

mi n : '
13 m an -

SR 13
3 7 ) fig) ‘
21
p.3 : wm
‘
wi n

mn : m btn a l bs b
i
ar m a n i
HATHaw E no w n 1 “
gn
-

( J on ah ii . I I—iii .

L i tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d s ai d J e h o v a h to the fis h an d

he v o m ited o u t J onah o n to the d ry l an d A n d w as t h e .

w o rd o f J e h o v a h u n t o J o n a h the s e c o n d ti m e s ayi n g : A ri s e
g o u nto N i n eve h t he gr e a t c i t y a n d cry u n t o h er t h e c ry
which I ( am ) s p e a k i n g u n t o thee A n d a r o s e J on a h an d .

he c a m e u n to N i n ev e h a cc o rdi n g to the w o rd o f J e h o v ah .

A n d N i n e veh w as a gre a t c i ty to G o d a j o u r n ey o f t h r e e ,

d ay s .

E XER C I S E XV I I I .

( ) H
1e saw a s hip an d we n t d o w n i n it .

( )
2 There i s i n it .
( I t
“
refer s here to a fem ini ne
no un .

( 3) he s a id
An dto hi m ( S ee V o c V I ) . . .

( )
4 A n d he m a d e fo r hi m there a b o o th .

5) What s h a l l we d o to thee ?
56 A F I R S T H EBRE W R EAD ER

(6 ) He t o l d t h e m .
( S ay ,
“
to
(7) T ak e my li fe fro m me .

”
N otes W o rd fo r “
h i p ( V o c I I I ) i s fe m i n i n e
s . . .

” ”
S ay , “
in her . Fo r “
a n d h e we n t d o w n s ee V o c V
, . .

( 5 ) Write N o te d age s h S e e pa ge 6 2
. ,
 LESS O N X V I I .

The P rep os i ti on — We h ave see n t h at so m e p re p o s iti o n s

a re a tt ac h ed to the b e gi n n i n g o f the w o rd s t h e y g o ver n .

O th e r p re p o s iti o n s are w o rd s by t h e m s elv es t h o u g h o ft e n ,

t h ey are a tt a ched to the w o rd s th e y g o ver n b y m e a n s o f

M aqqe ph o r the hy p h e n
” ”
“
T h u s fr o m m ay b e ex .
“

p res s ed b y p re fix i n g to a w o rd .

5“ ( V o c . wit h t he h y p h e n 58
or
‘

,
m ean s “
un o t ”

or “
to .
”
T h u s i n t h e p h r as e ,
“
A n d t he w o rd
” ”
of t he L o rd c a m e u nto J o n ah u nto J o n a h
“
,

is nh
a
or wit h h yp h en 51! ( V o c m e an s
” "
'

on .
, u po n ,
” ”
a gai n s t c on ce rn i n g
“ “
or ,
.

o r w it h h y p he n
”
m e an s
“
u p to .

” ”
D? mean s wit h o r al o n g wit h .

mean s al o n g with t h e m ( p r o n o u n c e d i m ma -

hem ) .

mm mean s “
un der .
”

N o t e th at 5“ u n t o 51! a n d 51 m u p o n DU B u n der
“
,
”
.
” “ ”
.

u ra l
h a ve p r o n o u n s u ffi xe s l ik e thos e a tt ac h ed to pl n ou n s .

T§
”
§ is “
un ot t h ee
W
.

e is “
un t o hi m an d fr o m u po n “
hi m
”

a u an d m e é l
(e l -
au
) - -
.

is “
u n to he r a n d j n nn
”
u n d e r h er u
‘
.
”

”
is “
fr o m upon u s .

fr o m u p on y ou an d 09 15i! u p o n y o u
”
is .

A t t h i s p o i n t the s t u de n t s h o u l d r e vi s e the fo r m s i n
L e s s o n X V I a n d t a k e the m a l o n g wit h t he fo r m s i n thi s
.
,

le s s on .

57
58 A FI RST H E BRE W REA D E R
V O C A B U LA R Y X IV .

H e b re w Wo rd . P r on un c ia ti on . M ean i n g .

w ity y il m i n (I
a
a n d th e y b eli e v e d
’

I I DN I‘ I -
- - -

w a s i r-
bfi I m -
fo rty
5m) hé -
ch el he began
$ 9 31 wi y y é - -
‘

c hé l an d he beg a n

”
3E: y é s h ii v
-
he s at
3 W"
.

wi y y é - -
S hev an d he s at

5m
g me él -
fr om u p o n a g a i n s t
,

DH! h ei m
’

ui e-
he re p e n ted
nna i a
w ay y I n -
‘’
-
na -
chem an d h e r e p e n te d

ne
t he fel l
w ay y i p p o - -
l an d he fell

ni p od h s til l yet
,

DD im a l o n g w it h

l
lP? ‘ ‘
I ki k E
-
I y On -
a g o u rd

R EA D I NG E XE R C I S E .

lr m ; “ l
m un mm or Ega ; y Nu ; n iw
g
'
arm
-

my ; RUI N am mi : n gg n; mm or Du m a
s T m
: D p p wy
g
' '
H
g ymn w e waive) Di s amp:
s c
-
r
abs ;

i nn s m m mean n
ca m y: W '
e ve
mu m
m;
i
n ew :i w
’
ai i
pp 6 9 1 r 3

( J o n ah hi 4 —6 )

L i teraltra n s l
a ti on — A n d beg an J o n ah to c ome i n the
c ity a j o u r n ey o f o n e d ay an d he c a l led a n d he s aid yet ,

fo rty d ay s an d N i n e veh ( i s ) o ve rt u r n e d A n d b e lieved the .

m e n o f N i nev e h i n G6 3 an d c a l led a fas t an d t h ey p u t on ,

l
s ackcl o t h fr o m t h e i r g re at a n d u n t o t h ei r s m al l An d .

re a c h ed the w o rd u nto the k i n g o f N i n eve h an d he ar o s e ,

fr o m hi s t h r one a n d re m o ved hi s m an tle fro m u p o n hi m

a n d he c o ve red ( hi m s el f w it h ) s a ck cl o t h an d s a t u p o n t h e

a s he s .
 A FI RST H E BRE W RE AD ER 59

N otes — ( I ) T h at i s Fr o m the gre ate s t t o the l e as t ,

“

”
o f the m .

( )
2 The w o rd s i n b r a c k e t s a re a dd e d t o give m e a n i n g

i n E n gl i s h .

E XE R C I SE X IX .

Tr a n s l ate i n t o Hebrew
( )
I A n d the w o rd o f the L o rd c a m e u n t o J onah .

( 2 ) I c al l e d u n t o J eh o v ah .

( 3 ) G o u nto N i n eveh .

( )
4 A n d th e y S a id every m an un t o hi s n eig h b o u r .

( 5 ) A n d G o d s a i d u n t o J o n ah .

( 6 ) The l o t fe l l u p o n J o n a h .

( )
7 H e s a w a s h a d o w o v e r h i s h e a d ( S ay U p on ) .
.

( )
8 T h o u h a s t h ad
p ity o n t he g o u rd : I s h al l h a v e

p i ty o n N i n eveh .

No te ( I ) S ee V o c V . .

(4 ) S a y a m a n u n,
t o
“
h i s n e ig h b o ur S ee p a g e 4 0 .
”
.

( 8 ) S ee V o c s I I an d V I I . . .

VO C AB U L AR Y X V
H eb re w Wo rd . P ron u n c i ati on M e an i n g . .

mi s fi ts il l
i
a r t m a e t t h e m n o t t as te
y
- - -

aID SN I'
ii l y
-
i r fi l
-
e t t h e m n o t fe e d ( e a t)

an tb b s ‘
El ly i s h tfi
-
le t the m n o t d ri n k
-

pr: zfi i k -
h e c ri e d ou t
l
l w é y y zi z ek an d h e p r o cl a i m e d
‘

Pi ?! '
- -

k a cc o rdi n g to
c
3

n9 3 : ki s S é -
he c o ve red
a n d he c o ver e d
‘
Da t w i y c hzi s
f °
- -

la vi sh-
he pu t o n ( c l o th e s )
v3 5» a n d they p u t o n

ne w a n yt h i n g
;
he t o u c h ed
r e ach ed u n t o
an d h e t o u c h e d

a n d i t re a ch ed u nto

né— p é c h e t h o v ert
-
u r n ed

w ay y ai V er a n d he re m o v ed
a
- -

oo o
oo o

s é k ki m -
s ack cl o th
60 A FI RS T H E B RE W RE AD E R
N ote th a t PEI?! m e an s ,
l iter al ly ,
“
an d be cryc au s ed to
S ee V o c X I
” ”
an d a n d h e c a u se d to p as s by
“
o u t, . . .

T13 5 713 is the P a ss ive P a rtici p le . I n p au s e i t i s wr itten

m an:

R EA D I N G E XE RC I S E .

’
fi b N? y am
‘ ‘
wh e n o men rip e ; wn Nu pi nu
-

J
7N ne w : m um S N -

m m wpm m ano r ,
o I Nn
-

E ID S N
H I
Dm ‘
u ni
-

( J o n ah EL 7 )

Li tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d
he p r o cl ai m e d a n d he s ai d i n
N i n eveh Fr o m the d e c r e e o f the k i n g an d hi s n o bl e s s ay
,
;

i n g : T h e m an an d the b e as t t h e c a ttl e a n d the s h ee p let , ,

the m n o t ta s t e a n yt h i n g let t h em not feed a n d w a ter let, ,

t h e m n o t d ri n k .

E XE R C I S E XX .

Tr a n s l ate i n t o H e b rew

( )
1 Go u n t o N i n eveh t h e gre a t city C ry a g a i n s t it
,
. .

( 2) A n d t h e c ap t ai n c ame n ear u nto h im .

( 3) A n d they s ai d u n t o h im .

(4 ) The s ea has ce as e d r agi n g a g ai n s t y o u .

5) T h e s e a has c e a se d r agi n g a g a i n s t u s .

(6) A l l thy bre ak e r s al lt h y w av es pas se d over me

,
.

(7) Her b ar s were b ehi nd m e fo r e v e r ( S ee p age .

( 8) C ry u nto hi m .

(9 ) A n d he r e m o ved hi s m an tle fr o m h im ( S ay fro m .

,

u pon
N otes . S ay , “
t h e le ader of the sa il o r .
”
S ee
”
hi p m as t e r p a g e 2 8
s , .

” ”
( 4 ) Fo r a g ai n s t s e e V oc X I V Fo r h as ce as ed
“ “
, . .
,

V oc XVI
”
w as s ile n t
“
say , , . .

F
” ”
( )
6 o ver me u po n m e
“ “
o r s ay , , .
62 A FI RST H E B R E W RE A D ER
”
shoul d h a ve had i a b u t it r e fer s to N i n eveh a fe m i n i n e
,
“
,

n o u n ; h en c e the fe m i n i n e s u ffix .

We t ak e an ot her e x a m p l e o f thi s c o n s tr u cti o n : T h e “

g o urd o n w h ic h he h a s n o t t o iled ”
.

The H ebrew fo r he has t o i l ed i s sp y ” “

.

The H eb re w fo r t h e p hr as e give n above i s N5

:13 52 l iter l ly t h e g o u rd which he h “
t iled
91
3 , a ,
as n ot o
”
o n it .

‘
t? i s t h e I n terr o g a tiv e P r o n o u n fo r Who ? Th u s “ ”

the H ebrew for Who k n o ws ? i s W D ( m i y O d he a)

”
IN - - -

,
”
l i te r al ly Who ( i s ) k n o wi n g
,
“
the V erb be i n g the ,

P a rtici p l e .

'
HD i s the I n terr o g a tive P ro n o u n fo r Wh at ? ” “

N o te th a t t h e h yp h en ( m aqqe ph) i s u s u all y a tt ached

to
N ote a ls o th a t i t i s p oi n ted ex actl y lik e Me D efi n i te

U u al ly there fo re i t has pathac h

s ,
with t h e fo ll o wi n g
,
”
l etter d o u bled Thu s Wh at d o y o u m e an ? i s
.

”
lite r ally What to t h ee ?
,
“

”
Wh at wil l h appe n to the c ity ? i s z
n d nP l iter
'
f
,

a l ly
,
Wh at wil l be o n the city m e an i n g it will be ,
”
,
“ ”

or h e wil l be .
”

N o te the d o u bli n g e rai n i f» a n d o f ~i n nw .

We t a k e o n e other e x am p le : Wh a t ( i s ) t h y l an d ? ” “

T h e Hebrew i s 3 3 1 31 We h a ve no hy p h e n h ere N o t e .

t h a t m e m has Ka m e tz S ee p ag e 1 8 ’
1
.

VO C AB U LAR Y XV I .

H e b re w Wo rd . P ron u n c iati o n . M e an i n g .

b hé m a b eas t
°
- -

‘
2 b zI k i c a ttle
’

; -
r

Spn hé k é l -
he lig h t e n ed
lhé
e - -
k el to l ig h te n
fl n ‘ ‘
yI yé
-
’
Jhe wi l l b e

[it wil l b e
an d l et t he m c lo t he
113 3 11 “ h k
‘

a
e
w -

y i t s - -
S fi
th e m sel ves
I N IP I k an d l e t t h em c al l
'
‘ ° ’
w -

y i -
r -
fi
 A FI RS T H EBR E W REA D E R 63

V 0 C A B U LAR Y X V I .
—con ti n u ed .

H e b re w Wo r d . P ron un ci ati on . M e an in g .

3nv“ h ii t h ey wi l l t u r n
'

y é s v fi - -

33 %
y a s h3 an d l e t the m t u r n
°
w - - -
vfi

ke l
im -
w a re s
a ma -
l he t o iled
i -
m alti -
th o u h as t to il e d
PD?)
'

s hzt tha
ik h e w as s il e n t
‘

C o m p are and in V o c . IX .

No te t h e di ffe re n ce i n m e an i n g : “
A n d let t h em c a l l ,
”

”
A n d t h ey c al led .

READ I N G E XE R C I SE .

i
o n bN S N
'

Ii n ,
n pn am n INn
-

T T T
za
w roam

WU» ? DQ DZ I
‘ '

V DR T TT
'
IDWID ‘
IZ Nl
‘
D u‘ )
’
l
DI T B J D
'
‘
.

( Jo n a h i i i .

Li tera ltran s l — A n d let them c l

a ti on ot h e the m s el ve s
1
s ack cl o t h the m an an d the b e as t an d let th e m c a l l
( )
i n , ,

u nto Go d wit h p o w e r an d let the m t u r n a m an fro m hi s

,
2
,

evil w ay a n d fr o m the vi o l e n ce wh i c h ( i s ) i n t h eir h a n d s

,
.

”
N te Both m a n a n d be as t
( )
1 o .

( 2) L “
e t every m an tu r n .

EXE RC I SE XX I .

Tr an s l ate i n t o H ebrew

( )
I B y the l ife thi s m an of .

( )
2 T hi s gre at evil ( i s ) u p o n u s .

( 3) Thi s ( i s ) m y w o rd .

(4) The w a r e s w h ich ( were ) i n the s h i p .

( 5) I ( a m ) fe ari n g t h e G od o f heaven w ho m a de the

se a .
64 A F I RST H EBRE W R EA DE R

( )
6 C all u nto h e r t he c a l l wh i c h I ( a m ) s pe a ki n g un o t
the e .

( 7 ) T he g o u rd on w h ich t h o u h as t n ot t o il e d .

W h at i s ) thy b u s i n e s s ? W h a t ( i s ) t h y l an d ?
( )
8 (
(9 ) W h a t ( )
i s t h i s t h o u h a s t d o n e ?

( )
1 0 W h a t s h a l l we d o t o t h ee ?

Fo r
” ”
N o tes .
~
upon u s ,
s ay ,
“
to u s . Do n ot

t r an s l a t e words i n b r a c k e t s .

( 5) N o te th a t t he C o n s tr u c t fo r m o f is n

”
e s ig n o f a c c u s a tiv e b e fo r e th e w o rd
( )
6 U fo r c al l
“
s

( th e n o u n ) P a ge 2 1
. .

( )7 P u t w o rd f or
“
n ot befo re t h e verb .
 LE S S O N X I X .

”
Tbe Conj u n c ti on u a lly ex p re s s ed i n
. An d is us

Hebrew b y gp refi xed t o a w o rd '

I t i s n e ver a w o rd by .

it s el f Th u s i n the p hr a s e A n d t h e s hi p w a s l i k e t o b e
.
,
“

br o k e n t h e fi r s t thr e e E n gli s h w o rd s are e x p re s s e d i n

,
”

H e b rew by t h e o n e w o rd E m il i ) b ein g
a
an d a n d Clt he
“ ”
,

A rticle t h e an d ”
the w o rd fo r s h i p
,
.
”

A l w a ys write an d as 1 p r e fi x e d to a w o rd u n le s s y o u
“ ”

k n o w a good re as o n fo r not d o i n g s o H ere are some .

c a s e s w h e n we d e p a rt fr o m t he o rdi n ary fo r m :
( 1 ) Befor e B et h M e m D aleth an d i s wr itten I pro
“ ”
, , ,

n o u n ce d f1 .

i s D m,
” ”
Water in H ebrew is An d w a ter i
n ot

D D)
‘

( ) B efo re
2 i ted w i th S h e v a w e have a
a w o rd p o n , .

”
Th u s is C ry A n d cry i s N1 9) ( u k ra)
.
“ -
e
-
.

3 ) B e fo re the i n di s ti n ct v o wel it i s p o i n ted 1 befo re ,

it i s a n d befo re it is 2
m nty A n d J e h o v ah
i
”
(4) N ote the fo r m .

A n o ther c om mon C o n j u n cti o n i s 3 ( p r o n o u n ced like ‘

o u r w o rd I t mean s fo r o r w h e n o r t h at “ ” “ ” “
.
”

We t ake thi s e x am p le fr o m J ona h i I O S ee p age . .

34 .

? m“ min w a im: nxrm

'

an ‘
2
9
: ‘
3 s?
: n
a ‘
2 D

H ere we hav e th i s c o n j u n cti o n t h ree ti m e s . T h e fi rs t

mean s fo r t h e s e c on d th at an d
“
,
” “
,
”
th e t h ird fo r “
.
”

VO C AB U L A R Y X V I I .

H eb re w Wo rd . Pr on u n c i ati on M ean i n g . .

é v zi d h he p e ri s h e d
‘
13 :
g -

n é v 5d h
-
w e s h a l l p eri s h
I‘
m: fi l ai
-

p er h a s
p
66 A FI R ST H EBRE W RE ADE R

VO C AB U L AR Y XVI I —con tz 2zu ed .

’

H e b r e w W o rd P r on u n ci ati on
. M ean i n g . .

61 God
5 when hé a
s hé r 1 o n accoun t of
- -
°

1 W8 ; ka -
i -
s hé r as

fw ad h j
'

fi wg
c -
s hé r u n til
S Dn‘
h é ti -
l he cast
3w }; yé
-
s hfiv he wil l turn
mu
‘

w ay y zi r -
a n d he saw
5
15 s oth - -
to do
‘
35 5 lfa n ai
e
- -
be fore m e
5 1 ké n -
therefore
a-
ltha e
-
s he wen t up

fi t ta -
now
mm n c hfi m
ra m erciful

In pause D NJ i s ‘
an d is N ote the d i ffer
e nce b e twee n word s for n ow an d thou S ee p age 3 3
.
”
.

READ I N G E XE R C I SE .

$ 291 flax 3
-
113 7; my! "
o n i
bm arm 3 w} : uw o
n

@31 37; my : “
un i
wgn '

nu Dn i
bgfig mu w as:

mm}; "
l
afl fi tfifl
'

m un
-

By oi n bgfia oq gn mm
m : >191 m on ?
(Jon ah i ii 9 ,
. IO .
)

Li tera ltra n s l
— Who ( is ) k n owi n g but that wil l
a ti on
( )
tu rn an d wi l l repent God an d wil l turn from the heat o f ,

His an ger an d we shall not perish ? A n d s aw God their

d eed s that they turn ed from thei r evil way a n d re pe n ted
G od of the evil w hi ch H e s ai d to d o to the m an d H e did
( )
it n o t .
 A FI RST H EBRE W REA D E R 67

E XE R C I S E XX I I .

Tr an sl ate in to H ebrew

( )
I G o and we shal l n o t peri sh .

( 2) Jehov ah m ade the sea an d the d ry l an d .

3) A n d N ineveh was a gre at city .

(4 ) M an a nd b e ast cattle an d sheep

, .

5) Go u n to N ineveh the great city an d cal l unto he r .

( 6) The kin g an d his n obles .

(7) A n d n o w J ehovah tak e I pray Thee my li fe fro m

, , ,

me .

( )
8 A n d J e hovah cast a g reat win d on the s ea .

( 9 ) C al l against her for thei r evil has gone u p before

,

me .

( ) A
10 n d God s aw their deeds that they turned fro m

thei r evil w ay .

( )
I I I k new Tho u
( art) a God graciou s an d merci ful .

( )
I 2 H e wen t i nto thy holy temple .

( 1 3 ) P e rhaps s h e wil l com e i nto m y holy tem ple .

s ) this evil to us ?
( )
1 4 O n accoun t of whom ( i
( )
I 5 As Thou hast desired Thou hast done , .

”
N otes An d not we shall perish ; the word for
“

“
n ot before the verb .

( )
2 U s e 1 1 8 as sig n of A ccusative S ee page 2 1 . .

(3) N ote that the word N i n eveh is fe min i ne Fo r

”
.

”
“
was s ee p 5 4 . H ere p ut A n d N ineveh b efore the
.
“

ve rb .

( )
8 U se for on P ut“
A n.d ”
Jehovah fi rst “
S ee .

page 6 5 .

725 WWW
o

( 4)
1 The H e b re w for on accoun t of whom “
i s
‘

Put verb be fore the subj e ct u nless you are tol d n ot to do s o .

 LES S O N X X .

The Verb — R eadersof Engl ish a re fami liar with

c han ges i n the form of a verb to express n u m b er an d
”
p e rson and case We s ay The m an comes
. The me n ,
“
,

c om e .
”
We s ay Thou didst We do
, H e d oes ,
”
,
” “
,
”

”
They d id varyi ng form s o f the one v erb to do
,
”
.

I n H e br e w verbs are i n flect e d chan g e th e i r form for

, , ,

various r e ason s ( I ) To e xp r e ss N u m b e r an d Person We

. .

start with the form that i s u sed to e xp r e ss our Past Ten se .

mean s he w e nt d own ( V o c
“
.

This i s the si m p l e form of the verb 3rd si n g m asc , . .

We start with that form an d we add the fol lowin g

s u fii x es for 3 rd si n g fem etc : . . .

S i n gu l
ar . Pl
u r al .

3 rd ,
m asc . a

3 rd fe m .
n 3

2n d m asc 13 .
DH

2n d fem n .

I st a:

We give the var i ous form s o f "

I?
" to exp r e ss Person an d
N um b er .

71
: H e wen t d own Th e y went down
'
‘
.
ah .

S he went d own .

31 : Thou wentest d own

1 1 DQ
'
W Y o u w e nt d own .

Thou wentest d own ( fe m ) . WI T ,

Yo u
wen t down
I wen t dow n .
#3 1 1 ”
We wen t down .

N ote the fol lowin g poi n ts :

( I ) I n 3 rd sin g fem we have I n third
. pl u ral .

T he se c on d vow e l is S h v a V o c al °
.

If i b e the s e c on d vow e l i n the verb it is u n ‘

l
changed .

( ) Th e fi rst vow e l i n the 2 n d p ural is S h va V oc al

°
2 .

68
70 A F I RS T H E B R E W RE AD E R

L i tera ltra n s l — A n d it w as e vil u n to J on ah a

a ti on ,

g reat evi l an d ( anger) b u rned to hi m

,
A n d he prayed .

un to J ehovah an d he said O h I pr ay J ehovah ( is) not this

, ,

my word u p to m y bei ng upon m y lan d ? Therefore I

pre pared to flee to Tarshish for I k ne w that Thou ( art) a
,

God gracio u s an d mercifu l sl ow to an ger an d of great m ercy

, ,

an d H e wil l repent of the evil .

E XE R C I S E XX I I I .

T ransl ate i nto H ebrew

( 1 ) S he thought to com e u n to J opp a .

( 2 ) They k new that I ( was) speak in g .

3 ) They were n ot abl e to flee to Tarshish (Voc I I I ) . . .

( 4 ) What hast thou don e to them ?

5) I have remembered the g ourd for which thou h as t
toiled .

( 6 ) I prep ared to go u nto N i neveh .

( )
7 Tho u hast h e ard my voice i n Thy holy t e m pl e .

( 8 ) Thou hast pitied the m an who wen t down to

T arshish .

( 9 ) I was expelled from before thine eyes .

( 1 0 ) I c ri e d ( for h e l p) u nto J e hovah my God ( page

( I I ) I have vowed as thou hast desi red .

N ata — Al l ver b form s re qui red have b e en given in

V oc abul aries Wo rds i n brackets n ot to be transl ated
. .

( 7 ) S ay i n the t e m pl e of Thy hol i n e ss an d n ote that

“ ”
, ,

the C on struct F orm has n ot the D efi n ite A rticl e ( page

( 8 ) U se the H ebrew wor d for upon a fter

”
Thou
“ “

”
hast pitied .
 LE SS O N X X I .

The Verb .
—The
spoken o f i n Lesson X X P a s t Form
'

i s used i n H ebrew to express o u r Past or Perfect Thus .

”
m eans 1 he m ade o r he has made
‘
.

The I mp erf ec t Form i s use d to express our Present or

F uture H ere as with the P ast we start with the 3 rd
.
, ,

si n g ul ar m asc u l i ne This always begin s with .

The verb PD? mean s he was silen t This i s the Past ”

The I m perfect F orm i s W

.

F orm .
W "

I t wil l be n oticed that we have i n the I mperfe c t Form

the c on son ants o f the Past with prefi x e d .

The vowel s are d i fferen t The fi rst i s 1 an d the secon d .

‘’

6 S h e v a u n d er S hi n m ark in g the cl ose of a syl labl e

, .

‘
Ping1 m ean s
” ”
/ he is si len t or he wil l b e silent
“
It “
.

m ay al so mean Let hi m be silen t,

We have to d e pen d .
”

on the conte xt to k n ow what meanin g the I m p e rfe c t has

I f we h ave Phgf w we k now that this e xpresses a wish or a

.

com m and Let hi m n ot be silen t or M ay h e n ot b e

,
“ ” “

silen t . I n a wi sh o r a com man d 531 is use d to e xpress

”

O therwise N5 i s u sed
”
“
not .
, .

:13 ?t
”
m ean s he wil l be gr acious “
.

(V oc X )
”
is he turned P ast Form , . . .

mw; i s he wil l turn I m perfe c t Form ( V oc X V I I )

’
”
. .
,
.

my; i s he s aw .
”

”
fi t ? is he wil l “
} s ee .

“W
” ” ”
fl : is
y he w a s an
“
d he wil l b e or ,
i t wi l l be “
,
“
.

These are exam ples of the 3 rd si n gul ar m as c ul ine of

the I m perfect Form A s with the Past Form s o with the
.

I m pe rfect the 3 rd sin gular m asc uli n e i s i nflected to expr e ss

,

Nu mber an d Pers on .

”
N53 m ean s “
he wi ll come
: .
72 A F I RST H E B REW REA D E R

@
6 3 1!
1 m e an s
thou wil t com e “
or thou comest ” “
.

( V o c X I I ) . .

Note that the 3 rd singular femin in e is always the same

as 2 n d sing u lar m ascul i ne i n the I m perfect Form H ence .

”
R53 1 m ay also m ean s he wil l come
“
3 .

We n ote that n is the fi rst l e tte r .

The I s t sing u lar of the I m perfect b e gin s with a It is .

form e d from the 3 rd si ng u l ar m asc u l ine by changing the

fi rst l etter in to N T he I st pl u ral of the I m perfect i s
.

formed b y changin g the fi rst lett e r of the 3 rd sin gul ar

m ascul in e i nto 3 ( I f w e have I at the begi nn in g of the 3 rd
.

sing u l ar m as c u line this becomes N i n I st sin gular ; 2 in I st

pl ural ).

”
q p i m ean s he wil l add
‘ ‘ “
.

t em m e an s
”
h I shal l add .

”
Dan mean s
: h e wil l pity .

Dmt mean s
f
‘
I shal l pity .
”

WDR m e an s he wil l p e rish

‘ “
.
”

”
VDR! m e an s we shal l p e rish ; i n pause
“
,

nifl l
”
mean s he wil l do .

nit 2! m ean s
”
’
/ we shal l d o “
.

The 3 rd plural of t he I m perfe ct is formed from the 3 rd

sin g u l ar m ascul in e ex a c tly as the 3 rd pl ural Past is formed
fro m the 3 rd si n gular m ascul ine .

C ompare an d W1; Past an d ,

<i
{ an d W ”
E I mperfe ct (y i k r fi ) ,
-
°
-
.

The rul e m ay b e stat e d thus : a i s ad ded an d the vow e l

p rec e din g this i s in d istin ct ( S he v a i n the c as e gi v en above ) .

m p means
a
: “
they wi l l cal l ”
or “
l
et th e m c al l ”

( p a ge
”
Big: m eans he wil l l e av e
“
.

u } : m e ans th e y wi l
l lea v e i n paus e my
p ; ,

RDDh mean s ‘
they wil l cover them selves or “
let
”
them cov e r them selves .

”
m ean s they wi ll turn or let them turn
“ “
.

N ote that i n the 3 rd pl ur al o f the I mperfect the fi rst

letter is always an d the l ast a .
 A FI RS T H EBREW REA D E R 73

VO C A B U LAR Y X I X .

H br
e ew Wo rd . Pr on un ci a tio n
M e an i n g . .

DD n
‘ ‘
h é ti v -

he di d w e l l
to do wel l
hé t e v -

real ly hon e stly ,

Hl ‘
P ‘
é f he wil l add
'

y s -

t rai t: 6 si f
-
I sh al l add
he wen t o u t
'

y zi ts a
-

R3 “ w ay y é ts é -
and he went o u t
-

m i k k é dh em -

on t he e ast side ( o f)
- 1

a z av
-
he left
n il ”
Y a
i
z é v
-
fi ( in-
pause ) they will leave
-

U RW
V
‘
he wil l s ee
"

y r
-

y i th as h sh e th h e will be g racious
- -

( I ) Liter ally to n ot of “ “
, .

RE AD I N G E XE RC I SE .

mi n mo ‘
3 man Rum me
-

:4: n n
j
nj nay 1
-

l
7 19% am :3
? my mow m n nw j
-

aw mg; mg # 5 mm WW? I
D : wn WQ Q VD
'

n D IE ‘
‘ '

n u}; W i
nn
-

m: my ;
We '
13? 9221 mn n n
-

( Jon ah i v .
3

L i tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d now J ehovah take I p ray
my l i fe fro m m e for b etter ( is ) m y dyin g than m y life
, .

1
A n d said J e ho v ah R e al ly do e s ( an ge r ) b urn to th e e ? ,

A n d w e n t o u t J on ah from the ci ty an d he s at on the e ast

sid e of the ci ty an d he m ade for hi m there a booth a nd s a t
, ,

u n d e r it i n the shad e u n ti l
he wi ll s e e what wil l be i n the c ity .

( )
1 N ot e : U m ark of q u e stion , .

E X E R C I S E XX I V .

Tran sl ate in to H e brew

( ) A n d
I J onah wen t out to J oppa an d he , s at ther e
three days an d thr e e nights .
74 A F I RST H E B RE W R EA D E R

( 2) Are you real ly an gry ?

( )
3 H e sat on the e ast sid e of N ineveh .

( 4 ) J ehovah wil l be gracio u s to us .

5 ) Thou wil t come u n to Tarshi sh .

( )
6 H e wil l have p ity on the m en who k n ow the city .

( 7 ) H e s ai d t o us : We shal l perish .

( )
8 What shal l we do i n the city of N ineveh ?

( 9 ) I shal l com e agai n unto J oppa .

( 1 0 ) Let them cal l u nto Jehovah with the voice o f

praise .

( I I ) Let the m cover them sel ves ( with) sack cl oth before
the k in g of N inev e h .

( )1 2 They wi l l turn from t he e vi l way .

”
N otes . Put the word for “
real ly fi rst , w ith n

p refi xed .

”
( )
8 For what “
see ,
pag e 6 2 F or. C onstruc t Form ,

s ee pag e 2 9 .

( 9 ) S ay I shal l ad d to com e
,
S e e V oca b ularies
. .

( )
1 2 Take word for way as fem i ni ne S ee p age 24 . .
 LE S S O N X X I I .

The Verb . Wa w
stude nt is n o w Con s ecu ti ve — The
directed to a form of the V erb — c al l e d Wa w C onsecutive
which is u sed ve ry often i n H ebrew We have already .

given several exam ples of this i n the voc abularies In .

V o c I I I w e s aw that l
. .
l
fl the I mperfect Form of ID} mean s
f
, ,
” ”
“
he wi l l give but th at m ean s an d he gave n ot an d
, ,
”
he wil l give N ote that 1 b efore the I mp e rfect i n this form
.

is pointed l ike the A rticle with 5 an d the fol l owi n g con

, , ,

son an t d oubled .

S o also the Past Form means he r e pented ; b ut ,

“ ”

when DWI comes after the I mperfect Form l ik e 3 W}; it mean s ,

” ”
“
an d he w 111 repent n ot an d he rep e nted Tak e verse
,
“
.

9 i n the 3 rd ch apter of the Book of J on ah The En glish .

translatio n is : Who k nows but that he wil l turn an d wil l

“

repent and wil l turn from the heat o f h is an ger

,
S ee pag e
66 . N ow the H ebrew for an d he wi ll repen t i s DVD} an d for “
,

” ”
“
a n d he will turn DO ? an d mean he repen ted
,
“

”
and he t u rned but comin g after t he sim pl e I m perfect
“
,

Form i n the n arr ative ( 3 W: he wil l re turn ) with 3 prefi x e d

”
,

they have the mean in g of the I m perfect .

We give som e ex am ples of Waw C onsecutive .

n
3amean s
“
he w as
‘ ‘
a l mean s
l‘
an d he was or
“ ”

”
“
an d
it ca me to p ass ,
‘
71‘ bei ng shorten e d form
of the I m perfe ct .

my; mean s he foun d ; ” ”

he wil l fi nd an d
“ “
,

a n d he fou n d
“ ”
.

”
nna m ean s ‘
he wi ll repent DE !
E an d he repent ed
? “
.

”
n9 ? he covered D3 “! an d he covered
“ “
.

” ”
3
n ? he prep a
n
red ; an d h e prepared
“
.

N ote th at there i s no d a gesh in i n the words DD“ an d

C om p a re W 1 and he was
” “
.

75
76 A F I RST H E B RE W REA D ER
At this poin t w e cal l att e n tion again to the d i fferenc e
i n mean i n g b etw e en # 3 1 9 1 and I M P I F
.

T he o n e pr e fi x to th e I mp e rfe ct is t he ordin ary C on

j u nction but t he oth e r i s Waw C on s e c u ti v e The one word
,
.

mean s an d let them c al l ; the other an d th e y c al led

“ ”
,
“
.
”

S e e p age 6 3 .

VO C AB U LAR Y X X .

H br
e ew Wor d . Pr o n u n c i ati o n . M e an in g .

‘T ‘

l
l’
w ay y i d d - -
°
-
ru and th e y vow e d
— an d they sa c rifi c ed
mam w i y yi z b - -
°
chfi
(V o c V I I )
. .

i
w ay y i z kfi - - -
an d they c ried
wg: l
H

a w ay y éi ti fi - - -
an d th e y c ast ( V o c X V I I ) . .

i l
an d they ca st
5
3 5 31 w ay y ap i
p fi
caused to fal l ( V o c X I V )
- -

. .

99 5 11 3
1 w ay y i th p a - -
ll
él
-
an d he prayed
i
n t; ma -
na he p repar e d
wa y m an an d he p repared
e
- -

R3 7
9 m a ts a -
he foun d
8 33D" ! w ay y i m t s a - e
an d he foun d
a sle e per ( Passive
BT U nir -
d am
Participl e )
w ay y é ré - - -
dh am an d he slept
N}
E; n é sé -
he took up
wi y yi s fi - -
a n d they took up

fi m adh he stood
"b y" a
‘

w ai y y éi - - -
m od h and he stood

R EA D I NG E XE RC I S E .

‘ n‘
hm l i
ng mp
ng ; aw
we? ow :
Von

hy m
I ‘
n ne w 111 i
'
finis h 7 37
-

72

l
:n fi v t
g ; n
np
-
v

( Jon ah iv .
 LE S S O N XX I I I .

The Vera— I mp era ti ve e — We

P a rti cip l
’
h ave seen an a .

th at sometimes the I m perfect F orm is used to express a

wish an d that it i s someti me s d i fficul t to kn ow whether
,

the I m perfect Fo rm expresses a wish or represents ou r

F uture or Presen t I n the fi rst verse of the wel l k now n
.
-

”
6 7 th P sal m God be m erci ful u nto us a n d bless us the
,
“
, ,

verbs are i n the I m p e rfec t F orm an d m ay al so m e an , ,

”
“
God is m erci ful to us an d i s blessi n g us The context .

m ust be appealed to for the m ean i ng o f the V erb F orm .

Whe n we fi nd 53 an d n ot R5 to express n ot then i t i s

,
”
,
“
,

c lear that a wi sh is ex pressed S ee pa ge 7 1 Thus . .

may); fil m W? ) ( J o nah iii

, the I m perfect Form s of verbs
.
,

a re to be take n as ex pressin g a wish as 58 ( n ot x 5) is use d ,

before them The me an ing is Let them not taste an d

.
”
,
“
,
” ”
n ot They wi ll n ot t aste ; Let the m n ot feed an d
“ “
, ,

Let them not d ri nk .

”

S ometi mes the I m perfect F orm is used even i n the 2 n d

person Thus
. i s the 2 n d singul ar I m perfe ct of the
verb l D
E an d means usual ly
,
”
Thou wilt give o r Thou ,
“ “

givest ; but W
”
E R E i s plai nly a wish or prayer as 58 i s use d
'

,
”
fo r the word not ( J on ah i I 4 ) . . .

B ut as a rule a special form of the verb e xp resses a

, ,

com m an d i n H ebrew This is called The I m per ative

.
“
.
”

Thu s :
Il
” ”
me an s “
he took l
? is “
take ( thou )
'

; .

he c ried c ry ( thou ) .

3L? 5 “
he we n t a? o
“
g0
”
( thou ) , g0 ( Ye)
»
DE a
he a rose nap
a
arise .

When n is added to the I s t perso n of the I mperfect

Form i t is to be take n usual ly as expressin g a wish
,
.

Thus
78
 A FI RST H EBRE W REA D E R 79
”
me an s “
we shal l c ast let us cast
“
.

vl
“
we shal l k n ow hi m l et us k now
“ ”
‘
J

nan: “
I shal l sacrifi ce ”
; nnwx l e t m e S acrifice
“
.
”

‘
l
‘

naws I shal l com plet e e t m e com plete

“ ”

I n p ause
”
“
we shal l perish ; F11 3 8 ) let us perish
“ ”
.

The P a rti cial

—?L5¢ is the P ast F orm o f the verb an d
e .
,

m ean s he wen t ; 15571 i s the A ctive Participle an d me an s

”

,
”
“
goin g Not e that the con so n ants i n the Participle are
.

the sam e as the con son ants i n the Past F orm The Waw .

i n the Participle i s used as a vowel sign here ; the word -

m ay be written wi thout the Waw The fi rst vowel .

sound i n thi s form o f the A ctive Participle i s 6 an d the

secon d vowel sou n d i s e C om p are the fol lowin g form s :
-
.

” ”
he“
wen t goin g .

ma
’

”
n7 3 he“
fled “
fleein g .

‘ l
”
1 139 he“
was tossed “
b eing tossed .

”
n3 ; he knew k nowin g .

”
N ote al so speak i n g .

N ote P a thac h F u rtive i n an d s ee page I 6 i

an d 113 ,
”
.

The usual form of the S im ple Past is We s ee that

the fi rst vowel soun d i s a an d the secon d i s
-
S om e ,

verbs have the Past Form 8 1 : with the secon d vowel soun d -

e . I n these verbs the Particip le i s the same as the Past .

” ”
Thus N1 : m ean s either he feared or fearin g “
.

We n ote some other form s of the P articipl e i n H ebrew .

V erbs of the form NE have the Partici ple the sam e as the
”
Past Form Thus 8 ; mean s either he cam e or comin g
.
“ “
.

The fe m in in e form o f this Participl e is “31 3 S ee page 2 3 -

. .

”
mean s he slept The sim ple form of this verb
“
.

i s U T ) but this i s n ot used

,
U sually when J is pr e fi xed .

to the S i m ple P ast the ver b has a passiv e meaning i n

,
‘

E nglish The stu d ent has to keep i n m in d that when the

.

Past F orm i s D“ ) the Participl e i s

We have seen that the Participle fem i nine has some
ti mes the form W D W; bein g added to the m ascul i n e
1 1 ’
.

S o meti mes the Parti c i ple femi n ine has the end ing n ( eth) .
80 A FI RST H E BRE W RE A D E R

319 ? is the P ast ( sim pl e) of the verb an d m e an s he t u rned ,

or he overt u rne d
“
We express the P as sive of this by
.
”

n g 3 ; thus wi ll ”

p re fi x i he w as overturned pronou n c ed ,
“
,

h
’

né -

p ét c .

The fo rm xpressin g the Passive Participle is @713

e A 3
.

fe m i n i ne form of this is 113 8 71 3 i n paus e m afi a , .

We h av e seen that the usual form of the S i mple P ast

”
is Thus m ean s he w atched B ut sometim es “
.

the Past has the form D bei ng doubled Thi s gives .

”
the verb the meani n g he watched m uch or he wor ,
“
,
“

The Participle of a Past F orm l ike W W is “E MS

.
”
shipped .
,

the p lur al bei n g D WTDWP S ee page 2 3 ‘

. .

VO C A B U LAR Y XX I .

H br e ew W o rd . Pr on u n c i ati on . M e an i n g .

éz b -
e
-
c héi let me sa c ri fice
ss al
‘
ra
n ti t -
te n -
do not give
hé -
l e ch goi n g
he turned
ha fach
he overturne d
-

wa s, W2 3
i
w y y
way
'

y I
li
vash
’
v sh
an d it withere d
d
- -

( p a use ) ( rie d up )
( pause )
w i t t ach -
and i t smote
mew ] ch
i -
ri s hi th -
silen t hot ,

Dm wb
‘
m e
-
s hi m m -
°
-
ri m worshippers
€12!t n6 v -
°
-
d h§ let us pe rish
i
fl ng ,
né -
dh e -
i le t us k n o w

n ap -

pi
-
l
i let us cast
sé -
éi r he was tossed
“Db sé -
ér being tossed
s hI ll e m -
he completed
5 -
il
s hé lm a -
°
-

5 -
s hé l lé ma - -
let me com plete
( I n p ause)
( pau se)
In .

wnw
‘

t ch ar
sh a -
d awn m or n i n g
,

D9 59 3 to l
‘

i ai th
‘

a - -
a worm
”
F or pron u n ciatio n of w ay , see pa g e 22 .
 A F I RS T H EBREW REA D ER 8I

RE AD I N G E XE R C I SE .

3 m m ur
a;
l m en ni
l mb tn mp 9 s); m
3
mn »
i i
: wh e n rm: i nn ma n gra
p h i -

n o:

h i m9
tu m un am w m 13m
'

w
ay n n n
g
‘
1’ n tv DV D
-
‘

?
We ai m m h m m n g mini m i Erwi n ‘
‘
' -

(Jo n ah iv .
7,

L i tera ltra n s l
a ti on — A n d prep a red God a worm i n t he
goin g up of the dawn next day an d it smot e the gourd an d ,

i t ( the gou rd ) d ri e d u p A n d i t was as soon as the risin g

.

o f the s u n an d prep ared God a hot east win d an d sm ote

t he s u n u pon the h e ad of J on ah an d he was fain t an d he
ask e d hi s life to d ie an d he sai d bett e r my dyin g than m y
l i fe.

E X E R C I S E X XV I .

( ) TakIe my l and fro m m e .

( 2 ) D o n ot give his m an tle i nto his right han d .

( )
3 Go to N in e veh an d l e t us n ot perish .

( )
4 Let m e com plete the sacrifi ce which I vowed .

( V oc I V )
. .

( )
5 C ome an d let u s c as t l ots .

( 6 ) God pr e pared a hot e ast win d .

( 7 ) O sl eeper ris e an d go u n to N i n eveh

,
.

( )
8 H e said : The city ( fem ) [is ] overturned .

( 9 ) H e s aw a ship ( fe m ) comi n g i nto J oppa .

”
N ote Do not tran sl ate “
is . U se fem p art . . for
”
overturned .
 LESS O N X X I V .

The Verb — 1 afi a i ti ve — The

. stu d ent i s d irected to
.

L esson I X where he wil l read about the C onstruct F orm

.
,

o f the N oun 0? i s the C onstruct F orm of the N ou n

‘
.

J ust as we h ave the two forms of the Nou n the N ou n ,

Absol ute an d th e N o u n C on stru c t s o there are two form s ,

o f t he I n fi n itive the I n fi nitive A b sol ute an d the I n fi n itive

,

C on str u ct .

We speak here only of the m or e com mon form the ,

I n fi nitive C on struct The ta b l e given below i ndicates the

.

m an ner i n which the I n fi nitive C o nstruct i s formed from

t he Past Form of the V erb .

'

“Dis he said 3?
i to say
If ; he cam e rei n to come

he swallowe d If) ; to swal low

nj a he fle d h as to flee

nl
‘
he was j to be ‘
a

m t i t rose to rise
he d i e d mm to d ie
he wen t u p 17 352 to go up
h i m to do
'

n v h e d id
gy :
23 2 0 he beh e l d £9 3 71 to b ehol d

he d e li vere d to del iver

he light e n e d to light e n
he bro u ght ba c k to b ring back
he fai nted to fain t
fl aw} he i s brok e n “a? ” to be broke n

F re q uently the preposition is prefi xe d to the I n fi nitive

”
C e t he I n fi n itiv e i n E ngl ish with
C onstruct ( ompar to “
.

r efi xed ) H en ce we h ave 0 do D B fi ? to behold ‘

p .
, ,

3 3 5 to say
# 2 8 33
? to come
,
to swal l ow W13 5 to flee
, , ,

h i 05 to be h m? to die
‘
,
l ight e n SW I ? to del iver
G, , ,

to bri ng b ac k WEIRD? to be broken , .

82
 A F I RST H EBRE W R E A D ER 83

When two S h e vas com e together the fi rst becomes c hi req ,

H e n ce
”
N ote the form s “IDS ? to s ay ; NIB? to co me ; m0? to die .

S ometim e s the I n fi n iti v e Form i s b e st tran sl at e d b y o u r

Participl e Th u s “i28 5 sayin g l it e ral ly
. to s ay So “
,
”
,
“
.
”

the phrase i s? $ 912l m e an s lit e ral ly I n the faintin g , ,

”
upon m e of my so u l o r 1 11 ord inary English When m y , ,
“

”
soul fain t e d u pon m e .

N51): mean s l iterally I n the goin g u p of the dawn

, , ,
”
or A s dawn w e n t up .

“HD m e an s lite ral ly A s soon as the rising o f the

”
I , ,

”
sun o r Wh e n the s u n rose
,
“
.

T he fol lowin g examples il lustrat e the u se of the

I n fi n itive i n H e b rew
H e wen t d own to go with them Dg p p B i n ?
H e pr e pared a fi s h to swal low J on ah 71 3‘ p 3
3 5 ? :1 n p
g
H e rose to flee to Tarshish D?I

We have on e exam pl e of the I n fi n itiv e A b sol ute i n the

B ook of J onah We s a w i n V o c X I X that D D fi m e an s h e
. . .
‘ ‘ “

”
did well while the I n fi niti v e Form i t? ” means honestly
,
” “
.

is the I n fi n iti v e A b sol u t e an d i s u s e d as a n adverb ,

here The I n fi n itive C onstr u ct Form is J D l

.
‘ ‘ ‘
s

V O C A B U LAR Y XX I I .

H br
e ew Word . Pr o n u n c iati on . M ean i n g .

n IS
na
-

l
i y oth -
to be
z é -
rzi c h
‘

i t rose
to ris e
'

nwt z
e
-
ro -
i ch
my; mi -
w eth death
h t) m é th he d ied
me} l
é m fi th -
to d i e
D‘ B fi hi b b i t -
he b e hel d
‘
D au B 1 héib bi t
°
- -
to b e hol d
h i ts t si l -
he d e li v e red
lh ats tsi l
e
- -
to d e li v e r
mSiz a
l oth
- to go u p
to fain t
hi th at - -
tef
h e faint e d
*
6
84 A F I RS T H E BRE W RE AD ER

VO C AB U L AR Y XXI I .

H br
e ew W ord . Pr ci tion u n a on . M ean i n g .

n3 w s ha v i r -
he broke
am
l n i sh b ar he i s broke n
" ‘’
-

noon ? lh i sh s ha v e r
°
- - -
to b e broken
wg
'

afi j hé shi v -
he brought b ack
S lha shi v
'

T wn e
- -
to brin g back

R E AD I N G E XE R C I SE .

l mm i 9 m ean
REED a ri n
u
-

a 1j
a 22 r h1 s
ra
-

h igh: n n j ;
'
in
fib r m i n 7 33 47 7110 : 2n mm
-

fin eu ia
l R
l
gg
n gr
p gg
-
i
a y n on
-

w as F EE fir: 5
$ 7 2?
3 1

( Jon ah i v .
9,

L i tera tran s l a ti on — An d
l
said God u n to J on ah R e ally ,

has ( an ger) burned to thee con ce rn in g the gourd ? A n d

he said R eal ly ( an ger) has b u rn ed to m e u nto death
, .

An d said J ehovah Thozt hast had pity o n the gourd which

,

tho u hast not toiled on it an d thou hast not brought it up ,

which the so n o f a n ight was an d the s o n of a n ight

perished .

( ) I For w hich thou hast n ot toiled S ee page 6 2 .

”
.

( 2) Which was the thi n g of a n ight an d perished the

“

”
thin g of a n ight that is ,
Which came i n a n ight an d ,
“

”
peri shed i n a n ight .

E XE R C I S E XXV I I .

( ) Whe
I n the s u n ros e J ehovah prepared a worm , .

( 2 ) J on ah wen t d own to Tarshish to go i n to a ship .

( )
3 The word of the Lord came 1
un to hi m sayin g ,
”
Go to J oppa .

( )
4 H e cast ou t J onah to li g hten the shi p .
 LESS O N X X V .

The Veré . Verha lS f

u fix es — We ha v e al re ady con
si d e re d t h eprono u n s u ffi x e s add e d to N o u n s an d Pr e pos i
tions .
( S e e Lesson s X I X I I X V I ) We n o w t u rn to .
,
.
,
.

the prono u n s u ffi x e s add e d to t he V e r b .

We b egi n with the Past Form o f the V erb The 3 rd .

pl u ral of the Past Form 9 9 13 i s ( pag e This

word mg r} i s us e d i n H e b r e w poetry an d m ean s they “

” ”
s u rround e d I n the p hrase
. they surrou nded m e the “
,
”
word m e is expr e ss e d i n H e b rew by addin g J
“
to the ‘

word This gi ve s u s N ote the chan ge i n the

v ow e l so u nd s T he fi rst syl la b l e becomes i n distin ct the
-
.
,
"
s e con d l on g ; th u s fé ffi n i from i f ffi a
- - -

,
-
e -
.

N ot e then that thi s i s the way i n which the I s t sin gul ar

, ,

pronou n su ffi x is attached to the 3 rd plural of the P ast

Form l ik e
M e after the 2 n d plural I m per ative i s expressed i n
”

th e sam e way by ad d in g 9 ‘
,

NR n a s é me a n s
”
;( ) he -
l ifted up .

W?I ( S i i ) is l i ft u p the pl ural form o f the I mper ative

e
-
“
,
”
.

”
( fi n i ) i s l ift m e up ( N ote vowel u nder
“
s é - -
.

S o I 519? is c ast S X ”
( ee V o c V I I ) . . .

”
i s c ast m e .

We return to the Past F orm 53 5 i s a P ast F orm an d .

,

“ ” ”
mean s he brought up i n the sen se of m ak ing grow or ,

rearing .
”
Thou has t brought up i s FI5M ( page
“
In ”

”
the phras e tho u hast bro u ght U p him th e word hi m i s
, ,
“

e xpressed by chan gin g the e n din g t a i n to t6 to i n) ,

- -
.

”
Thu s i s thou hast b rought hi m up or thou hast
“
,
“

” ”
b rought i t u p when i t refers to a m asculi n e noun
,
“
.

We turn n o w to the case of pron oun suffi xes added to

”
the I m per fect Form 1931 m ean s an d he answered . Thi s .

i s the 3 rd singular m ascul ine of the I m p e rfect Form with

1 consecutive p refixed I n the phrase A n d he a n swere d .
,
so
 A FI RST H E B RE W R EA DER 87

” ”
m e, the word m e i s e xpre ssed by addin g é n i
“
to -

i323}
. Th u s we ge t J Q IZEI N ot e that the third syll a b l e ‘
.

b e com e s i ndi stin c t ( w ay y a n é n i )

i - - - -
.

S o also Dl b ( y s é v é v) i s an I m perfe ct F orm an d

‘ e
- -

,
”
m e an s he s u rro u n d s o r he wil l s u rro u nd
“ “
.

He surro u n ds m e i s J Q Q D:(y s é v v é u i ) the third

“ ” ‘ e
- -
e
- -

syll a b l e b e in g i ndistinct as HI 92231 ,

‘
.

Me
”
“
i s e xpr e ss e d i n the sam e way after the 2 n d
sing u l ar m as c u l in e of the I mp e rfec t Form .

m e an s h e wil l c ast an d $ 5 11 tho u w i lt cast

“
2 5
,
” “
,
”

as the z u d si ng u lar m asculin e i s form e d fro m t he 3 rd

singul ar m as c u li n e of the I m perfe c t by changin g the fi rst
l e tt e r i nto R .

”
m ean s an d thou h ast cast ( page “
An d “

”
tho u has t cast m e is
We ha v e s e en ( V o c XX ) that m e an s an d th e y . .
“

i s t he 3 rd pl u ral o f the I m p e rfe c t Form t he

”
cast .
,

P as t Form b e in g S Dn ( V o c X V I I ) I n t he phras e an d ‘
. .
,
“

the y c ast him t he word hi m i s e xpr e ssed b y addin g

,
” “

to I S D I Thus ‘ ’
. o r I nstr) Note that the vowel u nd e r .

the fi rst i b e c om e s i nd istin ct .

I n con c l u sion note s u ffi x e s add e d to I nfi n iti v e Form s

, .

nll m y b e in g
” ”
‘ ‘ '

s
“
an d NID my dyin g , S ee r e mark s on ‘ “
.

pag e 8 3 regard in g translatin g I n fin itive by the Parti c ipl e i n

E n gl ish .

VO C AB U LAR Y X X I I I .

H e b r ew W o r d Pr on u n c i atio n
. M ean i n g . .

th e y s u rro u nded
w s
a ( i n poetry )
g i d d e l h e b ro u ght u -

p
n 5na
gI d d al ta thou hast bro u ght up
- -

hi k k é he smote -

and he s mot e
‘

w ei y y ii c h -

and S he sm ot e o r ,
‘

Wat t ach -

and tho u didst sm it e

in
m h i sh l i c h
é i sh li ch
h e c ast
h e w il l c ast
-

y
-

and thou didst c ast

WE RE }
‘
Wat té s h l i c h
an d s he cast
- -
88 A F I RST H E B RE W REA D ER

V O CAB U LAR Y XX I I I —eorzti 72u ea

’
. .

H e b re w W o r d Pr on u n c i ati on
. M ean i n g . .

3 3b he wil l surroun d
e

: y s é v é v - -

53931 w ay y a zi l an d he wen t up
‘
- -

33
r1 1 a na -
he an swered
1931 w ay y a an an d he answered
- -

Show s m ol e
l eft han d
-

np i/
g s é m a c h he re
-
j oiced
w i y y i s m ach an d h e r ej oiced
- -

5N?1 s ha i l he asked -

5mm w ay y i sh al an d he asked - -

RE AD I N G E XE R C I SE .

n r ufiw we l
n gfi mn m m
-
rum oar RB u m

d i ng r ; 3213 525 w i ts izn m en mi nor: rui n

- - - -

my ‘
n p n gn fi Ru wa S
’

;
( Jon ah i v . I I .

)
L i tera ltran s l
a ti on —
A n d I shal l not I have pity on ,

N inev e h the great c ity whi c h there are i n it mor e tha n

,
1 2

3
twelve times ten tho u san d men who d o n ot k n o w between
3
their right an d th e ir l eft an d m uch c attle .

( )
I I n which there are
“ ”
S ee pag e 6 1 . .

( )
2 C om parative degree S ee page 5 1 .
.

( 3) Literally m an a nd his
,
right
“
h an d ”
hi s left
,
” “
,
“

’
h an d f

E XE R C I S E XXV I I I .

( ) H e s ai d un to
”
I Thou hast brou g ht hi m u p
m e, “
.

( ) 2J o n ah s aid ,
C ast m e i n to the s ea an d they c ast
”
,

him into it .

( 3) T h stream surrou nd s m e ( U 3 V oc X I )
“

e s e 10 . .
, .

( )
4 I cal l e d u n to God an d H e a n swered m e .

5) H e wen t d own to J oppa an d he c ast m e i nto the s e a , .

( 6 ) I sai d thi s wor d whi le I w as yet i n N i neveh .

( For while I“
was yet use I ? w i th I nfi nitiv e my ,
” "

,
“

”
bein g page 8
,
 LESS O N X X V I .

C ert ai n i d i om a ti c phrases shoul d be special ly note d .

C h ap i ver 5
. . Each to hi s God
.
, Literally “
.
”
,

“
A m an u nto his God C ompare WW SR tf tt .
” ‘ ‘ ‘

“
E ach to his neighbour ( p an d i m am W ‘
s
”
. ,

( S ee i 7 i ii .
, .

C hap i ver 8 “15 6 D}! HID WI A n d o f what people art “

'

. . .
,
” ”
th ou ? Literal ly A n d whence a people thou ? ,
“

mD W m ean s wh e n ce ?
'
‘ “ ”

C h ap 1 ver I o 5
. .
T 1 7 3 . m j “!
And the m en feared
,
“

”
gr e atly Lit e r ally A n d the m en feared a great
.
,
“

fear C om par e nf
.
”
gi lg n m
21 a afi : r (
a z iv 1) A n d it
'
z
.
“

”
was a great grief to J on ah L iteral ly And it .
,
“

”
was evi l u n to J onah a great evil C om pare al so , .

5 nnp w n 3 no e ; iv 6
‘

1 . i
3 ( ) A n d J on ah re j oice d very » s
.
“

m uch Literally A n d J on ah rej oi c ed a great j oy

.
”
,
“
.
”

C hap i ver I I 1l 153571 030

. . . For the s e a was growin g ,
'
“

”
m ore an d m ore stormy Literal ly For the s ea .
,
“

”
goi n g a n d toss e d .

C hap i i ver 5 “ PM I shal l agai n behold Liter ”

P
“
. . . .
,

ally I shal l ad d to behol d

,
“
( V o c X I X ) .
”
. .

C hap i ii ve r 5 09 13 ? i
. . From the gr e atest of them
.
,
“
“

”
to the l e ast Literal ly From their great an d u n to .
,
“

”
their sm al l .

’
C hap iv v e r 9
. . Thou hast been an gry
.
,
Literally “
.
,

( A ng er
) has bu rned to the e S ee V oc X V I I I .
”
. .

C ompare i v “U l Literal ly A n d ( anger) bu rned .

f
.
,
“

”
to him .

”
C h ap i v ver 1 0
. . Which came i n a night
.
,
“
.

Literal ly Whi c h the s o n of a n ight w as

”
“
.
,

C hap i v ver I l i n i
. .
DEV I . M ore than tw e l v e ,
' “

”
ti m e s te n thousand .

89
90 A F I RST H EBRE W R EA D E R

C hap iv ver 1 1
. . .
,
“
B e tw e e n h is right han d
”
an d his l eft . Li teral ly ,
“
B e twee n his right han d to
”
his left han d .

VO C AB U LAR Y XX I V .

H br
e ew Word . Pr on u n ci ati on . M ean i n g .

ni b
'

m é mi z
- -
z é wh e n c e
ben betw e e n
h i th éi
‘’
-
’

lléf
-
h e was faint
y i th allef he wil l be fai nt
‘
- -

nl
2
36
i

w ay y i th a - -
ll
-
éi f a n d he was fain t
( p
i n

93 ‘
2
yé
-
v é sh he is d rie d up
w ay y i - -
v ash an d he is dried u
p
mm ’

w ii y y i - -
v é sh
(in paus e)
there is
W or I ,fi
:
y e sh or y e sh
V

th ere are

33 1 ri b b6 -
te n tho u san d
a n eighbou r
’

I "! ré -

éi
in fl l ré -
é hfi -
hi s n e ighbou r

P RI NT ED BY M O RR O NIS A N D 6 18 8 LI M I T ED ED N
, I B U RG H
For the f u rther s tu dy f Hehrew
o :

DAVIDS O N S
’

PRO FESS O R A . B .

I NT R O DU C T O R Y HEB R EW G R AMMAR
WI T H RO G RE S S I V E E X E R C I S E S
P IN
R EA D I NG A N D WR I T I NG
( Tw en ti eth E d i ti on ) R ev i s ed th roug hou t

B Y PRO F . J O HN E . MCFADYEN , DD .

8w , 6d . n et

“
The be t s Heb re w G ramma r is th t a of P r f
o A B
—B
. . .

D a ids
v on .
”
r i t shi Weehl
y .

DAVIDS O N S
’

PRO FESS O R A . B .

HEB R EW S YNT AX
Thi rd E d i ti on . 8 00, 6d . n et

“
T he w o k ra ma s t r w h by l g p ri c
of e o, on ex e en e, kn o w s
ex a c tl
y wh r h lp i
e e em s t d d d h w t gi
s o n ee e , an o o ve i t i n the
i m pl s t d c l a r s t fa s hi — M th di t R ”
s e an e e d on . e o s ecor er.

E DINBU RG H : T . T . C L AR K , 38 G E O R G E S T R EE T
 I n P os t 8 210 . P ri ce n et

O U T LINES O F INT R O DU C T IO N T O
THE HEB R EW B IBLE

WI T H M A NY I LL U S T R A T I O N S

B Y PRO FES S OR A . S . G EDEN , D O . .

We s pea k w i th the hi ghe s t prai s e o f D r C ed en s

c an .
’

w o rk ; h e h s c o m pi l e d a m o s t c o n ve n i e n t han d bo o k to the
a

Ol d T e s tam en t a n d h s amass ed n am o n t o f i n fo r ma ti o n
,
a a u

on o u t o f th e w a
y s u bj e c ts s u c h a s w e ha e n o t o ft e n co m e
‘

- - -
v

a c ro ss i n an y on e bo ok S t d y R e i ew a ur a v .

E DI NB U RG H : T . T . C L AR K , 38 G E O R G E S T R EE T